非謂語動詞to-do

1、非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是動詞的形式。它在句中不能作謂語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，也稱為非限定動詞。非謂語動詞有不定式、動詞-ing形式和過去分詞。 動詞不定式動詞不定式在句中不能作謂語，在句中不能單獨做謂語，也不受主語人稱數(shù)的限制，不受謂語動詞的時態(tài)變化的干擾。它具有動詞的性質(zhì)，有形式的變化，也可以有自己的賓語和狀語，從而構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語。也具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的某些特征，在句中可以做謂語之外的所有句子成分，包括主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。1. 動詞不定式的構(gòu)成2. 動詞不定式短語3. 動詞不定式的句法功能4. 動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)5動詞不定式的否定式6動詞不定式不帶to 的情況

2、1. 動詞不定式的構(gòu)成動詞不定式是通常由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，動詞不定式有的帶to，有的不帶to。有一般式（to do）、進行式（to be doing）、完成式（to have done）和被動態(tài)（to be done）。所有的動詞都有不定式形式。2.動詞不定式短語 動詞不定式盡管是非謂語動詞的一種形式，但它仍保留動詞的一些特征，可以帶自己的賓語和狀語，如果不定式來自連系動詞，它也可以跟表語。不定式和它的賓語、狀語或表語一起構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語。Our headmaster is going to Shanghai to attend a meeting.I want to get up e

3、arly tomorrow morning.He tried to work out the problem in five minutes.The theory proved to be correct.3.動詞不定式的句法功能A動詞不定式做主語動詞不定式起名詞作用，在句中做主語，這時謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。直接做主語To finish such an essay in one week is beyond his ability.To live is to do something worthwhile.用it 做形式主語動詞不定式直接做主語現(xiàn)在已很少使用，通常是用it做形式主語，而把真正的主語

4、后置，尤其是當(dāng)著主語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)很長的時候。It is important to learn the right habits at an early age.It is a risk to writhe a poem in the composition of Chinese examinations.B動詞不定式做表語動詞不定式做表語常用來說明主語的具體內(nèi)容或表示目的。The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required.The important thing in life is to have a gr

5、eat aim and the determination to attain it.*作表語時，如果是1. all+定語從句2. 主語受only/first/one /least或形容詞最高級修飾后又有定語從句修飾3. 由what 等引導(dǎo)的主語從句。以上三種情況中的從句中火短語中有實意動詞do時All he does is gossip about others.The only thing I could do was do it alone.What we must do is reduce the waste of energy.C動詞不定式做定語動詞不定式做定語時，須放在它所修飾的名

6、詞或代詞的后面，通常和它所修飾的詞之間有邏輯關(guān)系。主謂關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系、動狀關(guān)系、或同位關(guān)系。1. There are many people to believe this nonsense.2. He was the first person to pass the finishing line.3. There is no more time to waste.4. The teacher left us a lot of homework to do.5. It is already time to start spring sowing.6. Is it the best way to

7、 solve the problem?7. The way how to help the pupil is being studied.8. The place where to go has not been announced.9. You should not miss any chance to practice your English.10. We are sure he has the ability to deal with this problem.D動詞不定式做賓語動詞不定式可以充當(dāng)部分及物動詞的賓語，也可以充當(dāng)個別介詞的賓語。用動詞不定式做賓語的動詞很多，其中以表示決心

8、、打算、喜惡的居多。四個希望三答應(yīng),（hope/ wish/ expect/ long /agree /promise/ undertake）五個想要巧安排,（intend /plan /want/ mean/ desire /arrange）設(shè)法學(xué)會做決定，(manage/ learn/ decide /determine)企圖假裝要選擇，（attempt/ pretend/ choose ）提供要求勿拒絕，(offer /demand / refuse)威脅準(zhǔn)備不失敗。(threaten /prepare /fail) We agreed to meet here but so far s

9、he hasnt turned up.She never fails to give her mother an email every week.當(dāng)不定式做某些需要有賓語補足語的動詞的賓語時，如果按“主+及物V,+賓語+賓語補足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)排列顯得蹩腳，因此，改用it 代替不定式做形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放在后面。We thought it better to start early.They considered it important to get his permission.a.不定式可作個別介詞的賓語如but，except。 It had no effect except to m

10、ake him angry. I had no choice but to wait. They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come. *在介詞except, but之后，如果前面有動詞的do某種形式，不定式一般不帶to，反之則帶to。b.介詞of ，on， about， over和介詞詞組as to 后常跟疑問代詞或副詞+不定式。Im thinking about how to explain my absence.They did discussion on how to improve the teaching method.

11、The couple were at a loss as to what to do next.E動詞不定式做賓語補足語做使役類動詞的賓語補足語這類常見的使役類動詞有g(shù)et make have let 等。在make have let后，做賓語補足語的不定式不帶to。Tips:當(dāng)句型轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)，賓補變?yōu)橹餮a時，to 要加上。Ill get someone to carry your luggage.The doctors made him give up smoking.He was made to give up smoking.做感官類動詞的賓語補足語感官類動詞如see, hear, f

12、eel, notice, observe等。在此做賓語補足語的不定式不帶to。Tips:當(dāng)句型轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)，賓補變?yōu)橹餮a時，to 要加上。I saw him take your dictionary away.I felt something crawl up my leg.He was seen to water the flowers.做判斷類動詞的賓語補足語判斷類動詞主要有：judge /think /consider /find/ know /suppose/ prove等We know him to be honest.I judge her to be about sixty ye

13、ars of age.做建議、命令類動詞的賓語補足語建議、命令類動詞主要有: advise/ allow/ beg /command/ force encourage/ permit/ request /order/ warn /persuadeHe commanded the soldiers to be silent.We dont allow such things to happen again.做某些短語動詞的賓語補足語如long for/ wait for/ call on/ rely on/ depend on/ arrange for等rely on you to finish

14、 the work today.We are waiting for the doctor to come.He called on every friend to support his plan.F動詞不定式做狀語 做目的狀語The whole family went to the beach to spend their weekend.To make the best ever games in 2008, the capital city, Beijing, will make several big changes.做目的狀語的不定式可加上in order to 或 so as t

15、o 來加強說話的語氣。它們的否定式是_ 區(qū)別在于_.做結(jié)果狀語動詞不定式做結(jié)果狀語.The girl raised her head to find everybody was looking at her. 不定式做狀語常見的句型too-to do- The box is too small to hold all these things.enough to do- The wind is strong enough to carry the sand dunes.such-as to do- It was such a gook film as to move us to tears.s

16、o-as to do- Would you be so kind as to lend your bicycle to me?only to- He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 做原因狀語動詞不定式常跟在一些表示喜怒哀樂等情感的形容詞或動詞-ed 形式的后米面，說明產(chǎn)生該情緒的原因We shall be very happy to co-operate with you in the project.All of us were shocked to hear the sad news.做條件狀語不定式做條件狀語，可擴展成if

17、引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。To hear you speak English, people might take you for an American.G動詞不定式做插入語在句中作獨立成分，用來表明說話人的態(tài)度To tell the truth, this is all Greek to me.(一竅不通)To make the matter worse, it began to rain.可做插入語的不定式有to tell the truth說實話 to be exact精確地說 strange to say說也奇怪 to be sure 的確 to be honest坦率地說 to be b

18、rief簡言之 to begin with 首先 not to say 更不用說 to believe it or not to make the matter worse 使事情更糟糕的是4. 動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)和語態(tài)主 動被 動一般式to doto be done進行式to be doing無完成式to have doneto have been done完成進行式to have been doing無A.時態(tài)1） 一般式表示的動作，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后， He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。 I hope to

19、see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 2） 進行式表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。 He seems to be eating something. 3） 完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。特別強調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，給你添了那么多的麻煩。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已經(jīng)得了感冒。 完成式還可以用在expected, hoped, intended, meant, plann

20、ed, promised, thought, wanted, wished, was, were, would like to結(jié)構(gòu)的后面，表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望，期待或計劃等。I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.(I had meant to telephoned-)Id like to have gone shopping, but it rained.4） 完成進行式表示動作從過去開始并延續(xù)至說話的時候。 She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. B. 語態(tài)

21、 The doctor advised him to air the room.The doctor advised the room to be aired.I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.I am glad to have been given a chance to drive after drinking.不定式的邏輯主語如果是不定式所表示動作的執(zhí)行者，用不定式的主動式；如果是承受者，則用被動式。如：I wish to be loved and respected by all.I felt astonished to be a

22、sked to answer such a question.The next thing to be done is to clean the room.This novel is said to have been translated into English.5動詞不定式的否定式在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如： Tell him not to shut the window。讓他別關(guān)窗。She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。6動詞不定式不帶to 的情況：1） 情態(tài)動詞 （ 除ought 外） 后。2） 使役動詞 let, have, make后，感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, list