ACCAF4知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、Chapterl1. 民法(civil law)和刑法(criminal law)的劃分Civil law: an form of private law,used by individuals to assertrights against other individualsCriminal law: an aspect of public law to regulate crimes and topunish offendersIssueCivilCriminalWhobrings theactionClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/stateBurde

2、n of proofClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/stateStandard of proofBalanceofprobabilitiesBeyondreasonabledoubtDecisionsLiable/not(judge)Guilty or notAimsCompensatoryPunitive/to punishRemedies糾正damagesImprisonment/fines1. Case law: made by judge/ statute law成文法：primary legislation(made by the Parliam

3、ent)/secondary legislation( in exercise of law-making powers delegated by Parliament).注： Necessity for delegated legislation/secondary legislation :more convenient ;can hand over the task of specifying the law in detail to experts2. 在 case law中:common law 普通法created by judges through theapplication

4、of the principle of judicial precedent. common law drew on customs/equity law 衡平法:to resolve disputes where damages are not a suitable remedy and to introduce fairness into the legal system.2.不同法院管轄事件的類型只受理民事案件County court只受理刑事案件Crown court民刑通吃Magistrate ' s court , high court, court of appeal,

5、supreme court只受理一審County court, m agistrate ' s court只受理上訴Court of appeal , supreme court一審上訴通吃High court , crown courtChapter2Chapter21. Doctrine of Precedence遵 循先 例制度 的一般規(guī)則)：some decisions made by a court are binding and similar subsequent legal cases should be decided on the basis of the law

6、established in earlier cases.2. 可以創(chuàng)立判例法規(guī)則 ：Supreme Court/Court of Appeal/High Court;不可以創(chuàng)立:Crown, Magistrates, County Courts cannot create precedent.3. Elements of judicial decision(影響法庭判決的 因素):ration decidendi 判決理由the reason for the decisi on "Obiter dicta 附 帶說明statement made by the way, not bi

7、nding, but merely of persuasive authority4. 法官又 可以因?yàn)槟切├碛删芙^先例(disregarding judicial precedent):Overrule 取代the procedure whereby a court higher in the legal hierarchy sets aside a legal ruling established in a previous casel/Reverse推翻a procedure whereby a court higher in the hierarchy reverses the dec

8、ision of a lower court in the same casel/Distinguishing 法官的自由裁決 a precedent is avoided by a judge demonstrating that the material facts of two casesare not the same5. Rules of Statutory Interpretation(法的解釋):the literal approach :the literal rulemeans that words in the Act should be given their liter

9、al and grammatical meaning rather than what the judge thinks they mean./the golden rule :this rule is applied in circumstances where the application of the literal rule is likely to result in an obviously absurd result. the purposive approach :the judge should ,where necessary ,look beyond the words

10、 of statute to find out the reason/purpose for its enactment, and that meaning should be interpreted in the light of the purposeMischief rule :purposive approach 的具體表現(xiàn)形式 /where a statute is designed to remedy a weakness in the law, the correct interpretation is the one which achieves it.retrospectiv

11、e effect）人提前說明無法履行；收到預(yù)期違約通知可立即追究違約責(zé)任，也可等到履行合同時(shí)間追究責(zé)任Chapter3 合同法（IMP）1. 合同的概念 a legally binding agreement enforceable in law2. 從要約到承諾是否達(dá)成agreement invitations to treat要約邀請-offer 要約-acceptance承諾 agreement3. Termination of an offer:express rejection/counter off 反要約 /lapse of time/revocation of an off/d

12、eath/if the off is suject to a condition,it will lapse on failure of that condition4. Privity of Contract 合同相對性原貝U : the common law doctrine that only those are party to the contract-have rights or liabilities under the contract/ have the right to enforce the contract,contracts cannot give rights or

13、 obligations to othersChapter41. 分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Express and lmplied terms:某個(gè)條款是否經(jīng)過雙方當(dāng)事人協(xié)商 同意（agreed by the partiesCondition , warranties and innominate terms 核心，從屬和無名 條款：根據(jù)條款重要性2. 免責(zé)條款（三觀概念）Any clause that attempts to exempt , or limit, the liability of one party for breach of contract or negligence3 test: cor

14、rectly incorporated into the contract 形式正確 /worded clearly to exclude the breach 措辭清晰 /reasonable per statute 內(nèi) 容合理Chapter51. type of breachRepudiatory breach 根本性違約： refusal to perform 拒絕 履行 /failure to perform an entire obligation 不履行某項(xiàng) /incapacitation 無力履行 /breach of condition 違反核心 條款 /breach of a

15、n innominate term 違反無名條款Lawful excuses for non-performance 開脫責(zé)任:performance is impossible因不可預(yù)見的事情發(fā)生不可履行 /嘗試履行被拒絕/ the other party make it impossible for him to performance/contract is discharged through frustration 情勢變更 /the party have been agreement permitted non-performance2. Remedies : when a bre

16、ach occurs, the court has to decide what theappropriate remedy should be.Common lawDamage 賠償金,action for the price, quantum meruitEquitable law 衡平法Specific performance 實(shí)際 履行，injunction 禁令， rescission of the contract 撤銷合同3. Liquidated damage違約金：a genuine pre-estimate of the loss在訂立合同前已經(jīng)商定了，有利于解糾紛，如果違

17、約金過高（遠(yuǎn)大于loss）判為懲罰性，則不可執(zhí)行4. specific performance : the court directs a party to complete their contractual obligations以下幾種情況法官不會讓合同繼 續(xù)履行：courts cannotsupervise法官無力監(jiān)督履行 /personal service/minors involvedChapter6 Tort 侵權(quán)法A wrongful act against an individual which gives rise to a civil claim.1. 過失侵權(quán)的4個(gè)證明

18、環(huán)節(jié)（概念標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)容）Negligence:It arises when one person suffers damage or injury though the negligent act（or omission to act）of another person. Duty of care注意義務(wù)（三步走原則）1. Reasonable foreseeability合 理預(yù)見原則3. Justness and fairness of imposing a duty of care公 平合理地強(qiáng)力口 注意義務(wù) A breach of that duty違反注意義務(wù)1. general rul

19、e:The test for establishing breach of duty is an objective one:a breach of duty occurs if the defendant:”.fails to do something which a reasonable man.would do”.2.Special factors to considera. The probability of injuryb. The seriousness of the risk造 成傷害的嚴(yán)重性c. Cost and practicability 成本可行性d. Common p

20、ractice證明是行業(yè)誤差范圍內(nèi)e. Skilled persons/professionalsf. Social benefit The breach of duty caused harm to the claimant違反義務(wù)是導(dǎo)致?lián)p 失的原因1. The but for test2. No break in the chain of causation切斷因果關(guān)系鏈的要素a. A natural eventb. Act of a third party原侵權(quán)人不承擔(dān)責(zé)任c. Act of the claimant The loss ware not too remote主張的賠償合理

21、Reasonable foresightM賠償違法者可以合理預(yù)見的部分2. 抗辯事由 Contributory negligence共同過失(一般只是減少賠償額，個(gè) 別情況全部免除) Volenti non fit injuria同意不生違法(徹底免除) Control test :The amount of control that one person had over the other Integration test不會外包給他人的，不可或缺的 Multiple test/Economic reality testa. The regularity and method of pay

22、ment 報(bào)酬支付頻率，支付方 式b. The ownership of tools and equipment 是否提供工具c. The regularity of hours of work 工作時(shí)間d. The ability to delegate all the work/to provide substitute 是否 代理2. 義務(wù) Common Law Duties-Employers' common law duties1) Duty of mutual trust and confidence2) To provide work for workers3) To p

23、ay wages/remuneration4) To indemnify employee against expenses and losses5) To provide for the care and safety of the employee6) No duty to provide reference when employees leave-Employees' common law duties1) To obey reasonable and lawful orders2) To act faithfully/duty of faithful service/duty

24、 to account for all money and property3) To exercise reasonable skill and care in any activity in their role as an employee/reasonable competence to do his job4) Personal service親自完成交付的責(zé)任 Statutory DutiesChapter7 勞動(dòng)法1)Pay and equality不能低于國家平均2) Time off workRatification追任代理人先履行合同，事后委托人建立合同關(guān)3) Trade

25、union officials工會組織罷工可以參加，還要給工資4) Every woman has a right to maternity leave and some are entitled to maternity pay5) Health and safety6) Working time:17week,not exceed 48 hours for each 7 days除非 員工書面同意多工作7) Flexible working系Without consent of principal沒有征得委托人同意就建立關(guān)系necessity/Estoppel2. 代理權(quán)限（3）Expre

26、ss authority明示代理權(quán)限Implied authority默認(rèn)代理權(quán)限Apparent/ostensible authority看起來有代理權(quán)限，實(shí)際上并沒有Chapter8Chapter10合伙企業(yè)法1. 解雇通知時(shí)間的計(jì)算1m-2Y: not less than 1 week2y-12y:1 week for each year> 12y: not less than 12 week勞動(dòng)者離職要提前一周通知，合同期滿不續(xù)則每工作一年折 合一個(gè)月工資2. 自動(dòng)正當(dāng)參加非法集合罷工 unofficial industrial action/對國家安全有威脅自動(dòng)不正當(dāng)懷孕pre

27、gnancy/員工參 加工會活動(dòng)/收購并購時(shí)的解雇dismissal on transfer of an undertaking/ 工作存在安全問題 / 最低工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/作息時(shí)間/員工在周天拒絕工作3. 用人單位解雇不當(dāng)Chapter9代理法1. 代理關(guān)系建立方式Express agreement between the agent and principal 達(dá)成委托代理協(xié)議合同，口頭書面皆可1. 合伙企業(yè)(概念):the relationships that subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a vi

28、ew to profit. standard partnership is not s separate legal entity and its partners have full personal liability for the debts of partnership.2. Termination/dissolution 合伙企業(yè)解散的債務(wù)處理:paying off external debts/repaying to the partners any loans or advances/repaying the partner' s capital contributio

29、n/anything left over is then repaid to the partners in the profit sharing ratio .3. Termination/dissolution 合伙企業(yè)解散的條件：expiry of a fixed period stipulated in the partnership agreement/completion of the express purpose for which the partnership was formed/partner gives notice to leave/a new partner is

30、 admitted into the partnership/death or bankruptcy of partner/happening of any event which makes company can' t carry on/on application by a partner the Court may decree a dissolution of the partnership4. Sole trade宏觀特征:is not a separate legal entity, the person and business are viewed as the sa

31、me legal entity5. Authority合伙人的代理權(quán)限：express authority明示代理權(quán)限 from partnership agreement/implied authority 默示代理權(quán)限 /apparent authority表面代理權(quán)限已經(jīng)退伙但其他人不知道6. A partner' s liability usually extends to the period for which were actually a partner of a firm.合伙人只對擔(dān)任合伙人期間合伙 企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的債務(wù)有清償責(zé)任Implied agreement默認(rèn)沒有

32、代理協(xié)議但默認(rèn)存在關(guān)系7. Limited Partnership(LP)特征:the partnership must be registerwith the Company Registry/one or more of the partners mustbearfull,unlimited liability/partners with limited liability may not take part in management and cannot usually bind the business in contract/limited partner cannot withd

33、raw their capital8. Limited Liability Partnership(LLP)特征:must be registered with the the Registrar of Companies, with formation documents signed by at least two members/has a legal personality separate/ the name of partnership must end with LLP/partners are known as members, of which there must be a

34、t least two/LLPs must file annual returns and accounts/all members are agents of LLP/all members' liability is limited/a designated member is responsible for administration and filing/LLP is not subject to corporation taxChapter121. 設(shè)立 pre-incorporation contacts 誰來履行？ Promoters 發(fā)起人2. 交什么文件 Memor

35、andum of association 公司章程(89 年) Application for registration 注冊申請書 A statement of capital and initial shareholdings關(guān)于公司資本壞人原始持有股份的狀況說明 Statement of compliance 遵從聲明 A statement of company' s proposed officers 擬任命誰為公司管 理人員 A copy of any proposed articles of association 自擬公司章程(06 年)不是必須提交，沒交使用默認(rèn)模版3

36、. 2個(gè)證書的功能 Certificate of incorporation 注冊許可證Private company只需要注冊許可證，是形式審查 Trading certificate營業(yè)許可證Public company需要兩個(gè)證，申領(lǐng)到注冊許可證后一年內(nèi)要申領(lǐng)到營業(yè)許可證，否則強(qiáng)制清算，是實(shí)質(zhì)審查a. Allotted share capital is at least£ 50,000(b. At least one quarter of the nominal value of the allotted share為確保一開始不會有資金困難c. Details of prom

37、oters' expenses設(shè)立費(fèi)用具體怎么產(chǎn)生d. A statement of compliance in respect of payment of nominal values and share premium4. 章程修改的程序和內(nèi)容-Contentsa. Directors' powers and responsibilityb. Decisions making by directorsc. Appointment of directorsd. Organization and conduct of general meetingse. Issue and t

38、ransference of sharesf. Payment of dividendsg. Exercise of members rights-Alteringa. Passing a special resolutio通過股東會的特別決定，3/4以上同 意批準(zhǔn)b. Providing the alteration has been made “ bona fide in the interest of the company as a whole內(nèi)容符合全體股東的意愿5. 各個(gè)公司名稱縮寫代表含義-Ltd : Limited-plc: public limited companyChap

39、ter131.capital的分類Issued 已發(fā)行股本Shares already issued, including share taken on formationbysubscribers to the memorandum允許股嫌分批繳納已催繳股本Amount which the company has required shareholders to payPaid up 以催付股本Amount which shareholders have actually paidEquity shareEquity share capital is a company' s iss

40、ued share capital less capital which carries preferential rights. It normally comprises ordinary shares.called for from the shareholders4. Share premium概念 shares may be issuedat a price above their nominal value, the difference between the issue price and the nominal value is a share premium用途 the issue of fully paid bonus share/writing off th