高中二輪英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)講解-動(dòng)名詞

1、文檔供參考，可復(fù)制、編制，期待您的好評(píng)與關(guān)注！ 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之動(dòng)名詞定義：動(dòng)名詞是一種兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞特征的非限定動(dòng)詞。它可以支配賓語(yǔ)，也能被副詞修飾。動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。解釋?zhuān)簞?dòng)詞的ing形式如果是名詞，這個(gè)詞稱(chēng)動(dòng)名詞。特征：動(dòng)詞原形+ing構(gòu)成，具有名詞，動(dòng)詞一些特征一、動(dòng)名詞的作用動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。1、作主語(yǔ)Reading is an art. 讀書(shū)是一種藝術(shù)。 Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but

2、 a suffer. 在這種工作條件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，有時(shí)先用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把動(dòng)名詞置于句末。這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說(shuō)這樣的人加入真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車(chē)真難。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起

3、玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 對(duì)這種事情不是開(kāi)玩笑。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的幾種類(lèi)型 動(dòng)名詞可以在句子中充當(dāng)名詞所能充當(dāng)?shù)亩喾N句子成分。在這里僅就動(dòng)名詞在句子中作主語(yǔ)的情況進(jìn)行討論。 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)有如下幾種常見(jiàn)情況： 1. 直接位于句首做主語(yǔ)。例如： 高考資源網(wǎng)Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)，把動(dòng)名詞(真實(shí)主語(yǔ))置于句尾作后置主語(yǔ)。 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不太常用 it 作先行主語(yǔ)，多見(jiàn)于某些形容詞及名詞之后。例如： It is no use telling him not to wor

4、ry. 常見(jiàn)的能用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞還有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。 注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容詞不能用于上述結(jié)構(gòu)。 3. 用于“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如： There is no saying when he'll come.很難說(shuō)他何時(shí)回來(lái)。 4. 用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如： No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). （禁止吸煙

5、） No parking. （禁止停車(chē)）5. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ) 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可以在前面加上一個(gè)名詞或代詞的所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(這時(shí)，名詞或代詞的所有格做動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ))。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語(yǔ)。例如： Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 6.例詞 shopping fishing cycling這些都是很常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)名詞二、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)的比較 動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語(yǔ)。在意義上相近。但動(dòng)名詞多用來(lái)表示泛指或抽象動(dòng)作，不定式多用來(lái)表示特指或具體動(dòng)作。比較：

6、 Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much. 注意： 1)在口語(yǔ)中，用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)位于句首的較不定式多見(jiàn)。 2)在“It is no use.”，“It is no good.”，“It is fun.”，“It is a waste of time.”等句型中，通常用動(dòng)名詞作真實(shí)主語(yǔ)： It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that. *It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about t

7、hat. 3)在疑問(wèn)句中，通常用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)： Does your saying that mean anything to him? *Does for you to say that mean anything to him? 4)在“There be”句型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞，而不能用不定式作主語(yǔ)： There is no telling what will happen. It is impossible to tell what will happen. 5)當(dāng)句子中的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是非限定動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要遵循前后一致的原則，主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)在形式上要求統(tǒng)一： See

8、ing is believing. *To see is to believe.2、作賓語(yǔ)（1）作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)某些動(dòng)詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，不能用不定式。常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succee

9、d in, worry about, burst out, insist on, cant stand, be used to, get used to, devoteto, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to,escape 等。如：They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他們繼續(xù)走，說(shuō)個(gè)不停。I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海灘上走真是樂(lè)事。Mark often attempts to escape being f

10、ined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每當(dāng)馬克違反交通規(guī)則時(shí)，他常常企圖逃避罰款的處分。（2）作介詞的賓語(yǔ)We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計(jì)劃。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開(kāi)始干活？（3）作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽(tīng)?zhēng)妆?。We are bus

11、y preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來(lái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)忙著做準(zhǔn)備。3、作表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)句子主語(yǔ)常是表示無(wú)生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞與主語(yǔ)通常是對(duì)等的關(guān)系，表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)可互換位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶(hù)。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I ha

12、te most.)4、作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is

13、used for measuringsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping二、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞稱(chēng)為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞（名詞所有格）是邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來(lái)幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人

14、。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.) Janes being careless caused so much trouble. 簡(jiǎn)的粗心惹來(lái)了不少麻煩。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足。 (=Whats troubling them is that they have not enough food.)在口語(yǔ)中，如果動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)，其中

15、的物主代詞常用人稱(chēng)代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來(lái)代替，但在句首作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能這樣來(lái)代替。如：Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎？The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. 爸爸堅(jiān)決要求兒子上大學(xué)。Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。在下列情況下動(dòng)名詞的邏輯

16、主語(yǔ)必須用名詞的普通格或人稱(chēng)代詞賓語(yǔ)：a.無(wú)命名詞The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個(gè)嬰兒被猛烈的關(guān)門(mén)聲吵醒。b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)婦女練拳擊嗎？c. 兩個(gè)以上的有生命名詞并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你記得你父母和我都告訴過(guò)你這事嗎？ 三、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)如下：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、一般式writing

17、、being written、完成式having written、having been written其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、動(dòng)名詞一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常是一般性動(dòng)作，即不是明確地發(fā)生在過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作，或是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說(shuō)話(huà)。Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。2、動(dòng)名詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見(jiàn)

18、過(guò)他。Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費(fèi)力幫忙。3、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)同時(shí)也是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。（1）它的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在其前發(fā)生。如：I dont like being laughed at in public. 在公共場(chǎng)合下，我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。（2）它的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。如：I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎(jiǎng)牌。（3）在某些動(dòng)詞，我們常

19、用動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示完成式，盡管動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，這似乎是一種強(qiáng)大的習(xí)慣。如：Excuse me for being late. 我來(lái)晚了請(qǐng)你原諒。I dont remember ever meeting somewhere. 我記不得原來(lái)在什么地方見(jiàn)過(guò)。Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。（4）在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子顯得累贅，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中。如：I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我

20、曾被帶到過(guò)這個(gè)動(dòng)物園，可我忘了。（5）動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式同形，但無(wú)進(jìn)行意義，being不可省略。如：She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被領(lǐng)到大眾面前。 四、常見(jiàn)題型：1） 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2） 在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中，作為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞3） 動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞，通過(guò)代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語(yǔ)例：I would appreciate_ back this afternoon.Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Ke

21、y：C；換成your calling也對(duì)）4） 有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mi

22、nd; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.5） 另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說(shuō)法its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing wors

23、e than; whats the use/point.6） 有些詞后面加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意義截然不容。例：remember to do/doing：I remembered to post the letters.（指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)將要做的動(dòng)作）I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我記得做過(guò)這個(gè)動(dòng)作）forget與remember的用法類(lèi)似。regret的用法：I regret to inform you

24、 that（我很遺憾地通知你） 高考資源網(wǎng)I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.（為了“二十年前的離開(kāi)”而遺憾。）try to（努力）與try +ing（試驗(yàn)）：You really must try to overcome your shyness.Try practicing five hours a day. 五、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的同與不同動(dòng)名詞它在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同，都是在動(dòng)詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)法中，這兩種形式同視為"-ing形式"。 這兩種形式的另一個(gè)相同之處是：它們都是由動(dòng)詞變化而成

25、的，它們都保留了動(dòng)詞的某些特征，它們都能帶自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)，而構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)去擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分。例如：Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .（現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，作狀語(yǔ)）他在公眾場(chǎng)所講話(huà)時(shí)總是興高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)）她不喜歡在公眾場(chǎng)所講話(huà)。區(qū)別：1動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ),區(qū)別方法是: 作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞與主語(yǔ)指的是同一件事,此時(shí)系動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于“是”,通常把主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的位置互換,語(yǔ)法和意思不變,例如: My hobby is

26、 swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.(可將原句中的主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)位置互換) 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)主要用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì),不能與主語(yǔ)互換位置,例如: The story is interesting .不可改為:Interesting is the story. 2動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾名詞,兩者的區(qū)別在于: 動(dòng)名詞修飾名詞時(shí)主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時(shí)性質(zhì)狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作等試比較: a swimming boy和a swimming suit 前者的意思是“一個(gè)正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming

27、 表示被修飾名詞boy的動(dòng)作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 動(dòng)名詞swimming表示suit 的用途 a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 前者的意思是“一個(gè)正在睡覺(jué)的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,現(xiàn)在分詞sleeping 表示被修飾名詞 child 正處于的狀態(tài);而后者的意思是“臥車(chē)(被用來(lái)睡覺(jué)的車(chē)廂)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,動(dòng)名詞 sleeping 表示car 的用途練習(xí)1） Mark often attempts to escape

28、_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations。A）shavingsbeen fined B） to have been fined C） to be fined D） being fined2） My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _ from you sometime。A） to have heard B） to hear C） for hearing D） hearing3） The thief took away the womans wallet without_。A） being

29、 seen B） seeing C） him seeing D） seeing him4） People appreciate _wit him because he has a good sense of humor。 （CET4 1998，1）A） to work B） to have worked C） working D） have working5） Ive enjoyed _ to talk with you。A） to be able B） being able C） to been able D） of being able6） No one can avoid _ by ad

30、vertisements。A） to be influenced B） being influenced C） influencing D）shavingsinfluence7） They are considering _ before the prices go up。A） of buying the house B） with buying the house C） buying the house D） to buy the house8） He thought that _。A） the effort doing the job was not worth B） the effort

31、 was not worth in doing the jobC） it was not worth the effort doing the job D） it was not worth the effort by doing the job9） If I had remembered _ the door， the things would not have been stolen。A） to lock B） locking C） to have locked D）shavingslocked10） Your shirt needs _。 Youd better have it done

32、 today。A） iron B） to iron C） ironing D） being ironed11） You cant help _ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another。A） to hear B） to be heard C） hearing D） with hearing12） My transistor radio isnt working。 It _。A） need repairing B） needs to repa

33、ir C） needs repairing D） need to be repaired13） It is no use _ me not to worry。A） you tell B） your telling C） for you to have told D）shavingstold14） He is very busy _ his papers。 He is far too busy _ callers。A） to write ；to receive B） writing ；to receiveC） writing ；receiving D） to write ；for receivi

34、ng15）The suspect at last admitted _ stolen goods but denied _ them。A） receiving。selling B） to receive。to sellC） to receiving。to selling D） to have received。to have sold16） She apologized for _ to come。A） her not being able B） her being not ableC） not being able D） that shes not able to17）I really ap

35、preciate _ to help me， but I am sure that I can manage by myself。A） you to offer B） that you offer C） your offering D） that you are offering18） Please stop _， boys， I have something important to _ you。A） saying 。talk B） telling 。 sayC） talking 。speak D） talking 。 tell19） Tony， would you go and see i

36、f Sam has any difficulty _ his tape recorder？A） to fix B） fixing C） for fixing D） fix20）“Why isnt Nancy going to meet us？”“Its my fault。 I forgot all about _ her?！盇） telephoning to B） to telephone C） to telephone to D） the telephoning to21）“Why were you late？”“I had a hard time _ up this morning。”A）

37、 to get B） get C） got D） getting22）I remember _ to help us if we ever gotsintostrouble。A） once offering B） him once offering C） him to offer D） to offer him23）John regretted _ to the meeting last week。A） not going B） not to go C） notshavingsbeen going D） not to be going24） It is difficult to get use

38、d _ in a tent aftershavingsa soft， comfortable bed to lie on。A） sleep B） to sleeping C） slept D） to sleep25） He gives people the impression _ many poems。A） ofshavingswritten B） to have written C） of being written D） to write26） Do you feel like _ out or would you rather _ dinner at home？A） going。to

39、have B） to go。to have C） to go。having D） going。have27） Prior to _ the formal speech， first he will introduce himself。A） delivering B） deliver C） being delivering D） being delivered28）I dont mind _ by bus， but I hate _ in queues。A） to travel。standing B）shavingstraveled。standingC） traveling。to stand D

40、） traveling。standing29）What about _ double quantities of everything today？ We have hardly time to go_ next week。A） buying。to shop B） buy。shoppingC） buying。shopping D） to buy。shopping 30） We had some trouble _ the house and nobody seemed _swheresit was。A） in finding。knowing B） finding。to knowC） to fi

41、nd。knowing D） to find。to know31）We cant imagine _ in the entrance examination， for she has never been to school。A） she succeeding B） her succeeding C） she succeed D） her to succeed32）I dont like _ at me。A） them laughing B） their laugh C） them laugh D） them to have laughed33）We suggested _ in hotels

42、but the children were anxious _ out。A） sleeping。to camp B） sleeping。campingC） to sleep。to camp D） to sleep。camping34）I have no objection _ the evening with them。A） to spend B） to spending C） of spending D） spending35） After _ for the job， you will be required to take a language test。A） being intervi

43、ewed B） interviewed C） interviewing D）shavingsinterviewed36）The match was cancelled because most of the members _ a match without a standard court。A） objected toshavings B） were objected to haveC） objected to have D） were objected to having37）Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night be

44、cause she was busy _ for her examination。A） to prepare B） to be prepared C） preparing D） being prepared38）It is no good _ remember grammatical rules。 You need to practise what you have learned。A） trying to B） to try to C） try to D） tried to39）After _ him better， I regretted _ him unfairly。A） getting to know。to judge B） getting to know。to have judgedC） getting to have know。judging D） getting to know。having judged40）He is looking forward to _ his holiday in Britain。A） s