中國(guó)文化常識(shí)中英文對(duì)照

1、十二屬相中國(guó)民間有一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗，人一出生，就有一種動(dòng)物做他的屬相。屬相，也叫“生肖”，是中國(guó)民間傳統(tǒng)的紀(jì)年和計(jì)算年齡的方法。中國(guó)古代的紀(jì)年法是帝王年號(hào)與“干支”并用，其中“干支紀(jì)年法”從史書(shū)上有明文記載的公元前841年庚申年，一直沿用到現(xiàn)在?！案伞笔恰疤旄伞?，有十個(gè)字組成，這十個(gè)字是：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸?！爸А笔恰暗刂А?，由十二個(gè)字組成，這十二個(gè)字是：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥。把天干的十個(gè)字和地支的十二個(gè)字按順序配合起來(lái)，可以得到60種排列，如：甲子、乙丑、丙寅這60種排列周而復(fù)始，循環(huán)使用，每六十年叫做“一個(gè)甲子”。如公歷的2001年，是農(nóng)歷的辛巳年

2、，公歷的2002年，是農(nóng)歷的壬午年；而六十年后，2061年又是辛巳年，2062年又是壬午年。從東漢25220時(shí)開(kāi)始，人們又用鼠、牛、虎、兔、龍、蛇、馬、羊、猴、雞、狗、豬12種動(dòng)物來(lái)配十二地支，組成了十二生肖，也叫十二屬相。這就是子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龍、巳蛇、午馬、未羊、申猴、酉雞、戌狗、亥豬。這樣，子年是鼠年，丑年是牛年，寅年是虎年于是，每個(gè)人一出生，就有一種動(dòng)物作他的屬相。子年出生的屬鼠，丑年出生的屬牛，寅年出生的屬虎，以此類推?，F(xiàn)在，中國(guó)人在用公歷紀(jì)年和計(jì)算年齡的同時(shí)，仍然習(xí)慣用屬相紀(jì)年和推算年齡。 twelve symbolic animalsit is traditi

3、onal in China,when a perpon is born,one animal(shuxiang)is used to symbolize this year.Shuxiang,also called shengxiao(any ofthe 12 animals representing the Earthly Branches),is a traditional way in China to number the years and to record a person's age.The ancient Chinese people invented the met

4、hod to designate the years by the Heavenly Stems consist of the characters:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,and gui.And the Earthly Branches are composed of 12 characters:zi,shu,yin,mao,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.Combining each of the 10 Heavenly Stems with one of the 12 Earthly Branches in s

5、equence creates 60 chronological symbols.For example jiazi,yichou,bingyin,etc.These 60 symbols are used in circles and thus each year has a chronological symbol.For example,2001 corresponds to xinsi,2002 to renwu in the lunar calendar;after 60 years,2061,once again,corresponds to xinsi,and 2062,to r

6、enwu.Later,people used 12 animalsto correspond to the 12 Earthly Branches,forming the  12Symbolic Animals,namely Earthly Branch One Rat,Earthly Branch Two Ox,Earthly Branch Three Tiger,Earthly Branch Four Rabbit,Earthly Branch Five Dragon,Earthly Branch Six Snake,Earthly Branch Seven Horse,Eart

7、hly Branch Eight Sheep,Earthly Branch Nine Monkey,Earthly Branch Ten Rooster,Earthly Branch Eleven Dog,Earthly Branch Twelve Pig.Thus the zi year is the Year of the Rat,and the chou Year is the year of the Ox,and the yin Year is the Year of the Year of Tiger,etc.Therefore,when a person is born,he ha

8、s an animal as his aymbolic animal.The year 2002 was a renwu year under lunar calendar,also the year of Horse,and so children born in this yea are all Horse babies.Even though the Chinese people now number the years and their age under the Gregorian calendar,the still continue to use the symbolic an

9、imals.As long as people know a person' probable age and his symbolic animao,people can infer his exact age and year of birth.  小孩兒滿月與抓周在中國(guó)，小孩兒的滿月酒和抓周儀式獨(dú)具特色。在孩子的成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中，這兩個(gè)儀式有里程碑式的紀(jì)念意義。小孩兒出生滿一個(gè)月的那天，孩子的家人一般要招呼親朋摯友，邀請(qǐng)他們一起來(lái)慶祝孩子滿月。按照中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)，這一天，家里會(huì)充滿了喜慶和節(jié)日的氛圍，滿月就要辦得熱熱鬧鬧才行。不過(guò)最近這些年，這個(gè)習(xí)俗在城市尤其是年輕夫婦中有逐漸被

10、淡化的趨勢(shì)。但是，小孩兒滿月對(duì)于每個(gè)家庭來(lái)說(shuō)，仍然是一個(gè)非常值得紀(jì)念的高興的日子?！白ブ軆骸敝械摹爸堋笔切『簼M一周歲的意思。關(guān)于“抓周兒”，最早記載于北齊?！白ブ軆骸币簿褪窃谛『簼M周歲那天，吃中午的長(zhǎng)壽面之前，擺上經(jīng)書(shū)、筆、墨、紙、硯、算盤(pán)、錢(qián)幣、賬冊(cè)、首飾、花朵、胭脂、吃食、玩具等，如果是女孩兒則要加擺鏟子、勺子炊具、剪子、尺子縫紉用具、繡線、把戲子刺繡用具，再由大人將小孩抱來(lái)，令其端坐，父母及他人不給予任何的引導(dǎo)或暗示，任孩子隨意挑選，看他先抓什么，后抓什么，并以此為依據(jù)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)孩子可能存在的志趣和將從事的職業(yè)以及前途。 One-Month-Old Feast and One-

11、Year-Old Catch(zhuazhou) of babies In China,One-Month-Old Feast and One-Year-Old Catch of a baby are of unique Chinese characteristics.These two ceremonies are milestone-like significance in the growing process of a baby. On the day when a baby is a month old,the family of the baby will in

12、vite their friends and relatives to a ceremony to celebrate the occasion.In a traditional One-Month-Old Ceremony,there will be a rejoicing and  festive atmosphere in the family and the feast is supposed to be lively and joyful.However,in recent years this custom has been gradually abandoned amo

13、ng young people.Nevertheless,One-Month-Old Feast still remains a memorable and happy moment for every family. Zhou in the word zhuazhou means "a baby is one year old".The earliest historical record about zhuazhou appearde during the Dynasty of Northern Qi.On the day when ababy is a ye

14、ar old , the family  of the baby will lay out sutras,brush pens,ink sticks,paper,ink slabs,abacus,copper coins,account books,jewelries,flowers,rouges,foods,toys,etc.For girls,scoops,scissors,rulers,thread,scissor-cut will be added.The parents then put the baby in front of these articles and mak

15、e it sit up.Nobody will give and instruction or cue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by itself.Watching the baby catch the articles it likes,the family can then make predictions about its potential interests,future career and development.  婚禮 結(jié)婚是人生中的一件大事。傳統(tǒng)的中式婚禮古樸而又熱鬧，隆重、

16、喜慶并且禮節(jié)周全，場(chǎng)面的鋪陳頗具特色，不過(guò)在現(xiàn)代，尤其是在城市里，已經(jīng)很少見(jiàn)了?；ㄞI是傳統(tǒng)婚禮的核心內(nèi)容之一。結(jié)婚時(shí)，新娘要坐在花轎里從娘家被抬到男方家中?；ㄞI一般分四人抬，八人抬兩種，又有“龍轎”“鳳轎”之分。除去轎夫之外，還有持笙鑼、傘、扇等的隨行人員，一般的轎隊(duì)少則十幾人，多則幾十人，很是壯觀。傳統(tǒng)的中式婚禮中，新娘要蒙著紅蓋頭，在伴娘的伴隨下，由新郎手持的大紅綢牽著，慢慢地登上花轎。在新娘成花轎去往男方家里的途中，顛花轎是必不可少的熱鬧場(chǎng)面。轎夫一起左搖右擺使花轎不穩(wěn)，新娘坐在里面也是左搖右晃。有的時(shí)候，新郎甚至不得不代替新娘或者和新娘一起向眾人抱拳施禮求饒，而這個(gè)時(shí)候，眾人歡笑不止，

17、實(shí)際上是為了增添新人成婚之日的喜慶氣氛。中式傳統(tǒng)婚禮的最重要的部分便是拜堂成親。新人走到天地桌前，上面擺放有裝滿糧食的斗，斗的四周寫(xiě)上“金玉滿斗”四個(gè)大字，以紅紙封口，斗內(nèi)四角放假設(shè)干硬幣，以供拜完天地后看熱鬧的親朋好友掏出來(lái)求取吉利之意。斗中要插一柏枝，枝上綴有銅錢(qián)，這個(gè)柏枝便被稱作“搖錢(qián)樹(shù)”。斗旁放一桿秤、一面鏡、織布機(jī)杼、一燈或一蠟燭。新郎在右，新娘在左，并肩站在天地桌前，執(zhí)事人高聲喊道：“一拜天地，二拜高堂，夫妻對(duì)拜”。民間的說(shuō)法認(rèn)為，男女只有在拜過(guò)天地后才能算作是正式夫妻，因此對(duì)這個(gè)拜堂的儀式非常重視。還有民間習(xí)俗有這樣有趣的研究，即如果新郎在結(jié)婚的當(dāng)天因故不能拜天地，就讓他的姐妹抱

18、只公雞來(lái)代替。坐完花轎、拜完天地、接下來(lái)新人要入洞房了。洞房是一直延續(xù)下來(lái)的叫法，新人入了洞房以后，按照習(xí)俗，新郎新娘的同輩親友聚集在洞房里，對(duì)新郎新娘開(kāi)一些充滿暗示的玩笑。這時(shí)即便過(guò)頭一點(diǎn)，新郎新娘也不會(huì)生氣，而是想方法巧妙化解，因?yàn)橛H朋好友鬧洞房圖的是高興和熱鬧。 WeddingMarriage is the most important thing in the life.In China, a traditional wedding is simple and lively,ceremonious,and joyful.There are some unique featur

19、es in this ceremony,but in  modern society,especially in the city ,it is hardly seen any more.The bridal sedan is the core of the traditional wedding.In wedding,the bride should sit in the sedan, then be lifted from her mother's home to her husband' home.Generally,there are two kinds of

20、 sedan,that is ,four-lifter and eight-lifter,also divided into "dragon sedan"and"phoenix sedan".There are so many suites who hold gongs,umbrellas,fans and so on,besides lifters,In group,there are more than ten people at least,and the occasion is very magnificent.In a traditional

21、weddin,accompanied with a bridesmaid, the bride wearing a red veil and led  along by the bridesgroom who holds a red silk in his hand,enters the bridal sedan.On the way to the husband's home,lifters jolt the sedan as it is necessary in a joyful wedding.Lifters swing the sedan from left to r

22、ight,causing the bride to sit unsteadily inside.Some times the bridegroom has to substitute for his bride or beg to everyone else,while,all laugh to adding to the jubilance. The wedding ceremony is the most important part of a traditional Chinese wedding. The newlyweds go to the table for heave

23、n and earth where there is a dou(a kind of basket)full of grain.The dou is written with red paper.There are many coins placed in the four corners of the dou to provide the"luck" meaning to the guests.There is a cypress branch,called "ready source of money",decorated with copper c

24、oins.Besides,one steelyard ,a mirror ,a loom,alamp or a candle  are also  placed near the dou.Afterwards, the groom stand on the left side,the bride right by his side,while the director prompts,"First bow to the heaven and earth;second bow to the parents;third bow to each other".

25、According to the folk saying, they will not be the formal couple until bowing to the heaven and earth.As a result,people pay a great attention to this ceremony.An interesting custom is that if the groom cannot come to this ceremony,he should ask his sister to hold a cock instead. After taking t

26、he bridal sedan,bowing to the heaven,it's time for the newlyweds to go to the bridal chamber.According to custom,their relatives and friends get together in the bridal chamber to banter the newly weds.At this time,the newlyweds will never get angry enven if the teasing games are a bit outrageous

27、,but will try to skillfully dissolve since the relatives and friends intend to delight them.  旗袍與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)服飾旗袍源自清代滿族女性服飾，被譽(yù)為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)服飾文化的典范。它不僅在整體造型的風(fēng)格方面符合中國(guó)文化和諧的特點(diǎn)，而且它的裝飾手法也展現(xiàn)著濃厚的東方特質(zhì)。另外，穿旗袍可以增加形體的修長(zhǎng)感，配上中高跟鞋，更可以抬升人體的重心，將東方女性的端莊、典雅和含蓄的美展露出來(lái)。因此旗袍在中國(guó)民族服裝中獨(dú)領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷，久盛而不衰。中國(guó)男子的傳統(tǒng)服飾比較有代表性的為長(zhǎng)袍、馬褂，長(zhǎng)袍和馬褂都是滿族男子的

28、服裝，盤(pán)領(lǐng)、窄袖，馬褂是對(duì)襟，大都有馬蹄袖，長(zhǎng)袍為大襟。也有馬褂、長(zhǎng)袍相連的兩部形式，這種形式的長(zhǎng)袍只有下半截，連扣在馬褂的內(nèi)下擺。長(zhǎng)袍馬褂給人的感覺(jué)是既不乏莊重，又顯得灑脫和舒適。2001年APEC會(huì)議各國(guó)元首穿著“唐裝”集體亮相，掀起了一股以穿“唐裝”為時(shí)尚的風(fēng)潮。將“唐裝”作為中式服裝的通稱，主要因?yàn)閲?guó)外都稱華人居住的地方為“唐人街”，所以“唐人”作為中式服裝的通稱，主要是因?yàn)閲?guó)外都稱華人居住的地方為“唐人街”，所以“唐人”穿的衣服自然就叫做“唐裝”了。當(dāng)今的“唐裝”是由清代的馬褂演變而來(lái)的，它的款式結(jié)構(gòu)有四大特點(diǎn)：一是立領(lǐng)，上衣前中心開(kāi)口，立式領(lǐng)型；二是連袖，即袖子和衣服整體沒(méi)有接縫，

29、以平面裁剪為主；三是對(duì)襟，也可以是斜襟；四是直角扣，也就是盤(pán)扣；另外從面料來(lái)說(shuō)，則主要使用織錦緞面料等。另外，中國(guó)不動(dòng)地域和不同民族的服飾也各有特色。比方，肚兜就是關(guān)中和陜北的傳統(tǒng)的貼身服飾，肚兜的形狀就像背心的前襟，上面用布帶系在脖頸上，下面兩邊各有一條帶子系在腰間，它可以防止肚子受涼，夏天時(shí)兒童穿在外面也顯得天真爛漫。在兒童穿的肚兜上嘗嘗繡有虎頭像和“五毒”圖案，給予了大人希望孩子健康成長(zhǎng)的美好祝愿。再比方，中國(guó)少數(shù)民族彝族的服飾也很有特點(diǎn)。彝族婦女的頭飾大致有纏頭、包帕、繡花帽三類，其中紅河地區(qū)婦女的頭飾更是琳瑯滿目，以銀飾為貴為美。披風(fēng)是彝族男女皆備的特色服裝，以動(dòng)物皮毛、毛麻織品和草

30、編織制品為原料，以青、藍(lán)二色為主。 Cheong-Sam and Traditional Chinese CostumesThe cheong-sam has its origin in the Manchu female's costumes in the Qing Dynasty and has been regarded as the model of Chinese traditional habilatory culture .As for the reason, the cheong-sam not only accords withe the character

31、istic of harmony within Chinese culture in terms of the style ,but also shows rich oriental idiosyncracy with regard to ornamental techniques.In addition,the cheong-samwill give more pominence to a lady'sslender figure ,and also help to heighten the center of gravity of human bodies together wit

32、he high-heel shoes,so taht civility,elegance and dignety will be fully displayde.Therefore,the cheong-sam developed its own trend ,which has been long lasting. As for the traditional clothes of Chinese men ,the long gown and mandarin jacket are typical.Both of them have roundnecks and narrow sl

33、eeves. The mandarin jacket can be seen as a kind of Chinese-style jacket with buttons down the front, mostly with sleeves like a horse's hoof.However,the front of long gowns,with buttons on the right,is basically large.There is also a type of garment combining the long gown and the mandarin jack

34、et ,and they will only have the under-half part,buttoning in the under lap of the mandarin jacket.The long gown and mandarin jacket will giver the impression of comfortableness and ease as well as sobriety. In 2001,the presidents struck a pose on the stage in Chinese style costumes at the APEC

35、Forum,and thus a trend of wearing Chinese style costumes came into being.The very reason why clothing with Chinese style has been labeled as Chinses -style costumes is that the place where overseas Chinesd reside in has been called"Chinese town"and consequently the cosstumes which the Chin

36、ese wear are called Chinese style costumes.Current Chinese-style costumes were transformed from the mandarin jacket of the Qing Dynasty,and there are four major characteristics in terms of design.First,Chinese-style costumes have a stand-up collar and buttons in very middle of the front of the jacke

37、t;second,there is no seam between sleeves ande jacket;third,the costumes are jackets with buttons down the front or in diagonal way; last,they have right-angled buttons.In addition,with regard to the outside material,Chinese  costumes are mostly made with silk. Moreover,the feature of clot

38、hing varies with areas and nationalities.For instance, hte bellyband is the traditional close-fitting costume in Central China and north of Shanxi.The bellyband is just like the front of vest with a lace tying to the neck and it an prevent children from catching a cold.The children's wearing of

39、bellyband will also show their naivety.Most bellybands willl be embroidered with the pattern of atiger head and the "Five Poisons",which contain a parents' nice expectation of wishing their children health.To take the costumes of the YiNationality as another example,they are rather dis

40、tinctive with three types of women's had wears including decorating brocade round the head and acap with an embroiderde case.Especially in the area of Honghe,women's head wears are full of beautiful colors and styles.They prefer silver ornaments to show their riches and beauty.However,the ma

41、nteau can be regarded as the distinctive costumes for all people of the YiNationality,which are mostly made of fur ,delaine,hemp and straw and whose colors are mainly cyan and blue. 課文老鼠為什么怕貓?jiān)诠糯藗兪褂檬刂?lái)給時(shí)辰命名的。但是地支的名稱很古怪，人們總是記不住，所以引起了許多麻煩。玉皇大帝就想出了一個(gè)方法，準(zhǔn)備選十二種動(dòng)物，用它們和十二地支相配，幫助人們記憶。但天下的動(dòng)物太多了，怎么選呢？

42、玉皇大帝定了一個(gè)日子，讓動(dòng)物們自己去天庭報(bào)名，前十二種動(dòng)物將被選上。動(dòng)物們很興奮，都希望自己是十二個(gè)幸運(yùn)的動(dòng)物中的一個(gè)。貓和老鼠是鄰居，又是好朋友，它們也想去報(bào)名?？墒秦埧倫?ài)睡懶覺(jué)，它怕自己起不來(lái)，就讓老鼠第二天叫自己起床。第二天早晨，老鼠早早地就醒了，可是它忘了叫醒貓，就急急忙忙出發(fā)了。走到半路時(shí)，一頭牛從后面趕上了老鼠。你的個(gè)子大，步子也大，它每走一步，老鼠得跑好幾步。老鼠心想：“路還遠(yuǎn)著呢，我都快跑不動(dòng)了，必須想個(gè)方法才行?！彼蛯?duì)老牛說(shuō)：“牛大哥，我給你唱支個(gè)歌吧，這樣走路會(huì)輕松些?！崩吓Ｕf(shuō)：“好呀?！崩鲜缶统似饋?lái)，可是牛什么也沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)，還問(wèn)：“你怎么不唱？”老鼠說(shuō)：“我在唱呢，你沒(méi)聽(tīng)

43、見(jiàn)嗎？哦，可能是因?yàn)槲覀€(gè)子太小，離你的耳朵太遠(yuǎn)，你才沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。如果我騎在你的脖子上，你就聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)了?！崩吓Ｕf(shuō)：“好主意?！庇谑?，老鼠就爬到了牛脖子上唱起來(lái)：“牛大哥牛大哥，過(guò)小河爬山坡，要問(wèn)世上誰(shuí)最棒？牛大哥和我”老牛一聽(tīng)，跑得更快了。它們跑到天庭門(mén)口時(shí)，看見(jiàn)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)來(lái)，牛高興地叫起來(lái)：“我第一！我第一！”牛還沒(méi)說(shuō)完，老鼠就已經(jīng)從牛身上滑下來(lái)，先一步占到了牛的前面。就這樣，老鼠的了第一名，牛排在了第二名。不久，其他的動(dòng)物也一個(gè)一個(gè)到了，它們是：虎、兔、龍、蛇、馬、羊、猴、雞、狗和豬。老鼠高高興興地回到家后，這才想起好朋友貓。它跑到貓的家里一看，貓還在睡大覺(jué)呢。貓沒(méi)有被選上，氣壞了。從這以后，貓一見(jiàn)老

44、鼠就咬，老鼠也總是怕看見(jiàn)貓。 對(duì)話 孫靜怡：我給你出一個(gè)謎語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)你猜一猜：“全國(guó)十二個(gè)，人人有一個(gè)，外國(guó)不曾有，請(qǐng)問(wèn)是什么？”瑪麗亞：外國(guó)沒(méi)有，中國(guó)有，這我可猜不出來(lái)，我是外國(guó)人??！孫靜怡：這是日本前首相田中角榮訪問(wèn)中國(guó)時(shí)，給周恩來(lái)總理出過(guò)的一個(gè)謎語(yǔ)。當(dāng)時(shí)周恩來(lái)聽(tīng)了哈哈大笑，答復(fù)說(shuō)：“十二生肖。”瑪麗亞：說(shuō)到生肖，我正好有個(gè)問(wèn)題要問(wèn)你。你說(shuō)這十二生肖到底是怎么來(lái)的呢？孫靜怡：這個(gè)中國(guó)古代歷法有關(guān)系。你知道地支嗎？瑪麗亞：聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，它是中國(guó)古代的紀(jì)年方式，可是和動(dòng)物有什么關(guān)系呢？孫靜怡：古代的人們想記住自己的出生年份，可是那些地址的名字太麻煩，所以就找比較形象的東西來(lái)幫助記憶，最后想到用十二種動(dòng)物代表十二個(gè)地支。每年用一種動(dòng)物做代表。順序就是：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龍、巳蛇、午馬、未羊、申猴、酉雞、戌狗、亥豬。也就是說(shuō)，子年出生的人，都屬鼠，丑年出生的人都屬牛據(jù)說(shuō)什么年出生的人就有這種動(dòng)物的一些特點(diǎn)，這十二種動(dòng)物就叫做十二生肖，也叫十二屬相。瑪麗亞：這個(gè)方法不錯(cuò)，要是我，怎么也不可能記住那些復(fù)雜的名稱。孫靜怡：是啊，用可愛(ài)的動(dòng)物來(lái)代表年份，容易記住，也比較有趣，所以這種習(xí)俗到現(xiàn)在還有?，旣悂啠何矣幸粋€(gè)問(wèn)題：中國(guó)人大都覺(jué)得貓很可愛(ài)，可為什么在十二生肖里卻沒(méi)有貓呢？孫靜怡：一種說(shuō)法是因?yàn)楣糯€沒(méi)有人們喜愛(ài)的家貓，