中英對(duì)照行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)

1、Planet gear mechanism一. 自動(dòng)變速器動(dòng)力傳遞概述 一 An overview of power transfer to automatic transmission自動(dòng)變速器由液力元件、變速機(jī)構(gòu)、控制系統(tǒng)、主傳動(dòng)部件等幾大部分組成。變速機(jī)構(gòu)可分為固定平行軸式、行星齒輪式和金屬帶式無(wú)級(jí)自動(dòng)變速器（CVT）三種。我國(guó)在用的車(chē)輛中，大多數(shù)自動(dòng)變速器都采用行星齒輪式變速機(jī)構(gòu)，這也是本文重點(diǎn)分析的對(duì)象。行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)一般由2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上行星齒輪組按不同的組合方式構(gòu)成，其作用是通過(guò)對(duì)不同部件的驅(qū)動(dòng)或制動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生不同速比的前進(jìn)擋、倒擋和空擋。Automatic transmiss

2、ion consists of hydraulic components, shifting mechanism, control system, main drive components, such as several major components. Variable speed mechanism can be divided into fixed parallel shaft, planetary gear type and metal belt type stepless automatic transmission (CVT) three. In with the

3、traffic in our country, most of the automatic transmission adopts planetary gear transmission mechanism, it is also this article focus on the analysis of the object. Planetary gear mechanism by two or more commonly planetary gear set according to the different way of combination, its effect is throu

4、gh the different parts of driving or braking, produce different ratio of forward gears, reverse and neutral. 換擋執(zhí)行元件的作用是約束行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的某些構(gòu)件，包括固定并使其轉(zhuǎn)速為0，或連接某部件使其按某一規(guī)定轉(zhuǎn)速旋轉(zhuǎn)。通過(guò)適當(dāng)選擇行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)被約束的基本元件和約束方式，就可以得到不同的傳動(dòng)比，形成不同的擋位。換擋執(zhí)行元件包括離合器、制動(dòng)器和單向離合器3種不同的元件，離合器的作用是連接或驅(qū)動(dòng)，以將變速機(jī)構(gòu)的輸入軸（主動(dòng)部件）與行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的某個(gè)部件（被動(dòng)部件）連接在一起，實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)力

5、傳遞。制動(dòng)器的作用是固定行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)中的某基本元件，它工作時(shí)將被制動(dòng)元件與變速器殼體連接在一起，使其固定不能轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。單向離合器具有單向鎖止的特點(diǎn)，當(dāng)與之相連接的元件的旋轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì)使其受力方向與鎖止方向相同時(shí)，該元件被固定（制動(dòng)）或連接（驅(qū)動(dòng)）；當(dāng)受力方向與鎖止方向相反時(shí)，該元件被釋放（脫離連接）。由此可見(jiàn)，單向離合器在不同的狀態(tài)下具有與離合器、制動(dòng)器相同的作用。     由以上介紹可知，掌握不同組合行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律是自動(dòng)變速器故障診斷的基礎(chǔ)。Shift the function of actuators is constraint planet

6、ary gear mechanism certain artifacts, including fixed and rotating speed of 0, or a portion of the connection to make it by a certain regulation rotate speed. Through the selection of appropriate planet gear mechanism are the basic components and constraints, can get different transmission ratio, fo

7、rm the different place. Shift actuators include the clutch, brake and one-way clutch three different components, the function of the clutch is connected or driver, to shift gear of input shaft (active components) and planetary gear mechanism of a component (passive components) together, realize the

8、power transfer. Brake role is a basic element of planetary gears fixed, it will be work brake components connected to the gearbox shell together, make its fixed rotation. One-way clutch has the characteristics of ChanXiangSuo check, when the rotation of the component connected to the trend of t

9、he stress direction and at the same time, the direction of locking the components are fixed (brake) or link (driver);When stress direction and locking in the opposite direction, the element is released (out).Thus, one-way clutch in different state is the same as the clutches and brakes. Introduced b

10、y above knowable, grasps the different combination of planet gear mechanism motion is the foundation of automatic gearbox fault diagnosis 二. 單排單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu) 2. Single single-stage planetary gear mechanism1單排單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)比 1. Single single-stage planetary gear transmission ratio最簡(jiǎn)單的行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)由一個(gè)太

11、陽(yáng)輪、一個(gè)內(nèi)齒圈和一個(gè)行星架組成，我們稱(chēng)之為一個(gè)單排單級(jí)行星排，如圖1所示。由于單排行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)具有兩個(gè)自由度，為了獲得固定的傳動(dòng)比，需將太陽(yáng)輪、齒圈或行星架三者之一制動(dòng)（轉(zhuǎn)速為0）或約束（以某一固定的轉(zhuǎn)速旋轉(zhuǎn)），以獲得我們所需的傳動(dòng)比；如果將三者中的任何兩個(gè)連接為一體，則整個(gè)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)以同一速度旋轉(zhuǎn)。The simplest of planetary gear mechanism consists of a sun wheel, an inner gear ring and a planet carrier, we call it a single planet with a single

12、 row, as shown in figure 1. Because the single planet gear mechanism has two degrees of freedom, in order to obtain a fixed ratio, the sun wheel, gear ring or planet frame must be one of the three brake (speed of 0) or constraint (with a constant speed rotation), to get what we want ratio;If an

13、y two of the three links as a whole, the entire planet gear mechanism at the same speed.目前，在有關(guān)自動(dòng)變速器的資料中，有關(guān)傳動(dòng)比的計(jì)算公式有以下幾個(gè)：     （n1-nH）/（n3-nH）=-Z3/Z1 式（1） At present, in the information on automatic transmission, the transmission ratio calculation formula are the fol

14、lowing: (n1 - nH)/(n3 - nH) = Z3 / Z1 type (1)式中：n1-太陽(yáng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速；nH-行星架轉(zhuǎn)速；n3-內(nèi)齒圈轉(zhuǎn)速；Z1-太陽(yáng)輪齒數(shù)；Z3-內(nèi)齒圈齒數(shù)     n1+n2-（1+）n3=0 式（2） Type: n1 - the sun wheel speed;NH - planet carrier speed;N3 - inner gear ring rotation speed;Z1 - the sun wheel teeth;Z3 internal ring gear teeth n

15、1 + alpha n2 - (1 + alpha) n3 = 0 type (2)式中：n1-太陽(yáng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速；n2-內(nèi)齒圈轉(zhuǎn)速；n3-行星架轉(zhuǎn)速；=內(nèi)齒圈齒數(shù)/太陽(yáng)輪齒數(shù)=Z2/Z1     Z2=Z1+Z3 式（3） Type: n1 - the sun wheel speed;N2 - inner gear ring rotation speed;N3 - planet carrier speed;Alpha = inner gear ring gear/sun wheel gear = Z2 / Z1 Z2 = Z1 +

16、 Z3 type (3)式中：Z1-太陽(yáng)輪齒數(shù)；Z2-行星架假想齒數(shù)；Z3-內(nèi)齒圈齒數(shù) Type: Z1 - the sun wheel teeth;Z2 - imaginary teeth planet carrier;Z3 internal ring gear teeth下面對(duì)這3個(gè)公式的原理與推導(dǎo)過(guò)程作以介紹，這也是本文后面對(duì)不同型號(hào)自動(dòng)變速器速比計(jì)算方法的基礎(chǔ)。定軸輪系齒輪傳動(dòng)比計(jì)算公式為i=（-1）m（所有的從動(dòng)齒輪數(shù)乘積）/（所有的主動(dòng)齒輪數(shù)乘積）=（-1）mZn/Z1，它對(duì)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)是不適用的。因?yàn)樵谛行驱X輪機(jī)構(gòu)中，星輪在自轉(zhuǎn)的同時(shí)，還隨著行星架的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)而公轉(zhuǎn)，這使得定

17、軸輪系傳動(dòng)比的計(jì)算方法不再適用。我們可以用“相對(duì)速度法”或“轉(zhuǎn)化機(jī)構(gòu)法”對(duì)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)比進(jìn)行分析，這一方法的理論依據(jù)是“一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)整體的絕對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)并不影響其內(nèi)部各構(gòu)件間的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)”，這就好象手表表針的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)并不隨著人的行走而變化一樣，這一理論是一位名叫Willes的科學(xué)家于1841年提出的。假定給整個(gè)行星輪系加上一個(gè)繞支點(diǎn)O旋轉(zhuǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)（-），這個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的角速度與行星架轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的角速度（）相同，但方向相反，這時(shí)行星架靜止不動(dòng)，使星輪的幾何軸線(xiàn)固定，我們就得到了一個(gè)定軸輪系，這樣就能用定軸輪系的方法進(jìn)行計(jì)算了。用轉(zhuǎn)速n代替角速度，不同構(gòu)件轉(zhuǎn)化前和轉(zhuǎn)化后的轉(zhuǎn)速見(jiàn)表1。 Below the t

18、hree principle and derivation of formulas to introduce, this is also this article after facing the basis of the calculation methods of different types of automatic transmission ratio. Fixed axis gear train gear transmission ratio calculation formula for I = (1) m (all product of the number of driven

19、 gear)/(all the product of the number of driving gear) = (1) mZn/Z1, it is not applicable for planetary gear mechanism. Because in the planetary gear mechanism, the star wheel's rotation at the same time, also with the rotation of the planet carrier and revolution, which makes the calculation me

20、thod of fixed axis gear train transmission ratio no longer apply. We can use the "relative velocity method" or "transformation mechanism of planetary gear mechanism transmission ratio is analyzed, the theory basis of this approach is" an agency of the whole absolute motion does n

21、ot affect the internal relative movement between the various components ", which is like whose hands the relative movement of the watch is not as people walk and change, this theory was a man named Willes scientist in 1841.Assumption for the planetary gear train with a fulcrum O rotate movement

22、 (omega), the movement of the angular velocity and planetary rotation angular velocity (omega) is the same, but in the opposite direction, the planet carrier motionless, make the geometrical axis of the star wheel is fixed, we get a fixed axis gear train, so that it can use the method to calculate t

23、he fixed axis gear train. With rotational speed n instead of angular velocity omega, the conversion of different components before and after conversion speed are shown in table 1.利用定軸輪系傳動(dòng)比計(jì)算公式有： Using the fixed axis gear train transmission ratio calculation formula are as follows:  &#

24、160; 2單排單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)行星架的假想齒數(shù)     在式（4）中，假設(shè)固定內(nèi)齒圈，使n3=0，代入式（5）得式（6）：     n1/nH=（Z1+Z3）/Z1 式（5）     又：i1H=n1/nH=ZH/Z1 式（6）     聯(lián)解式（5）、（6）可得出：     ZH=Z1+Z3  &

25、#160;  2單排單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)行星架的假想齒數(shù)     在式（4）中，假設(shè)固定內(nèi)齒圈，使n3=0，代入式（5）得式（6）：     n1/nH=（Z1+Z3）/Z1 式（5）     又：i1H=n1/nH=ZH/Z1 式（6）     聯(lián)解式（5）、（6）可得出：     ZH=Z1+Z3 

26、    即“行星架的假想齒數(shù)是太陽(yáng)輪齒數(shù)和內(nèi)齒圈齒數(shù)之和”，注意，這一結(jié)論只適用于單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)，在雙級(jí)行星齒輪系就不適用了。     3單排單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)分析     （1）太陽(yáng)輪固定（n1=0），行星架驅(qū)動(dòng)，內(nèi)齒圈輸出：將n1=0代入式（4），有i=nH/n3=Z3/（Z1+Z3），傳動(dòng)比小于1，即為同向增速運(yùn)動(dòng)。     （2）太陽(yáng)輪固定（n1=0），內(nèi)齒圈驅(qū)動(dòng)，行星架輸出：將n1=0代入

27、式（4），有i=n3/nH=（Z1+Z3）/Z3，傳動(dòng)比大于1，即為同向減速運(yùn)動(dòng)。     （3）齒圈固定（n3=0），行星架驅(qū)動(dòng)，太陽(yáng)輪輸出：將n3=0代入式（4），有i=nH/n1=Z1/（Z1+Z3），傳動(dòng)比小于1，即為同向增速運(yùn)動(dòng)。     （4）齒圈固定（n3=0），太陽(yáng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，行星架輸出：將n3=0代入式（4），有i=n1/nH=（Z1+Z3）/Z1，傳動(dòng)比大于1，即為同向減速運(yùn)動(dòng)。     （5）行星架固定（nH=0），齒圈驅(qū)動(dòng)，太

28、陽(yáng)輪輸出：將nH=0代入式（4），有i=n3/n1=-Z1/Z3，傳動(dòng)比小于1，且為負(fù)值，即為反向增速運(yùn)動(dòng)。     （6）行星架固定（nH=0），太陽(yáng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，齒圈輸出：將nH=0代入式（4），有i=n1/n3=-Z3/Z1，傳動(dòng)比大于1，且為負(fù)值，即為反向減速運(yùn)動(dòng)。     現(xiàn)將單排單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)在不同狀態(tài)下的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度和方向總結(jié)于表2。      三單排雙級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)     1單

29、排雙級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)比     單排雙級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)與單排單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)相比，多了一只嚙合齒輪,  如圖2所示。     同樣根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換法，對(duì)于多級(jí)嚙行星齒輪系，我們通過(guò)單排單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)比的計(jì)算公式，可以推出如下公式：      iGKH=nGH/nKH=（nG-nH）/（nK-nH）=     （-1）m（從G到K所有的從動(dòng)齒輪數(shù)乘積）/（從G到K所有的

30、主動(dòng)齒輪數(shù)乘積），（式中m為從G到K嚙合齒輪的對(duì)數(shù)） 式（7）     對(duì)于單排雙級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)，m=2，從式（7）我們可以得出單排雙級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)方程式為：     i13H=n1H/n3H=(nnH)/(n3-nH)=(-1)2Z2Z3/Z1Z2=Z3/Z1 式（8）     2單排雙級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)行星架的假想齒數(shù)     在式（8）中，假設(shè)固定內(nèi)齒圈，使n3=0，代

31、入式（8）得式（9）：     n1/nH=（Z3-Z1）/Z1 式（9）     又：i1H=n1/nH=ZH/Z1 式（10）     聯(lián)解式（9）、（10）可得出：     ZH=Z3-Z1     即單排雙級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)中，行星架的假想齒數(shù)是內(nèi)齒圈齒數(shù)減去太陽(yáng)輪齒數(shù)?？梢?jiàn)，單排雙級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)的速比計(jì)算公式和行星架的假想

32、齒數(shù)與單排單級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)是不同的，這一點(diǎn)在本文后面不同車(chē)型自動(dòng)變速器復(fù)雜行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)比的計(jì)算時(shí)非常重要。           對(duì)于單排雙級(jí)行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)，有Z3Z1，（Z3-Z1）Z3，但（Z3-Z1）與Z1的大小比較不確定，所以在下面的旋轉(zhuǎn)規(guī)律分析中，有些條件不具備的情況沒(méi)有列出增速還是減速。     （1）太陽(yáng)輪固定（n1=0），行星架驅(qū)動(dòng)，內(nèi)齒圈輸出：將n1=0代入式（8），有i=nH/n1=Z1/（Z1-Z1），傳動(dòng)比大于1且為正，即為同向減速運(yùn)動(dòng)。     （2）太陽(yáng)輪固定（n1=0），內(nèi)齒圈驅(qū)