時貌所指的并不是情況發(fā)生時間跟談話時刻之間的時間關

1、Chapter 6 AspectØ The category of aspect is different from that of tense: a marker of tense relates the time of the occurrence of the situation to the time that situation is brought up in speech.Ø Mandarin has no markers of tense and it does not use verb affixes to signal the relation betw

2、een the time of the occurrence of the situation and the time that situation is brought up in speech.Aspect, on the other hand, refers, not to time relation between a situation and the movement of its being mentioned in speech, but, rather, to how the situation itself is being viewed with respect to

3、its own internal makeup. 時貌所指的並不是情況發(fā)生時間跟談話時刻之間的時間關係，而是指情況本身如何從其內在的結構來去更進一步了解。6.1 The perfective AspectIt is necessary as well as important to keep the perfective aspect distinct from the sentence-final particle le (句尾語氣詞”了”)which will be described in next chapter.6.1.1. Where to Use le: A Bound Even

4、t (有界事件)We have said that an event is being viewed in its entirety or as a whole. An event is viewed in its entirety if it is bounded temporally, spatially, or conceptually.There are essentially four ways in which an event can be bounded:A. By being a quantified eventB. By being a definite or specif

5、ic eventC. By being inherently bounded because of the meaning of the verb.D. By being the first event in a sequence. A. A Quantified Event (受到數(shù)量限定的事件)An event can be viewed as bounded when temporal, spatial, or conceptual limits are placed on it. A verb typically will occur with le if the event sign

6、aled by the verb is limited by overt phrases naming the extent to which that event occurred, the amount of time it took, or the number of times it happened. (若此事件受到事件發(fā)生範圍的片語 其事件所經(jīng)歷的時間量，或是事件發(fā)生的次數(shù)等之限制，那麼次動詞就會常跟”了”一起出現(xiàn)。)(3) 他睡了三個鐘頭。(4) 我在那裡住了兩個月。(7) 我把狗打了一頓。(8) 我把門踢了三腳。 Sometimes the quantified event i

7、s a state whose limits set by a phrase expressing the extent to which the subjects is in that state.(受數(shù)量限制的事件是一種狀態(tài))(13) 這個地方不錯，就是吵了一點。(14) 他年紀比我大了幾十歲。The following two examples can each have two interpretations, depending on whether the adjective describes a processes or a state:(15) a. 他胖了一點。 He ha

8、s gotten a little fat. (過程) He is a little fat. (狀態(tài)) (17) 張三再博物館門口等李四，等了三十分鐘。 In this example, it provides a good illustration of the contract between just naming an event presenting it as a unified whole by quantifying it. (第二個”等”，因受到時間片語的限制，而需要接”了”。)在此例句中，很明顯得可以得知 第一個出現(xiàn)的等並無法呈現(xiàn)出一個限定事件的關係，單純只是names

9、the event,因此不可以在等後後加上”了”; 反之, 再第二順位出現(xiàn)的”等”，會因為受到後方子句片語中一個時間上的指示而使事件受限，因此即可讓”等”接上”了”。Similarly, a verb with a specified quantity of the direct object will also typically occur with le because the quantified direct object serves to bound the event signaled by the verb. See examples (18)(25) (動詞後面若市有接指定

10、數(shù)量的直接賓語時，也要跟了的同時出現(xiàn)。)(20) 他今天買了很多書。(25) 牆上掛了一幅畫。同樣的，一個動詞其後所接的直接賓語帶有特殊限定的特質時，亦可以使”了”出現(xiàn)是因為這類的直接賓語可以使事件受限。Sentence (26) is an interesting and typical example with le in which the amount of time spent is expressed grammatically by a quantification of the object component of the verb-object compound (動詞-賓

11、語複合詞) “談天”. 賓語成分的限量表示:(26)我們談了一夜的天。(e.g)弟弟寫了一晚的作業(yè)。How about : ?他昨天上課竟然睡了一堂的課。 ?最近因為太累所以昨天睡了一晚的覺?？偸? what those examples above show is that it is perfectly normal to use le where the message being communicated has to do with bounding an event by naming a specific quantity of the direct object. (直接賓語的

12、書量句限制事件時)Though, sometimes, speaker judgments on the question whether there should be a perfective le or not depend crucially on the nature of the message they imagine the sentence is conveying.B. Definite or Specific Event (特定事件)An event will also often qualify as bounded if the direct object is un

13、derstood as a define noun phrase. (i) Name: 我碰到了馬英九。(ii) Pronoun: 你毀了你自己。(iii) Genitive modifier: 他饒了他的敵人了。(iv) Demonstrative Modifier: 我認出來了那個字。(v) Relative clause modifier: 因為我看了最新出版的資料。(vi) Noun phrase with ba : 他把車賣了。C. Verb with Inherent Bounded Meaning 語意本身含有界限的動詞Some verbs represent specific,

14、 bounded events by virtue of their meaning. One such verb is死, which has its end point built into its meaning. (e.g) 那隻狗去年死了。Another verb is “忘”(38) 我忘了他的地址。However, English verb “die” does not have the end point of dying included in its, meaning, and therefore it is possible to use the verb in a du

15、rative aspect.Because of the inclusion of the end point of dying in the meaning of the Mandarin verb 死, however, it cannot occur in the durative aspect.Verb such as 死 and 忘 generally occur with the perfective aspect marker le. An exception to this generalization is the use of such verbs to describe

16、a situation that is not part of reality, called the irrealis mode. (在非真實語態(tài)句裡頭不用”了”。) Irrealis mode in English: He/She wants to die. Irrealis mode in Mandarin: 他要死。 Irrealis verbs in general do not occur with the perfective aspect marker le because they are not describing events in their entirety. (此

17、類動詞並無界限一個整體的事件。) D. First Event in a Sequence (連續(xù)事件中的第一個事件)Sometimes an event is bounded by being the first event in a sequence, in such cases, the first event is of interest as an unanalyzed whole; the speaker signals its occurrence is bounded by the subsequent event.(在連續(xù)事件中，一個事情發(fā)生之後，另一個事件接著發(fā)生，在此情況

18、下，第一個事件具有代表一個整體且不可分割的整體重要性。說話者表示第一個事件的出現(xiàn)是受到繼起事件的限制。)(50) 我吃完了你吃。(51) 我看完了報，就睡。(56) 他開了門，你就進去。These examples show that the direct object doesnt need to be quantified in order for le to appear if the event is the first in a sequence. 因為是連續(xù)事件的第一個事件，其後會因為受到繼起事件的限制，直接賓本可以不須經(jīng)過限量就可以接”了”；但若句子的情況出現(xiàn)於一般簡單句時，其賓

19、語若無限量就接”了” 就顯得有點奇怪了。理由是因為未受數(shù)量限定的直接賓語名詞通常是不定(indefinite) 更甚試非指涉性的。可看例子(59)(60).P201 from the bottom of the first paragraph, line 4.因此，想要知道一個句子是否合乎文法就要去了解句子如何跟文意背景發(fā)生關係。其句子是否表示”受限事件”大部分要看對話的性質而定。In summary, -le is used when the event described by a sentence is perfective, which means that the event is

20、bounded, and an event is bounded (1) is its temporal or spatial limits are specified, (2) if is signals a specific event and its direct object is definite, (3) if boundedness is inherent in the meaning of the verb of the sentence, or (4) if it is followed by another event. 6.1.2 Where Not to Use leA

21、. Semantic Conditions for le Not Fulfilled (了 的語意條件沒有滿足時)First, -le is never used with verbs expressing states that do not represent bounded events: (65)(68) (了 不跟表狀態(tài)動詞並用)For the same reason, -le does not occur with verbs denoting onging actions since perfective le is incompatible with the durative

22、aspect markers 在 and 著.(69)(70)(bounded) (unbounded)perfective le is also incompatible with habitual or repeated events, nor do we find le with “potential” forms of resultative verb compounds ; It is not compatible with the potential forms.(能性語式) (71)(76) 因為這些並非”整體”的受限事件。 Perfective le is also incom

23、patible with the experiential aspect suffix guo. (77)(78) Perfective le in general does not occur in negative sentences. (79)(81) (79) 紙賣光了。 紙沒賣光(*了)。B. A Perfectivizing Expression Take the Place of le ( 完成話語詞取代”了”) Examples in (82)(85). The perfectivizing expressions are included directional phrase

24、 , the locatinve phrase, and the indirect object phrase, which put boundaries on the events of the action, that is, each of the underlined phrases in the above examples seves to perform the same function that le does, namely, to signal that the event is to be viewed as a complete whole.6.1.3 -le in

25、Imperatives Most of the time, imperfectives do not have le.(86)(88) But in certain situation when there is some urgency condition about the action taking place, then imperatives and occur with le. In the following examples in (89)(90). (e.g.丟了那本書)Ø There is one type of situation in which le mus

26、t be used in a negative imperative, though, and that is when the imperative is a warning to the listener. Lets look at pairs of negative imperatives with and without le:(104) a. 別簽名 。 you dont need to sign your name. b. 別簽了名。 Dont sigh your name. (Im warning you!)Sentence (104b) means “watch it”, so

27、mething bad will happen if you sign your name. But (104)a isnt a warning.We see, then, that the use of le in warning follows naturally from its use to signal the first event in a sequence. The second event that serves to bound the first one is often understood and therefore not explicitly stated in

28、a natural speech context. 6.1.4 le Does Not Mean Past TenseA number of examples show that le does not signal past tense. First, we find le in such non-past perfective sentences as imperatives : (108)喝了它。Second, in sentences indicating simple futures or in future or conditional sequence-of-action sen

29、tences: (110)明天我就開除了他。(111)我吃了飯就走。There are many sentences expressing past events need not have any -le, bounded events with perfectiviaing expression dont take le: (114)它把肉切成小塊。Events that are not explicitly bounded, however, also do not occur with le, even if they refer to past time: (117)那本書是我寫的。

30、 (119)我們到百貨公司去買東西。Even though, -le does not mean past tense, many perfective events reported in speech are events that occurred prior to the time of speaking. Ordinarily, unless the context makes it clear that a difference time is being referred to, a perfective sentence with le will be understood to refer to past time. On the other hand, it does not follow from this that past-time events must b