江蘇高中英語語法總結

1、.牛津高中英語-模塊一第一單元 定語從句 一、定語從句：定語從句的介紹1就像是一個形容詞或介詞短語修飾名詞一樣，定語從句也可以修飾名詞。定語從句所修飾的名詞稱為先行詞。 形容詞：The green team 介詞短語：The team in green 定語從句：The team who were wearing green 2定語從句通常由關系代詞來引導，如which, that, who, whom, whose，或關系副詞 來引導，如when, where, why。關系代詞可以在定語從句中擔當主語，賓語，表語，定語；關系副詞可以在定語從句中擔當狀語。 如：做主語The trees wh

2、ich are on the school campus have lost their leaves. 做賓語The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school. 做表語Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be. 做定語She has a brother whose name I cant remember. 做狀語The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.二、定語從句：關系代詞：that，which，who，w

3、hom，和whose 1 在定語從句中，that和which用來指代物。 如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.2 在定語從句中，who 用來指代人。 如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK. 3 當who在定語從句中做賓語時，可以用whom來取代，且whom比who更正式。 如：I dont know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the comput

4、er room the other day. 4 當關系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。 如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.5 Whose用來表示所屬，它既可指人也可指物。 如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane. The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.第二單元

5、定語從句一、定語從句：介詞提前的定語從句 （prepositionwhich; prepositionwhom）當關系代詞（which/whom）做定語從句中介詞的賓語時，可以把介詞提到關系代詞的前面。 如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions. 在非正式英語中，介詞通常放在定語從句的最后。 如：Art is the subject which I know little about. 如果介詞放在定語從句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who 取代。 如：Da

6、d is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to. 當關系代詞做定語從句中介詞的賓語，并且介詞又放在定語從句的末尾時，我們通常省 略關系代詞who和that。 如：The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics. Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with. 當先行詞是way時，我們用in which或that來引導定語從句，這種情況下，in which 或that 可以被省略。 如：I didnt like the way

7、(that /in which) she talked to me.二、定語從句：關系副詞：when，where， why 我們通常用關系副詞when 引導先行詞是time，moment，day， season，year 等的定語從句。 如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge" I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO. 2我們通常用關系副詞where引導先行詞是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定語從句。 如：The poli

8、ce searched the house where the thief had stayed. This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished. 3我們通常用關系副詞why引導先行詞是reason的定語從句。 如：I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty. 4在更加正式的英語中，where，when和why能夠被介詞which 所替代。 如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my f

9、ather. This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family. 第三單元 定語從句一、定語從句：非限制性定語從句 1非限制性定語從句是一個為主句添加額外信息的從句，在非限制性定語從句前通常有個逗號。 如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.My pills are in the bath

10、room, where I always keep them. 2當先行詞是整個主句時，可以用which來引導定語從句。 如：He missed the show, which was a great pity. 3我們可以用allwhom/which 來表示全部數量，用some ofwhom/which來表示部分數量。 如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health. Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are

11、going on diet. 二、附加疑問句 1附加疑問句是放在陳述句后面的短問句。它們通常被用在口語中來引出一段對話，以一個更加禮貌的方式來詢問信息，溫柔的發(fā)號施令或要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見或征求同意。當我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見時，為了期待對方能同意我們的觀點，附加疑問句會用降調來表達。當我們用附加疑問句來征求同意時，我們實際上是在詢問我們自己也不太能確信的事情，這時候附加疑問句會用升調來表達。 2附加疑問句的構成有以下幾種：1）在肯定的陳述句之后，我們會用否定的附加疑問句。在否定的陳述句之后，我們會用肯定的附加疑問句。 如：We can still be friends

12、, cant we" He doesnt like ice cream, does he" 2） 當主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly 或seldom這類詞時，它們被認為是否定的，因此后面會跟個肯定的附加疑問句。 如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you" No one has found my CD, have they"Nobody understood his speech, did they" His sister

13、 seldom argues with people, does she" 3） 人稱代詞如I，we，you，he，she，it或they會放在附加疑問句中。 如：I was pretty silly, wasnt I" Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, havent you" 4） 助動詞，情態(tài)動詞或be動詞會放在附加疑問句中。 如：You like traveling, dont you" There is something wrong, isnt there" You cant

14、speak Italian, can you" 5） 祁使句后用will you， Lets后用shall we 如：Post a letter for me, will you" Lets have a break, shall we". v.牛津高中英語-模塊二 第一單元 現在完成時態(tài)一、現在完成時態(tài) 1我們用現在完成時態(tài)來表示在最近的過去發(fā)生的但跟現在有聯系的事情。 如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy. 2我們也用現在完成時態(tài)來表示在過去剛開始，并且現在還沒結束的事情。 如：I

15、have not seen Justin since last Friday night. 3 當動作發(fā)生的確切時間不清楚或不重要時，我們也用現在完成時態(tài)。經常連用的時間短 語有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet already 用語肯定句，yet用語否定句。 如：The boy has already come home. I havent heard anything from him yet. for+一段時間 since+點時間 如：We havent seen him for two years. We hav

16、ent seen him since 2002. 注：當已給定具體的時間時，我們往往用一般過去時態(tài)，而不是現在完成時態(tài)。 4 我們用現在完成時態(tài)來談論剛剛完成的動作。 如：The police have just finished searching the area. 5 我們也用現在完成時態(tài)來表示重復的動作。 如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times. 6 現在完成時態(tài)的構成是：have/has+動詞的過去分詞二、現在完成進行時態(tài) 1我們用現在完成進行時態(tài)來表示在過去發(fā)生的并且仍將繼續(xù)的動作。 如：I have not

17、been sleeping well since I returned home. 2我們用現在完成進行時態(tài)來表示剛剛結束但以某種方式和現在有聯系的動作。 如：- Sorry Im late. Have you been waiting long" - Yes, Ive been waiting for an hour. 3現在完成進行時態(tài)的構成：have/has +been +doing 注：for和since和現在完成進行時態(tài)連用。 如：I have been waiting for a long time. He has been waiting since nine oclo

18、ck. 三、現在完成時態(tài)還是現在完成進行時態(tài) 1我們用現在完成時態(tài)來談論剛剛完成的動作，用現在完成進行時態(tài)來表示發(fā)生在過去并且現在仍在發(fā)生的動作。 如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.) Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.) 2我們用現在完成時態(tài)表示重復的動作，用現在完成進行時態(tài)來表示不停的動作。 如：I have visited Egypt twice th

19、is month. I have been touring Egypt for two months.現在完成時態(tài)用于回答how many/much的提問，現在完成進行時態(tài)用語回答how long的提問。 如：How many times have you swum in the lake" How long have you been swimming in the lake" 3狀態(tài)動詞和動作動詞都可以用在現在完成時態(tài)中，但只有動作動詞可以用在現在完成進行時態(tài)中。 如：I have had this camera for five years. (狀態(tài)動詞) I hav

20、e taken photos of UFO with this camera. （動作動詞） I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （動作動詞） 注：動作動詞表示發(fā)生或變化的動作，如go，play。狀態(tài)動詞表示保持不變的動作，如like， know，exist 4當 never，yet，already，ever出現在句子中時，只用現在完成時態(tài)，而不用現在完成進行時態(tài)。 如：Ive never visited Paris. Ive already been to Paris. 第二單元 將來進行時態(tài)一、將來進行時態(tài) 1我們用將來進行

21、時態(tài)來： 1）談論將來一段時間正在進行的事情。 如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week2）談論從將來的某一點開始并且有可能要持續(xù)一段時間的事情。 如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas. 3）沒有任何意圖的表達將來的事情。 如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London. 在這種情況下表示事情是很自然的發(fā)生

22、的，沒有人為的安排。 4）禮貌地詢問有關其他人將來的計劃。 如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania" 2將來進行時態(tài)的構成： 1）陳述句：will(not)+v-ing 如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco. 2）疑問句：will 提到主語的前面 如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July" 3）回答：will（not） 如：Yes, they will. /No, they will n

23、ot(wont) 二、過去將來時態(tài) 1我們用過去將來時態(tài)和過去進行時態(tài)來： 1）表示過去的將來某一時間要發(fā)生的動作。 如：They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later. 2) 暗指一個過去的目的。 如：I was going to leave, but then it rained.3) 暗指一個過去的安排。 如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon. 4) 指代實際已經發(fā)生過的將來的動作。 如：The

24、journey that was to change Tobys life started in July that year. 2陳述句中過去將來時態(tài)的構成： 1）would +動詞原形 如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling. 2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to 如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didnt have time. It was his last day a

25、t school-he was to leave the next morning. Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him. 第三單元 過去完成時態(tài)一、過去完成時態(tài) 1我們用一般過去時態(tài)來談論一個過去的動作。當我們想要談論比過去更早的時間里發(fā)生的事情時，就用過去完成時態(tài)。 如：Upon entering the tomb, Carters lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake. 2在直接引語中，我們用過

26、去完成時態(tài)來指代說話的時候就已經發(fā)生的動作。直接引語中的一般過去時態(tài)和現在完成時態(tài)在間接引語中改為過去完成時態(tài)。 如：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained. 3過去完成時態(tài)只是指在另一個過去的動作之前發(fā)生的動作，并不是指發(fā)生在一長段時間以前的動作。 如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the mu

27、seum. 4過去完成時態(tài)經常跟以下引導的時間短語連用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already. 如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died. 5過去完成時態(tài)的構成：had+v-ed 如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazin

28、g discovery. 二、現在完成時態(tài)還是過去完成時態(tài) 當我們談論一個與現在有關的過去的事情時，我們用現在完成時態(tài)。 如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known. 當我們在談論過去，并要說明一個更早發(fā)生的動作的時候，我們就要用過去完成時態(tài)。 如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carters team began to fall ill and die strangly. v.牛津高中英語模塊三 第一單元 名詞性

29、從句：名詞性從句的介紹一、名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹 名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語的作用是一樣的。 1 我們可以用名詞性從句做句子的主語。 如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy. Whether hell be able to come is not yet known. Why they have not left yet is unclear. 我們可以用it來做形式主語。 如：It was good news that everyone got back safely. 2 我們可以用名詞性從

30、句來做動詞的賓語。 如：she sensed that she was being watched. I wonder if/whether thats a good idea.Polly didnt know which way she should go. 我們可以用名詞性從句來做介詞的賓語。 如：Im interested in who that tall man is. There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man. 我們可以用it來做形式賓語。 如：we all thought it good n

31、ews that the fog had finally gone. The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.3 我們可以用名詞性從句來做表語。 如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far. My question is whether Polly can find her way home. The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd. 4 我們

32、可以用名詞性從句來做一個名詞的同位語。 如：the fact that Polly didnt ask for the mans name is a pity. The news that the plane had crashed made us sad. Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing" 5 我們用that，if/whether或一個疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。 如：I hope that Polly will be OK. No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of a

33、n accident.She couldnt imagine how the blind man had found her. 二 名詞性從句：用that或if/whether引導的名詞性從句 1我們用that 來引導名詞性從句。 1）當從句是一個陳述句時，我們用that來引導名詞性從句。 如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat. 2) 在大多數情況下，我們不用that來引導介詞后的名詞性從句，但是，可以用that來引導in或except后的賓語從句。 如：The problem lies in

34、that the mist may become a thick fog. I didnt tell him anything except that I wasnt able to find my way back.3）當名詞性從句做句子的主語時，that不能省略。 如：That we couldnt find our way out was really bad news. 4）在非正式英語中，當名詞性從句做句子的賓語或表語時，that可以省略。 如：She wished (that) someone would come along to help her. The truth is (

35、that) the buses will not be running. 1 我們用if或whether 來引導名詞性從句。 1） 當從句是個一般疑問句時，我們用if或whether來引導名詞性從句。我們把if或 whether后面從句的順序改成陳述句的語序。 如：She wondered. Would the buses still be running" She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.2） 介詞后只能用whether，而不能用if。 如：She is not certain about wheth

36、er she has done anything wrong. 3） 當從句做主語放在句子開頭時，只能用whether，而不能用if。 如：Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering. 4） 只能用whether or not，而不能用if or not。 如：I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street. 2 如果and或but引導兩個并列的that或whether/if引導的名詞性從句，后一個句子 的that或whether/if不可省。 如：He said

37、that he liked rain very much and that he wouldnt use an umbrella when it was raining. No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work.第二單元 名詞性從句：由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句一、名詞性從句：由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句 我們用以下的疑問詞來引導名詞性從句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。 1 當從句是wh-引導的疑問句時，

38、我們用疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。從句可以做句子的主 語，賓語或表語。 如：Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begin to see why English has such strange rules. That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. 2 我們把疑問詞后面的句式改成陳述句的語序。 如：What are people from the north saying"People from the

39、 south find it difficult to understand. People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying. 3在任何情況下，都不可以省略名詞性從句中的疑問引導詞。 二、形式主語it 在英語中，我們通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于強調。這被稱做句末強調效果。用形式主語it就可以達到這一效果。It只是語法意義上的主語，真正的主語在句子的后面。 1 我們通常用it來做形式主語。1） 當我們用一個名詞性從句來做句子的主語時： （更好的）It

40、is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today. （正確的）That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain. 2）當主語是帶to的動詞不定式時： （更好的）It is hard to master a foreign language.（正確的）To master a foreign language is hard.3） 當主語是動詞-ing形式時： （更好的）Smoking is difficult to sto

41、p. （正確的）It is difficult to stop smoking. 2 It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove前做句子的 形式主語。 如：It seems that he speaks two languages. = he seems to speak two languages. It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown. =My new neighbor happens to come from my hometown. 3 我們可以用句型it+be

42、+被強調的名詞或短語+that或who引導的從句來強調句子中 的主語，賓語或狀語。 如：It was last night (not any other time)that I read about the history of English. 如果不強調任何成分，句子可以是： I read about the history of English last night.第三單元 賓語補足語一、賓語補足語 1賓語補足語為賓語提供更多的信息。 如：They called her the Loulan Beauty. 2賓語補足語通常以下面形式出現：動詞+賓語+賓語補足語，賓語補足語通?？梢允敲?/p>

43、詞短語或形容詞。 如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society. We found the ruins most interesting. 3 有時侯帶to的動詞不定式和不帶to的動詞不定式可以做賓語補足語。 如：They believed him to be honest. Professor Zhangs speech made us all laugh. 4 賓語補足語可以時介詞短語。 如：She found ourselves in the middle of a desert. 5 賓語不足語通常和賓語在數上是一致的。 如：S

44、he made Joe her assistant. She made Joe and Sue her assistants. 二、Either or 和 Neither nor1我們用eitheror來表示選擇性。如：（連接主語）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now. (連接動詞) people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses. (連接賓語)we could choose to eat either noodles or rice. (連接狀語)they are going

45、 to the museum either today or tomorrow. 3 我們用neithernor來連接表示否定的觀點。（bothand的反義詞） 如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her. They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.I ate neither the noodles nor the rice. They went there neither by train nor by air. 三、主謂一致 主謂一致是指在主語后選擇正確

46、的單復數形式。以下幾點幫助我們決定動詞是單數或是復數。 1 動詞應是單數，如果主語是：1） 單數的名詞或不可數名詞 如：the city was founded in the 8th century BC. The food they offered on the plane was delicious.2) 計量的短語，標題或名字 如：two hours is too short for the visit. Little women is a great novel. 3) 一個短語或從句 如：travelling to Pompeii is exciting.That it keeps

47、raining worries the tourists. 2 動詞應是復數，如果主語是： 1） 一個復數名詞 如：both cities were very rich. 2） 由and連接的兩個或兩個以上的單詞或短語 如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain. 3 當主語是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名詞/代詞，動詞與名詞或 代詞保持一致。 如：all of us have attended the lecture about Pompei

48、i. Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered. 4 當主語是集合名詞，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 時，如果 名詞指代的是集體，動詞用單數；如果名詞指代的是個體，動詞用復數。 如：our team is very important to me. Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang. 5 當主語是news, physics, mathematics, Aids時，動詞用單數；當主語是goods,

49、 clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 時，動詞用復數。 如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai. All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake. 6 當eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut,連接句子的主 語時，動詞采取就近原則。 如：either the team leader or the g

50、uides are looking after the students. Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.注：當主語是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one時，動詞用單數。 . v.牛津高中英語模塊四 第一單元 直接引語和間接引語一、直接引語和間接引語 1我們用直

51、接引語來闡述所說的話。如果我們把引語寫下來，這些單詞就會被放在引號 但是，我們通常更愿意用間接引語來闡述所說的話。 直接引語：She said, “China has been using PSAs to educate people.”間接引語：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people. 2我們可以通過把所說的話改成賓語從句或動詞不定式短語的形式來把直接引語變成間接引語。 如：She said, “Im used to ads.”- She said that she was used to ads. “We must not

52、fall for this kind of trick!”she said.- She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick. 3除了句型的改變外，還有其它的改變： 1） 人稱代詞的改變：如：She said, “I did some research.”- She said that she had done some research. 2） 時態(tài)的改變： 如：She said, “This as is very clever.”- She said that that ad was very clever. 下面列舉當動詞是過去時態(tài)時，

53、時態(tài)是如何變化的： 直接引語間接引語一般現在時一般過去時現在進行時過去進行時一般過去時過去完成時現在完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時過去完成時過去完成時現在完成進行時過去完成進行時注：當陳述一個不變的事實時，時態(tài)不變。 如：“l(fā)ight travels at great speed,” he said.- He said that light travels at great speed. 3） 時間和地點狀語的變化： 如：Tom said, “I am working here today.”- Tom said he was working there that day. 下面列舉這種

54、變化的例子： 直接引語間接引語today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc. tomorrowthe next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc. yesterdaythe day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc. next monththe month after/ the following month / in July,etc. last yearthe year before / the previous year, etc. a we

55、ek agoa week before / a week earlier,etc. 4）其它的例子： 直接引語間接引語thisthatthesethosecomego二、間接引語：陳述句，疑問句和祈使句 1陳述句 1）我們用that引導的名詞性從句來陳述一件事。 如：She said, “Advertisements are an important part of our lives.”- She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives. 2) 除了say之外，還有其它的動詞可以這樣用： tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn 如：“PSAs are often placed for free,” the writer said.- Th