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1、高考英語第一輪復(fù)習(xí)資料高考英語第一輪復(fù)習(xí)資料語法教學(xué)摘要及練習(xí)語法教學(xué)摘要及練習(xí) 第第2章章 英語動(dòng)詞的分類英語動(dòng)詞的分類第2章 動(dòng)詞的分類英語動(dòng)詞的名稱很多:有謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞和主動(dòng)詞,及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞和狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞,規(guī)則動(dòng)詞和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,連系動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,短語動(dòng)詞,等等。聽著這一大堆名稱,我們就覺得頭昏腦脹。其實(shí),如果我們知道它們分類的依據(jù),正確地理解這些概念,并沒有我們想的那么難。2.1 謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞依據(jù)是否充當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞,一個(gè)句子中的動(dòng)詞可以分為謂語依據(jù)是否充當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞,一個(gè)句子中的動(dòng)詞可以分為謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞。在
2、第在第1章章1.3中,我們知道中,我們知道謂語動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞一定具備兩個(gè)特征:一定具備兩個(gè)特征:一有主語,并與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致;二有時(shí)態(tài)和一有主語,并與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致;二有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式語態(tài)的形式。它是一個(gè)句子和一個(gè)從句必不可少的部分。它是一個(gè)句子和一個(gè)從句必不可少的部分。例如:例如:He knows me. John came yesterday afternoon.例如例如:He is a businessman knowing many politicians 他是一個(gè)認(rèn)識很多政客的商人。他是一個(gè)認(rèn)識很多政客的商人。knowing用作動(dòng)詞帶賓語用作動(dòng)詞帶賓語many p
3、oliticians,同時(shí)又起形,同時(shí)又起形容詞作用,修飾容詞作用,修飾 businessman這個(gè)名詞。這個(gè)名詞。又如:又如:He wants to go to the market. 他想去市場。他想去市場。to go是動(dòng)詞,帶狀語是動(dòng)詞,帶狀語to the market,又起名詞作用,作,又起名詞作用,作及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞wants的賓語。的賓語。再如:再如:Coming up to her,he bowed politely. 他來到她跟前,禮貌地鞠躬。他來到她跟前,禮貌地鞠躬。coming起副詞的作用,修飾動(dòng)詞起副詞的作用,修飾動(dòng)詞 bowed。非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞(即不定式、-ing
4、形式和過去分詞),不僅用作動(dòng)詞,還起形容詞、副詞或名詞的作用,它無需與主語一致,也不是一個(gè)句子或從句必不可少的。另外,一個(gè)句子或分句一般只需一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞(除非有由另外,一個(gè)句子或分句一般只需一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞(除非有由連詞連接的更多個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞)。連詞連接的更多個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞)。如:如:He got up, brushed teeth and washed his hands and face. 而非謂語動(dòng)詞可以不要,也可以有許多。而非謂語動(dòng)詞可以不要,也可以有許多。如在如在He asked me to teach him how to operate the new mobilephone bought
5、 yesterday.中有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞,三個(gè)非中有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞,三個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞。謂語動(dòng)詞。又如在又如在 He denies having asked her to run away from her family.中中有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞和兩個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞。有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞和兩個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞。 現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行進(jìn)行am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成
6、完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行完成進(jìn)行 have/has been askinghad been asking shall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking我們平時(shí)講動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)實(shí)際上就是指謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)實(shí)際上就是指謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。換言之,某動(dòng)詞的一種時(shí)態(tài)就是它的一種謂語動(dòng)詞的形式。以ask為例,其16種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式,也就是其16種謂語動(dòng)詞的形式。列表如下: 練習(xí)練習(xí)1 根據(jù)以上表格完成16種時(shí)態(tài)的名稱
7、:英語英語16種時(shí)態(tài)的名稱種時(shí)態(tài)的名稱一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去將來時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過 去 將 來完 成 時(shí)過去完成進(jìn) 行 時(shí)將 來 完 成 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過 去 將 來進(jìn) 行 時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn) 行 時(shí)過 去 將 來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)【注注】 主動(dòng)詞包括連系動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又分主動(dòng)詞包括連系動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又分及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也是助動(dòng)詞,因它情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也是助動(dòng)詞,因它的特殊性,我們以后討論。的特殊性,我們以后討論。這里著重討論這里著重討論5個(gè)基本助動(dòng)詞個(gè)基本助動(dòng)詞:be, have, do,will,sha
8、ll.在在16種時(shí)態(tài)中,種時(shí)態(tài)中,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)這兩種時(shí)態(tài)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)這兩種時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞在肯定句中,沒有助動(dòng)詞,只有主動(dòng)詞;其它時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞在肯定句中,沒有助動(dòng)詞,只有主動(dòng)詞;其它時(shí)態(tài)都有態(tài)都有一到三個(gè)一到三個(gè)助動(dòng)詞。助動(dòng)詞。2.2 助動(dòng)詞和主動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞和主動(dòng)詞 謂語動(dòng)詞可以是一個(gè)詞,如:She is an artist. He saw meJohn spoke Spanish也可以由幾個(gè)詞構(gòu)成,通常有一個(gè)主要?jiǎng)釉~(簡稱主動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)詞)和一到三個(gè)起輔助作用的動(dòng)詞(簡稱助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞)。如:He will come (1個(gè)助動(dòng)詞+主動(dòng)詞come)He may be killed
9、(2個(gè)助動(dòng)詞+主動(dòng)詞killed)Wang must have been cheated (3個(gè)助動(dòng)詞+主動(dòng)詞cheated)1. I will have the soup. ( )2. Police are investigating the incident. ( )3. It is very peaceful here. ( )4. Where does your brother work? ( )5. They have decided to advertise your job. ( )6. He does his homework on the way to school. ( )
10、7. She had had her supper when I called her. ( ) 練習(xí)練習(xí)2 判斷下列劃線的動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)詞(判斷下列劃線的動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)詞(用M表示)還是助)還是助動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)詞(用A表示):):MMMMAAA2.3 助動(dòng)詞的作用助動(dòng)詞的作用 這里講它的四個(gè)主要作用這里講它的四個(gè)主要作用: 即幫助即幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、否定、疑問和被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、否定、疑問和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。1)幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)a.助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞be + asking(現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞)構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí):構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí):be動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在式動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在式am/is/are + asking 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)be動(dòng)詞的過去式
11、動(dòng)詞的過去式was/were + asking 過去進(jìn)行過去進(jìn)行b.助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞have + asked (過去分詞過去分詞)構(gòu)成完成時(shí):構(gòu)成完成時(shí):have 的現(xiàn)在式的現(xiàn)在式 have/has + asked 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have 的過去式的過去式 had + asked 過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí) c.助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞shall/will + ask (動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形)構(gòu)成將來時(shí):構(gòu)成將來時(shí): 現(xiàn)在式現(xiàn)在式shall/will + ask (動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形) 一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí) 過去式過去式 should/would + ask (動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形) 過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)d.其他時(shí)態(tài)可
12、依照上面自己推出,并要求記住時(shí)態(tài)表格其他時(shí)態(tài)可依照上面自己推出,并要求記住時(shí)態(tài)表格。點(diǎn)擊此處復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)態(tài)點(diǎn)擊此處復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)態(tài) 有助動(dòng)詞時(shí),在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的后面加有助動(dòng)詞時(shí),在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的后面加not,其它動(dòng)詞其它動(dòng)詞不變。不變。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)的肯定一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)的肯定句沒有助動(dòng)詞,我們可以分別在它們的主謂之間加句沒有助動(dòng)詞,我們可以分別在它們的主謂之間加do not/does not 和和did not,再把主動(dòng)詞改為動(dòng)詞原形。,再把主動(dòng)詞改為動(dòng)詞原形。注:如果這兩種時(shí)態(tài)注:如果這兩種時(shí)態(tài)有有be動(dòng)詞的一種形式,動(dòng)詞的一種形式,如如: He is
13、 a clever boy. She was a nice girl. 在其在其be動(dòng)詞后加動(dòng)詞后加not即可即可。 2)幫助構(gòu)成否定幫助構(gòu)成否定 對謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行否定,可采用下列方式:1.I watch TV. 2.We have been playing football. 3.It is boring. 4.She cleans her room. 5.Sandy has taken nice photos today. 6.He buys a new CD. 7.She has a cat. 8.They collected postcards. 練習(xí)練習(xí)3將下列句子變成否定句:I do
14、 not watch TV.We have not been playing football. It is not boring.She does not clean her room.Sandy has not taken nice photos today.They did not collect postcards.He does not buy a new CD.She does not have a cat. or She has not (got) a cat.9.They were jumping high. 10.Albert had left two days before
15、. Albert had not left two days before. 11.The teacher tested our English. The teacher did not test our English.12.Fiona will visit her grandma. Fiona will not visit her grandma. 13.You were thirsty. 14.He had a computer. 15.I bought bread. 16.You saw the house. You were not thirsty.They were not jum
16、ping high.He did not have a computer.I did not buy bread.You did not see the house.3)幫助構(gòu)成疑問幫助構(gòu)成疑問 這里只講這里只講四種情況。種情況。 變一般疑問句,把第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞提到主語前面變一般疑問句,把第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞提到主語前面,且注且注 意字母大小寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)的變化。意字母大小寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)的變化。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)的肯定句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)的肯定句沒有助沒有助 動(dòng)詞,我們可以分別在它們的主語動(dòng)詞,我們可以分別在它們的主語前加前加do /does 和和 did,再把主動(dòng)詞改為動(dòng)詞原形,再把主動(dòng)
17、詞改為動(dòng)詞原形,同樣注意字母大小,同樣注意字母大小 寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)的變化。寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)的變化。 變特殊疑問句變特殊疑問句,一一 般是疑問詞(及所修飾的部分)般是疑問詞(及所修飾的部分) + 一般疑問句一般疑問句 (- 疑問詞所替代的部分)。疑問詞所替代的部分)。 就主語部分提問,用疑問詞代替主語部分,其他部分就主語部分提問,用疑問詞代替主語部分,其他部分 不變,不變,同樣注意字母大小寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)的變化。 練習(xí)4 陳述句變一般疑問句1. His father is an English teacher. _ ?2. These cats are crying. _ ?3. They can swim. _ ?
18、4. I like to read English. _ ?5. I go to school on foot. _ ?6. He likes English. _ ?7. His father goes to work by bus. _ ?8. He is crying under the tree. _ ?1. His father is an English teacher. Is his father an English teacher?2. These cats are crying. Are these cats crying?3. They can swim. Can the
19、y swim ?4. I like to read English. Do you like to read English?5. I go to school on foot. Do you go to school on foot?6. He likes English. Does he like English ?7. His father goes to work by bus. Does his father go to work by bus?8. He is crying under the tree. Is he crying under the tree?13. He goe
20、s to school every day. _ ?14. I want to have a model car . _ ?15. She wants a cup(杯) of coffee. _ ?16. Mrs. Li and Kitty watch TV at night._ ?17. I do my homework after school. _ ?18. Everybody is in the classroom. _ ?19. The boy does some housework at home. _ ?20. The children had a good time in th
21、e park. _ ?13. He goes to school every day. Does he go to school every day ?14. I want to have a model car . Do you want to have a model car ?15. She wants a cup(杯) of coffee. Does she want a cup of coffee?16. Mrs. Li and Kitty watch TV at night. Do Mrs. Li and Kitty watch TV at night?17. I do my ho
22、mework after school. Do you do your homework after school ?18. Everybody is in the classroom. Is everybody in the classroom?19. The boy does some housework at home. Does the boy do any housework at home ?20. The children had a good time in the park. Did the children have a good time in the park?1.Ju
23、lia likes pop-music. - What does Julia like? 2.Maria comes from Spain. - Where does Maria come from? 3.They are playing in the garden. - Where are they playing? 4.Rick rode his bike to school. - Who rode his bike to school? 5.I go to the cinema on Saturdays. - When do you go to the cinema? 練習(xí)練習(xí)5 就劃線
24、部分提問(注意選擇正確的疑問詞):6.They have gone to Mallorca because it is warm there. - Why have they gone to Mallorca? 7.Joe repairs his sisters bike. - Whose bike does Joe repair? 8.Robin has been driving his car carefully. - How has Robin been driving his car?9.Peter ran with his dog every day. - When did Pete
25、r run with his dog? 10.Eric goes to Italy for a holiday. - What does Eric do? 4)幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài) 首先,我們應(yīng)該清楚,在前面首先,我們應(yīng)該清楚,在前面2.12.1表格中表格中所列的所列的16種種時(shí)態(tài),都是主動(dòng)語態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài),都是主動(dòng)語態(tài)。 而每一種時(shí)態(tài)而每一種時(shí)態(tài)理論上都有它對應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。都有它對應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成是:被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成是:be + (及物動(dòng)詞的)過去分詞(及物動(dòng)詞的)過去分詞 。這里這里be動(dòng)詞是助動(dòng)詞,沒有詞義,但它要表示出時(shí)態(tài)的形動(dòng)詞是助動(dòng)詞,沒有詞義,但它要表示
26、出時(shí)態(tài)的形式。式。 換句話說,換句話說,我們先以我們先以be動(dòng)詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞當(dāng)“主動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)詞”,寫出它的,寫出它的各種時(shí)態(tài),后面再加某動(dòng)詞的過去分詞,就是某動(dòng)詞各種各種時(shí)態(tài),后面再加某動(dòng)詞的過去分詞,就是某動(dòng)詞各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 下面仍以下面仍以ask為例。為例。A .先以先以be動(dòng)詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞當(dāng)“主動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)詞”,寫出它的各種時(shí)態(tài),寫出它的各種時(shí)態(tài) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般一般 am / is /arewas/wereshall/will be should/would be進(jìn)行進(jìn)行 am/is/are beingwas/were beingshal
27、l/will be beingshould/would be being完成完成 have/has beenhad been shall/will have beenshould/would have been完成完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)行have/has been beinghad been beingshall/will have been beingshould/would have been beingBe動(dòng)詞為動(dòng)詞為“主動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)詞”的的16種時(shí)態(tài)形式種時(shí)態(tài)形式 現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般一般 am / is /are askedwas/were askedshal
28、l/will be askedshould/would be asked進(jìn)行進(jìn)行 am/is/are being askedwas/were being askedshall/will be being askedshould/would be being asked完成完成 have/has been askedhad been askedshall/will have been askedshould/would have been asked完成完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)行have/has been being askedhad been being askedshall/will have been
29、being askedshould/would have been being askedB.B.再在后面加上再在后面加上askask的過去分詞的過去分詞askedasked。常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài) 構(gòu)構(gòu) 成成常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)構(gòu) 成成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are asked過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)was/were asked現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been asked一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí)shall/will be asked過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)had been asked過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)should
30、/would be asked將來完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)shall / will have been asked現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being asked含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的 can/must/may be asked C.C.去掉那些不用和很少用的時(shí)態(tài)的語態(tài),再加上帶情去掉那些不用和很少用的時(shí)態(tài)的語態(tài),再加上帶情 態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài),就是下面態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài),就是下面10種常用的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式種常用的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞原形原形不定式不定式現(xiàn)在式現(xiàn)在式(第三人稱單數(shù)第三人稱單數(shù))- -inging分詞分詞過去式過去式- -eded分詞分詞bebeto beto beam
31、/is/aream/is/arebeingbeingwas/werewas/were beenbeen不不規(guī)規(guī)則則動(dòng)動(dòng)詞詞dodoto doto dodo(doesdo(does) )doingdoingdiddiddonedonehavehaveto haveto have have(hashave(has) )havinghavinghadhadhadhadworkworktoto work work work(workwork(works s) )workworkinging workworkededworkworkeded規(guī)規(guī)則則動(dòng)動(dòng)詞詞skatskate e toskatetoska
32、te stustudydy tostudytostudyplplayay to playto play stostop p to stopto stopwawashsh to washto wash 2.4 英語主動(dòng)詞有六種基本形式英語主動(dòng)詞有六種基本形式。 列表如下:列表如下: (請同學(xué)們自己填上所缺的詞,并說請同學(xué)們自己填上所缺的詞,并說明明理由理由)skate(skateskate(skates s) )skatskatingingskateskated dwashwashededskateskated dstudy(studstudy(studiesies) ) studystudyi
33、ning gstudstudiediedstudstudiediedplay(playplay(plays s) )playplayingingplayplayededplayplayededstop(stopstop(stops s) )stopstoppingping stopstoppedpedstopstoppedpedwash(washwash(washeses) )washwashingingwashwasheded說明:說明:1.動(dòng)詞原形也被稱為不帶動(dòng)詞原形也被稱為不帶to的不定式的不定式。這樣主動(dòng)詞就只。這樣主動(dòng)詞就只5種基本形式。種基本形式。2.現(xiàn)在式用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在式用于
34、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),有動(dòng)詞原形和第三人稱單數(shù)兩種形式。,有動(dòng)詞原形和第三人稱單數(shù)兩種形式。 且主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞才用且主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞才用第三人稱單數(shù)形式;其;其 它情況用原形。它情況用原形。3.過去式只用于一般過去時(shí)過去式只用于一般過去時(shí)。注意不要和過去分詞混淆。注意不要和過去分詞混淆。4.-ing分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞兩個(gè)概念分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞兩個(gè)概念,盡管用法不同,但形,盡管用法不同,但形式一樣。這樣還可減少不必要的區(qū)分。式一樣。這樣還可減少不必要的區(qū)分。5. -ed分詞也稱過去分詞分詞也稱過去分詞。如果動(dòng)詞按規(guī)則在詞尾加。如果動(dòng)詞按規(guī)則在詞尾加-ed能構(gòu)成形式
35、能構(gòu)成形式 相同的過去式和過去分詞,這樣的動(dòng)詞被稱為相同的過去式和過去分詞,這樣的動(dòng)詞被稱為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。否則,。否則, 是是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。上表中的。上表中的be,do,have 是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,英語中只是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,英語中只200 多多個(gè)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,其中不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,其中137個(gè)我們須牢記(個(gè)我們須牢記(另見另見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞分類記不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞分類記 憶表憶表)。2.5 短語動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語短語動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語 前面我們講述的動(dòng)詞都是一個(gè)單詞的,但我們經(jīng)常見到一個(gè)動(dòng)前面我們講述的動(dòng)詞都是一個(gè)單詞的,但我們經(jīng)常見到一個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞 和一個(gè)副詞或介詞,構(gòu)成一個(gè)短語,凝為一體,表達(dá)一個(gè)新的意和一個(gè)副詞或介
36、詞,構(gòu)成一個(gè)短語,凝為一體,表達(dá)一個(gè)新的意義。我們稱之為義。我們稱之為短語動(dòng)詞短語動(dòng)詞。 它有它有三種類型:三種類型:1動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+副詞副詞 相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞2動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+介詞介詞 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞3動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+副詞副詞+介詞介詞 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞1動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+副詞副詞 1)相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞。例:)相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞。例: He brought up his children strictly他嚴(yán)格地教育他的孩子們。他嚴(yán)格地教育他的孩子們。He brought his children / them up strictly. (br
37、ing up = educate)注意賓語的位置:注意賓語的位置:賓語如是名詞,則可置于副詞后面或動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。而如果賓語是代詞,只能賓語如是名詞,則可置于副詞后面或動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。而如果賓語是代詞,只能置于動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。置于動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。 2)相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞。例:)相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞。例: Something unexpected has turned up 出現(xiàn)了令人意外的情況。出現(xiàn)了令人意外的情況。(turn up=appear) 3)既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞。例:)既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞。例: The barrel of gunpowder blew up(不及物)
38、火藥桶爆炸了。(不及物)火藥桶爆炸了。 The soldiers blew up the bridge(及物)士兵們把橋炸毀了。(及物)士兵們把橋炸毀了。 2動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+介詞介詞 動(dòng)詞與介詞構(gòu)成的詞組在詞義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,賓語總在介詞后面,例:動(dòng)詞與介詞構(gòu)成的詞組在詞義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,賓語總在介詞后面,例: I dont much care for television我不很喜歡電視。(我不很喜歡電視。(care for=like) 3動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+副詞副詞+介詞介詞 在這類動(dòng)詞短語中,動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞緊密結(jié)合,是動(dòng)副詞組和動(dòng)介詞組的合成在這類動(dòng)詞短語中,動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞緊密結(jié)合,是動(dòng)副
39、詞組和動(dòng)介詞組的合成體,詞義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。它兼有以上兩類短語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),但賓語總是體,詞義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。它兼有以上兩類短語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),但賓語總是位于介詞之后,例:位于介詞之后,例: We must work hard to make up for lost time我們必須努力工作來彌補(bǔ)失去我們必須努力工作來彌補(bǔ)失去的時(shí)間。(的時(shí)間。(make up for compensate)固定搭配固定搭配 除上面的短語動(dòng)詞外,還有其它一些除上面的短語動(dòng)詞外,還有其它一些固定搭配固定搭配。如:如:動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+名詞名詞make sense 講得通;講得通; lose weight 減肥;減肥
40、; take place 發(fā)生發(fā)生 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+名詞名詞+介詞介詞make friends with 與與交朋友;交朋友;take advantage of 利用;利用;take pride in 以以為自豪為自豪動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+賓語賓語+介詞介詞+名詞名詞bringto an end 使使結(jié)束;結(jié)束; learn by heart 背熟;背熟;seton fire 點(diǎn)火燒點(diǎn)火燒動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+介詞介詞+名詞名詞burst into tears 突然大哭起來;突然大哭起來;come into effect 生效;生效;keep in touch 保持聯(lián)系保持聯(lián)系實(shí)際上,人們習(xí)慣于把三類短語動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞其它一些
41、固定搭配固定搭配,籠統(tǒng)地稱為動(dòng)詞短語動(dòng)詞短語。而廣義的動(dòng)詞短語可指動(dòng)詞為核心詞的所有短語。動(dòng)詞短語和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞一樣,都需要平時(shí)積累。動(dòng)詞短語和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞一樣,都需要平時(shí)積累。練習(xí)練習(xí)6 完成下列句子完成下列句子:1.Put your shoes - its too cold to walk around barefoot. 2.You must get now or you will be late for school. 3.Sit , please. Ill be with you in a minute. 4.Could you write this word for me, pleas
42、e? 5.Dont give singing. You are very talented. 6.Where is the fitting room(試衣間)試衣間)? Id like to try these trousers. 7.Have you tidied the kitchen yet? 8.My little sister woke me in the middle of the night. 9.Dont put the vase(花瓶)花瓶) there, it will fall . 10.Adam switched his torch(火把,火炬;手電筒)火把,火炬;手電
43、筒), so we could find our way home in the dark.11.I dont know where my book is. I must look it. 12.Fill the form, please. on up down down up on up up down on for in 13.The music is too loud. Could you turn the volume, please? 14.Quick, get the bus or youll have to walk home. 15.Turn the lights when y
44、ou go to bed. 16.The dinner was ruined. I had to throw it . 17.When you enter the house, take your shoes and put some slippers . 18.If you dont know this word, you can look it in a dictionary.19.I often use Wikipedia vikipidi:vikipidi: (維基百科全書)維基百科全書)to up information. 20.If you want to get a bus in
45、 London, you will have to queue. 21.Can I on the TV? I want to watch the weather forecast. 22.It is very hard to up smoking. 23.Shall I up and offer my seat to the old lady? 24.With a few buckets of water, we out the fire. 25.Who will after your cat when youre on holiday? 26.At the next stop we have
46、 to off the bus and walk along the street to the cinema. downonoffawayoffonuplookonturngivestandputlookget2.6 狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞 以上幾節(jié)動(dòng)詞的分類都是著眼于動(dòng)詞的句法作用或詞以上幾節(jié)動(dòng)詞的分類都是著眼于動(dòng)詞的句法作用或詞形?,F(xiàn)在我們回答一個(gè)問題:形?,F(xiàn)在我們回答一個(gè)問題:什么是動(dòng)詞?什么是動(dòng)詞? 看例句: He runs in the morning. (run是動(dòng)詞,讓人想到一個(gè)跑的動(dòng)作。) He is a student. He likes English. (
47、is 和like 也是動(dòng)詞,但不能使人想到某個(gè)動(dòng)作。它們表示狀態(tài)。) 因此,我們一定要清楚,動(dòng)詞除表動(dòng)作外,還表狀態(tài)。 根據(jù)詞義,動(dòng)詞可分為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞根據(jù)詞義,動(dòng)詞可分為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞。 動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)狀態(tài)的詞。2.61.狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞 狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞是表示相對靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的動(dòng)詞,也稱作為靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞是表示相對靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的動(dòng)詞,也稱作為靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞通常不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),只能用于非進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞通常不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),只能用于非進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。1 1)動(dòng)詞)動(dòng)詞bebe(是)和(是)和havehave(有)(有) 例如: He is tall他個(gè)子高。 (不可以說:* He
48、 is being tall) He has a nice house他有一幢漂亮的房子。(不可以說:* He is having a nice house)狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可分為四類:狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可分為四類:2 2)類似狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)類似狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞bebe和和havehave意義的動(dòng)詞。意義的動(dòng)詞。例如:例如: That That belongs tobelongs to me me那是我的。那是我的。 (不能說:(不能說:* *That is belonging to meThat is belonging to me) It doesnt It doesnt mattermatter to me to
49、 me這對我無關(guān)緊要。這對我無關(guān)緊要。 (不能說:(不能說:* *It isnt mattering to meIt isnt mattering to me) 常見的有:belong to = be the property of(屬于) matter = be of importance(要緊) own = have(有) concern = have relation to(與有關(guān)系) contain = have(包含有) cost = be equal in value to (價(jià)值為) depend on = be dependent on(依靠) differ from = be
50、 different from(不同于) resemble = be like (相像)3) 3) 表示五官感覺的動(dòng)詞表示五官感覺的動(dòng)詞 如如 hearhear, seesee, feelfeel, tastetaste,smellsmell等。等。 She doesnt hear very wellShe doesnt hear very well她聽覺不太好。她聽覺不太好。(不能說:(不能說:* * She isnt hearing very wellShe isnt hearing very well) Do you see that treeDo you see that tree?你
51、看到那棵樹嗎?你看到那棵樹嗎? (不能說:(不能說:* *Are you seeing that treeAre you seeing that tree?)?) 4 4)表示心理或情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞)表示心理或情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如 believe,consider (=believe),expect(=suppose),feel (=think),find(=consider),forget,hate,hope, imagine,know,like,love,mean,mind (=object),notice,prefer, regret,remember, suggest,suppose,thi
52、nk,understand,want,wish等。I dont believe it這我不信。 (不能說:* Im not believing it) I know hes clever我知道他聰明。 (不能說:*Im knowing hes clever) He is kind He is kind He is being kind He is being kind上述第上述第一句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),is是連系動(dòng)詞,和表語一起表示某人某人的性格特征,含義是的性格特征,含義是“他秉性善良他秉性善良”。第二句是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),is being kind只指眼下一時(shí)的情況,含義指眼下一時(shí)的情況,含義是是“他
53、正在友善地對待某人他正在友善地對待某人”。 Go away Go awayWe are busyWe are busyWe have a lot of work to doWe have a lot of work to do Wait for me Wait for meI am still having my breakfastI am still having my breakfast 在上述第一例中在上述第一例中,have作“有”解,是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,用的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。意思:走開。我們正忙。我們有許多事情要做。 在第二例中在第二例中,havehave作作“吃吃”解,是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞解,是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞,a
54、m having,am having是是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。意思:等等我。我還在吃早飯呢。 比較下列幾組句子比較下列幾組句子 The soup tastes good The soup tastes good這湯味道不錯(cuò)。這湯味道不錯(cuò)。(不能說:(不能說:* * The soup is tasting goodThe soup is tasting good) The pot feels hot The pot feels hot這壺摸著是熱的。這壺摸著是熱的。(不能說:(不能說:* * The pot is feeling hotThe pot is feeling hot) Roses smell
55、 sweet Roses smell sweet玫瑰花聞起來是香的。玫瑰花聞起來是香的。(不能說:(不能說:* * Roses are smelling sweetRoses are smelling sweet)當(dāng)feel,smell,taste用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義時(shí)是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,也是連系動(dòng)詞,它們和表語一起表示主語的特征。通常都不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如果這些動(dòng)詞用于主動(dòng)意義便是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞,從而可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如: He is tasting the soup 他在品嘗這湯。 He is feeling the pot 他在用手摸壺。 He is smelling the roses.他在聞/嗅
56、玫瑰花。 37綜上所述,我們可以說所有上述四類狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞:綜上所述,我們可以說所有上述四類狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞:1)動(dòng)詞)動(dòng)詞be(是)和(是)和have(有)(有)2)類似狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)類似狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞be和和have的意義的動(dòng)詞的意義的動(dòng)詞3)表示五官感覺的動(dòng)詞)表示五官感覺的動(dòng)詞4)表示心理或情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞)表示心理或情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞通常都用于非進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),若用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),應(yīng)該說已由通常都用于非進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),若用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),應(yīng)該說已由靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。2.62 動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞是表示運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,也稱之為動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞是表示運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,也稱之為動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)詞匯意義又可分為三類:根據(jù)詞匯意義又可分為三類:1)1)表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞 (也叫延續(xù)動(dòng)詞)(也叫延續(xù)動(dòng)詞)如如 eateat, listenlisten, readread, runrun, walkwalk,workwork,writewrite等。等。這類動(dòng)詞既可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和非進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),但意義略有不同。這類動(dòng)詞既可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和非進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),但意義略有不同。例 句說 明He eats a lot. He eats
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