美國俚語的產生與功能的分析畢業(yè)論文

1、 . . . 本 科 畢 業(yè) 論 文美國俚語的產生與功能的分析On the Origins and Functional Analysis of American Slangs- 23 - / 29Table of ContentsIntroduction1Chapter 1 The Definition of American Slangs3Chapter 2 The Origins of American Slangs5 2.1 Background5 2.2The Classification of the Origins of American slangs5 2.2.1 Foreig

2、n Language Slangs and American Native Slang5 2.3Language Itself 62.3.1 The Angle of Linguistic Analysis62.3.2The Viewpoint of Semantic72.4History72.5Culture72.5.1AVariety of Sub-cultural Groups Exist72.5.2 The Infiltration from Asian Cultural toDominant Culture82.6The Social and Cultural Conditions8

3、2.6.1American Culture and the Diversity of National Character.82.6.2New Things and New Concepts.9Chapter 3 The Function of American Slangs.93.1Social Function 93.1.1Strengthen the Internal Cohesion93.1.2Adjust Interpersonal Relationships103.1.3Maintain a Balance of Human Psychology103.1.4Reflectthe

4、Speaker's Position113.1.5 Meet People's Sense of Renewal, Reflect Personality113.1.6Overcome the Communicational Barrier123.2Refraction Function133.2.1Refract the Trend of Oral English133.2.2Refract the OrdinaryLife143.2.3Refract the Attitude to the Reality14Conclusion15Acknowledgements16Bib

5、liography17美國俚語的產生與功能的分析 專業(yè)班級：08級 學生：王彥峰 指導教師：國云 職 稱：講師摘 要 現代美國俚語是一種非書面性語言的創(chuàng)新，是歷史和文化的結晶。簡單來說，美國俚語是一種非正式的口語化風格，生動，幽默，創(chuàng)新和夸等。俚語是客觀存在的被許多人經常使用的語言，是詞匯中不可或缺的組成部分，已成為與其重要的交際工具。但它常常留給人粗俗，輕佻的印象。實際上，作為人們交際工具的語言，本身沒有階級性。美國俚語發(fā)展迅速，它作為美國文化一種特殊的載體，具有濃厚的文化色彩。本文將從背景、語言學角度、外來俚語和美語土產俚語、歷史，文化以與社會文化等方面分析了美國俚語產生的原因。另一方面，

6、又將從俚語的社會功能與折射功能來闡述美國俚語存在的價值。它的社會功能體現在強化集團部凝聚力、調解人際關系、維持人類心理平衡、滿足人們的新鮮感，體現個性,克服交流障礙。它的折射功能體現在反映了英語口語的發(fā)展方向，普通民眾的真實生活。同時它還折射出一種態(tài)度：人們通過語言而表明自己對現實的態(tài)度。關鍵詞：美國俚語；起源；功能On the Origins and Functional Analysisof American SlangsAbstractModern American slang is a non-written language innovation and the crystal of

7、 history and culture. Slang is an informal colloquial style, with lively, humorous, short, innovation and exaggeration and so on. Slang is an objective existence which is often used by many people, and has become an integral component of the language and an important communication tool. But it often

8、 leaves a vulgar, frivolous impression to people. In fact, as a communication tool for people, it can not be regarded as good or bad. American slang develops rapidly, which has a strong cultural flavor as a special carrier. This paper elaborates the reason of American slang origins from the backgrou

9、nds, Language itself, foreign language slang and American native slang, history, culture, the social and cultural conditions. On the other hand, this paper analyzes the social functions and the refraction functions to express the existence values. Its social functions include strengthen the internal

10、 cohesion. Maintain a balance of human psychology etc. The slang refracts thetrend of oral English and the life of ordinary people. At the same time, it refracts a kind of attitude by which the people treat the reality.Key WordsAmerican slangs; origin; functionIntroductionIn America, more and more p

11、eople are partial to using slang in their daily life communication and writing technique. In the past, peoples impression of slang may be that slang is rude, dirty, and indecent; but today, as a highly colloquial speech which has become the most colorful and vivid member of the family of languages.

12、“The vocabulary of an ordinary America generally is estimated at 10,000-20,000 wordsaccording to my conservative estimation about 2,000 words are slang.”(Chapman, R.ed.4) The number shows the important status of slang in American English, therefore we should eliminate the traditional bias of slang.

13、Slang is popular in America because of its freshness, lifelikeness, humor, and it is an effective way of communication; at the same time, it also carries strong cultural implications of America because most slang words come from each sub-cultural group, which reflect their actual life. “it is imposs

14、ible to acquire a thorough knowledge of English（or of any other language, for that matter）without being familiar with slang and vulgarism. Whoever is uninitiatedwill be at a loss to understand many of the masterpieces of English literature? Nayhe will scarcely be able even to understand an English n

15、ewspaper.” (Partridge.73)As it were, an English learner can not communicate with foreigners at their pleasure without much understanding in American slang. From this point, slang is a bridge for English learners to make up the cultural gap, so we should know and treat slang with a correct attitude.

16、There is no such thing as good or bad, right or wrong in language. As a special form of language, its existence is a kind of outcome of culture and history.As a highly colloquial speech, it is especially effective on casual and intimate occasions. The attitudes toward slang are also very contradicto

17、ry among common people especially scholars. Nowadays, more and more people begin their research on slang for its widespread. In this paper, the author is trying to analyze the origins and functions of American slang from various aspects, such as history, culture etc. Firstly, the paper will expound

18、the definition of slang, in the authors mind, slang is like jeans which has been widely accepted by most of Americans. Although the jeans can not be worn into the magnificent party, it is pleasurable, comfortable, free and has been popular in the whole America even the world. It is the myth in the c

19、apricious fashion circle. Slang is the myth in the language kingdom just as jeans.Secondly, the paper will expound the origins of American slangs. The author tends to analyze the origins of American slangs from various angles, include background, history, culture, etc. Similarly, on the functions of

20、 slang, the author will analyze the social functions and the refraction functions to express existence values. Its social functions include strengthen the internal cohesion、Maintain a balance of human psychology etc. The slang refracts the trend of oral English and the life of ordinary people. At th

21、e same time, it refracts a kind of attitude by which the people treat the reality. So the author wander more and more people can eliminate their abuses of slang and draw up how vivid, poetic, convenient and colorful slang is. A better understanding of American slang and some new and deep impression

22、of it may be achieved.Chapter 1The Definition of AmericanSlangsWhat is slang? Slang is a special form of language, a long time; there is no uniform definition of the slang of the standard specification.As for slang, it is nearly impossible to be defined clearly and there has been different definitio

23、ns and many controversies. We can refer to some of them to give us a special insight into our understanding of slang. Slang is an informal colloquial style, with lively, humorous, short, innovation and exaggeration and so on. Sometimes people will understand it as "jargon" (JARGON: an indu

24、stry, profession, or similar groups in the use of professional or technical language, it is business-related), "code word" (ARGOT: the use of a particular group specialized group of words or phrases, it iscrime-related), because the boundaries between them is not so clear at all times. But

25、 what is certain is that they are cryptic. The definition of"American Heritage Dictionary" about slang is that slang is an informal game of words in a language, the basic existence is very short form derived words and rhetoric, they are deliberately used in place of standard terms in order

26、 to achieve a vivid, humorous or other effect; Modern English-Chinese of Oxford Dictionary about slang is that slang are generally used for friends or colleagues conversation, but not for good writing or formal occasions, the words; especially of a class understanding of idioms, such as military sla

27、ng, prison slang. The definition of "World Book Dictionary English" on the slang as follows: (1) slang usually refers to the popular new time is not long, vulgar, and popular word, phrase or meaning. Slang is usually very vivid and expressive, often used between friends in casual conversat

28、ion, it can not be presentable and acceptable in formal speech or article; (2) slang isa special language by some of the particular stage or class; (3) some slang are special language used by hooligans, thieves or belong to a movement; sometimes the language is an occupation; slang is black words or

29、 incision. "Langwen Modern Advanced English Dictionary " will be defined slang as "very informal language that includes new and sometimes not polite words and meaning, is often used among particular groups of people and is used, not used in serious speech or writing".The more aut

30、horitative and objective definition is offered by The oxford English Dictionary, “l(fā)anguage of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current employed in some special sense.”; In the face of many various definition

31、s, its difficult to give us an accurate definition of slang; meanwhile, there is no criterion for us to distinguish slang. As a result, people have two very different attitudes,some people will think slang is the synonym of vulgar and unmeaning language, which is commonly used by low social groups a

32、nd uneducated people, and the upper class should refuse using slang; another people may think slang is easy to say and convenient to communication for its free, humorous, relaxed styles, even some people hold that take American slang in place of American English for its popularity. The feature of in

33、formality distinguish slang from the standard English and writing language, the wide usage tells slang from jargon, cant, argot which are only used among some special social groups. Although many people and English learners tend to think slang is a language wastes, we can not judge that slang is goo

34、d or bad just as we can not come to conclude a man is an angel or a devil. In fact, it is also hard to distinguish whether a word belongs to slang or not from the angles of linguistics and pragmatics. For example, bread means a kind of food as a standard English, but refers to money as a slang word;

35、 sweat becomes trouble as a slang word from its original meaning liquid which comes out through your skin when you are hot or frightened as a standard English; Mostly, some words have two characters, they are standard English in some context, but express another different meaning as a slang under so

36、me given situation; this is the main reason for us to have no standard definition of slang, even in the authoritative dictionaries. Sometimes, there is a little distance between slang and other language forms. Anyway, our attitudes to slang should be tend to more objective, moderate, considerate, wh

37、ich is beneficial for us to have a good grip of slang. As for me, slang comes from the usual life, is the reflection and mirror of the subculture groups, the ordinary people, the special communities ; it is the products of social culture in specific period, the innovation of language speech; slang j

38、ust like the jeans which has been widely accepted by most of Americans. Although the jeans can not be worn into the magnificent party, it is pleasurable, comfortable, free and has been popular in the whole America even the world. It is the myth in the capricious fashion circle. Slang is the myth in

39、the language kingdom just as jeans.Chapter 2 The Origins of American Slangs2.1 BackgroundThere is a long history with the introduction of language, also with slang, but the American English slang, according to research DICKSON, since the "Mayflower brand" ship. 1620, English Puritans took

40、this ship across the Atlantic to North America, New World, in America's "Westward Movement", the formation of large-scale population movements conducted, thus, each of the local dialects and the jargon of various social strata, black words together up, people pass with each other. Beca

41、use the U.S. government does not emphasize the "standard language", it's rare for "language purification"Thus the usage of different patternsof languages such as the merging jargon and idiom and so on, became a slang used by Americans today. In the 20th century, the American

42、slang with rapid development. The Two world wars, the Vietnam War, Korean War, the Cold War and other period have produced a lot of slangs, as well as continuing emerge social problems in American society, such as: racial discrimination, civil rights movement, family disintegration, the younger gene

43、ration of alcohol and drug abuse, anti- war movement, sexual freedom, homosexuality even more the United States emerged as slang, like bamboo shoots.As a communication tool ,and is rich and very dynamic composition in English language, with the development of society, some slangs as no longer meet t

44、he community benefit, no longer in use, slowly exit from the community in this arena; while enduring some still active, and slowly entered the ranks of the standard language. At the same time, the new slang could fill the gap like the mushroom.2.2 The Classification of the Origins of American Slangs

45、2.2.1 Foreign Language Slang and American Native Slang American English slang origin can be divided into two categories: foreign language native slang and American native slang. Early foreign slang mostly from English, this is because there is a historical source between American English and English

46、. Then there are other languages to use English slang, but the number is small, the other is a American native English slang.As the historical source between American English and English ,many of the early American English slang from the English. In English, the development of slang is closely relat

47、ed to the jargon, dialectsystem. Initially slang refers to jargon of underground social groups, almost it is equivalent to the black case, jargon, and refers to the different dialects and pronunciations. Thus the black case of prisoners became slang is in the 16-17 century. This slang generate up to

48、 Sharon and casino. Despite the slow development of English slangs, but then gradually into the public view, and appeared in a number of popular plays. In 18th century English slang in the United States appeared in large numbers and began to flourish.At this point American slang which enjoys popular

49、ity among thieves is form English, such as: swatch for the thief that's stolen goods to the sales site for samples.Some American slangs from the political sphere. A lot of slangs related to politic are fostered by Powerful American political system and a large number of political events. As thes

50、e slangswith very high concern of usage, and some of them have entered the ranks of the daily standard language. Such as: baby kisses mean that politicians who are good at public speaking to win over the hearts and minds.Some slang from various professions. U.S. military, universities and schools ar

51、e conducive to a large number of U.S. production areas. For example: flag means give a person F. that some a person whose some a homework is failing.In United States, the colorful culture of social such as ball games and sports, fast food , film and television also contributed to a lot of slangs. Si

52、nce the invention of television, since the popular TV show is welcome, this has generated a lot of this related to the slang. Such as: couch potato are those who sit all day watching TV fans.2.3 Language Itself2.3.1 Linguistic Analysis Slang as a language, it only lives in human society during its u

53、se. It is people need to interact generated. Slang is the jargon of social overlap between popular culture and then overlap (is common parts, and the common part is a powerful tool to communicate with them). It meets the exchange of different sectors of the needs of people, so its appearance is inev

54、itable. language as the development of human society is gradually improving.2.3.1.1Social Development is the Motive of the Development of Language.Meyer (A. Meillet) think that the language of variation is the result of social change, only a causal relationship between them is sometimes direct, but

55、in most cases is indirect; because the only way to change the existing conditions of the language is changes in society. Contemporary sociolinguistics support that the initial impetus of language development not only should be looked for changes in society but also in its change process, and will al

56、so be impede by a variety of social factors.2.3.2 From the Viewpoint of Semantic Most of slangsorigin from the value of the generation of conflict, the surface or no conflict. In this case,if a person is a new way through the language is very clever, witty satire to express hostility, contempt and other emotions, he might coined the slang. If the slang for the same groups of other people's recognition, will be using the spread. Slang generated and no scientific law. Slang is simple, convenient and lively authentic performance characteristics and its close rel