分詞和分詞獨(dú) 立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

1、英語中分詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語形式，有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)、承受、完成和狀態(tài)。例如：分詞具有動(dòng)詞的某些特征，可以帶賓語和狀語，組成分詞短語，能夠在句中充當(dāng)定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。一、分詞的變化形式現(xiàn)在分詞的變化形式(見下表)主動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式doing被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式being done主動(dòng)語態(tài)完成式having done被動(dòng)語態(tài)完成式having been done過去分詞的變化形式只有done一種。二、分詞的性質(zhì)(一)現(xiàn)在分詞各種形式表示的動(dòng)作含義1.現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其前發(fā)生。例如：Walking along th

2、e beach at dawn,you can enjoy the beautiful sunrise. 黎明時(shí)沿著沙灘散步，你可以欣賞日出的美景。Arriving at the school,we found that class had begun. 我們趕到學(xué)校時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)開始上課了。2.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，在句中主要作狀語。例如：Having found the cause,the doctors were able to treat the disease and cure it. 病因找到了，醫(yī)生們就可以治療并治好它。Not having ch

3、ecked the watch the night before,they found it stopped when they woke up. 由于前一個(gè)晚上沒有檢查表，他們醒來時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)它已經(jīng)停了。3.現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory. 這是我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室里正在進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)之一。Being asked to give a performance,he couldn't very well refuse. 有人邀請(qǐng)他

4、表演一個(gè)節(jié)目，他不好拒絕。4.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生并完成。例如：Having been given a birthday gift by her mother,she was very happy. 媽媽送給她一個(gè)生日禮物，她非常高興。Having been made at the meeting,the decision could be carried out. 會(huì)議已經(jīng)作出了決議，可以執(zhí)行了。(二)現(xiàn)在分詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞?.作定語1)作前置定語。例如：Visitors left approving remarks in the commen

5、t books. 參觀的人在留言簿上留下了滿意的話。He is a promising actor. 他是一個(gè)很有前途的演員。2)現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語，等同于定語從句。例如：They built a highway leading to the mountains. 他們修建了一條通往山區(qū)的公路。We met many foreigners visiting in the nearby areas. 我們遇到了許多在附近地區(qū)參觀的外國(guó)人。3)現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時(shí)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。例如：Tell the children playing there no

6、t to make so much noise. 讓那些在那兒玩的孩子們別那么吵。They lived in a room facing the east. 他們住在一間朝東的房間里。2.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特征，此類現(xiàn)在分詞大多已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞。例如：The suggestion sounds quite convincing. 這建議聽起來很有說服力。The situation is encouraging. 形勢(shì)令人歡欣鼓舞。3.作狀語1)現(xiàn)在分詞可用作狀語，通常表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作，對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作加以修飾或陪襯。另外，有的現(xiàn)在分詞短語用作狀語可表示原因、結(jié)果等，

7、也可等同于時(shí)間狀語從句。例如：Being so poor at that time,we couldn't afford to buy a TV set. 那時(shí)我們非常窮，沒有錢買電視。Her husband died last year,leaving her with three children. 去年她丈夫去世了，給她留下了三個(gè)孩子。Seeing those photos,he couldn't help thinking of those days spent in the village. 看到那些照片，他禁不住想起那些在村里度過的日子。2)如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作完

8、成了以后，謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作才發(fā)生，分詞應(yīng)該用完成形式。例如：Having fulfilled the task,they felt a stone lifted from their heart. 任務(wù)完成以后，他們感到心里非常輕松。Having had lunch,they went out. 吃過午飯后，他們就出去了。(三)過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作含義過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義和完成意義，但用作形容詞的過去分詞一般不表示完成意義。例如：You will see this product advertised wherever you go. 無論你走到哪里，你都會(huì)看到這個(gè)產(chǎn)品的廣告。I saw th

9、at building pulled down. 我看見那幢大樓被拆倒了。Those oppressed nations are rising to liberate themselves. 那些受壓迫的國(guó)家要站起來解放他們自己。(四)過去分詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?.作定語1)作前置定語。例如：A lost opportunity never returns. 機(jī)不可失，失不再來。This was an unexpected development. 這是一個(gè)出乎意料的發(fā)展。2)合成的過去分詞作形容詞用。例如：hand-made goods手工制品a clear-cut answer明確的答復(fù)st

10、ate-owned enterprise國(guó)有企業(yè)3)作后置定語。例如：the departments concerned有關(guān)部門the task assigned所給的任務(wù)a book written in English用英語寫的書2.作狀語，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨情況等。例如：He looked very happy when praised. 受到表揚(yáng)時(shí)，他看起來非常高興。Influenced by Lei Feng,they performed countless good deeds. 在雷鋒事跡的影響下，他們做了許多好事。United，we will be stronge

11、r than we are divided. 如果團(tuán)結(jié)，我們就比分裂時(shí)更強(qiáng)大。He returned to his motherland that year, disguised as a merchant. 那年他扮作商人回到了祖國(guó)。Absorbed in the work,he neglected food and sleep. 他專心致志于這項(xiàng)工作，到了廢寢忘食的地步。3.作表語(有些過去分詞作表語很像被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))。例如：The door remained locked. 門仍然鎖著。The survey indicated that many crimes still go uncove

12、red by the police. 調(diào)查表明許多罪行警方仍然沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)。三、分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是分詞的一種特殊形式，在句中作狀語。在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞或代詞同其后的分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語等在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。1.分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成類型1)"邏輯主語分詞"或"名詞代詞分詞"形式。例如：He sat in front of them ,his dusty face masking his age. 他坐在他們的前面，滿是灰塵的臉掩蓋了他的真實(shí)年齡。All things considered,the planned

13、trip will have to be called off. 考慮到所有的事情，原計(jì)劃的旅行將被迫取消。2)There being主語。例如：There being no danger,the police went back to their police office. 既然沒有危險(xiǎn)，警察們又回到警局。There having been no rain,the crops were dying. 沒有下雨，莊稼就要旱死了。3)with名詞詞組分詞。例如：With the problem settled,they were happy and relaxed. 問題解決了，他們又高興又輕松。With the price of gold going up,our economy would be improved. 隨著黃金價(jià)格的上漲，我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)形式會(huì)有所好轉(zhuǎn)。2.邏輯主語與