大學英語四級考試 聽力部分 技巧與方法

1、大學英語四級考試大學英語四級考試聽力部分聽力部分技巧與方法技巧與方法v1. 四級考試題型v2. 四級考試對話部分考點透視v3. 四級考試短文聽力部分v4. 聽力應(yīng)試綜合指導v5. 各部分詳細解題方法說明四級考試新題型測試內(nèi)容測試題型分值比例聽力對話短對話選擇8%長對話選擇7%聽力短文短文理解選擇10%短文聽寫聽寫10%1. 四級考試題型2. 四級考試對話部分考點透視 . 對話題的題型分析 聽力對話按題型分類 聽力對話按聽力內(nèi)容的表達方式分類 按答案的攝取方式分類 . 對話題應(yīng)試高分技巧聽力對話的題材十分廣泛, 但以貼近學生生活,學習的話題為主。對話中常見的話題可以歸納為以下八種：v1. 學校生

2、活：有關(guān)課程、考試、作業(yè)、借書等方面的話題。如： M: Im exhausted, I stayed up the whole night studying for my midterm maths exam. W: But why do you always wait until the last minute? Q: What does the woman imply?v2. 旅游交通：有關(guān)參觀、游覽、乘車、登機、海關(guān)檢查等方面的內(nèi)容。如： M: The taxi is waiting downstairs. Lets hurry. W: Wait a minute. Ill take s

3、ome food with us. I dont like the meals served on the train.Q: What are the speakers going to do? 聽力對話按題型分類 . 對話題的題型分析v.飲食娛樂：內(nèi)容涉及餐飲、聚會、球賽、影視等。如： M: Mary, would you join me for dinner tonight? W: You treated me last weekend, now its my turn. Shall we try something Italian? Q: What do we learn from th

4、e conversation?v.賓館住房：內(nèi)容涉及房屋租用、房間預(yù)訂、住房搬遷等。如： M: I hear you are moving into a new apartment soon? W: yes, but it is more expensive. My present neighbor plays the piano all night long. Q: why is the woman moving?v5. 工作狀況：涉及求職、面試、職務(wù)提升、工資待遇等方面內(nèi)容。如：W: You seem very confident about the job interview, dont

5、 you? M: Yes. I feel ready for it. I bought a good suit in a clothing store and I had my hair cut. I had studied almost everything about finance and economics. Q: Where is the man probably going to work?v6.衛(wèi)生環(huán)境：涉及氣候、溫度、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生、疾病、就醫(yī)等內(nèi)容。如： M: Hello. Mrs. White, what can I do for you? W: I dont know what

6、s the matter with me. I am always feeling tired. I am usually worn out at the end of the day. Q: What do we learn from the conversation?v7. 裝飾維修：包括房屋裝修、設(shè)備安裝、檢測維修等。如： W: Youve got your apartment furnished, havent you? M: Yes. I bought some used furniture at the Sunday Market. And it was a real bargai

7、n. Q: What does the man mean?v8.日常生活：包括活動安排、人際交往、購物消費等。如： M: do you still keep in touch with your parents regularly after all these years? W: Yes, of course. I call them at weekends when the rates are down fifty percent. Q: What do we learn about the woman from the conversation?聽力對話中談話人表達自己觀點或陳述某一事實

8、的方式多種多樣,大致可分為以下六類。v1.直陳表達說話人用直陳語氣直接表達事實或自己的觀點、態(tài)度等。 說話人的真實套度或意圖可以從正面理解。 M: Look! The view is fantastic, could you take a picture of me with the lake as a background? W: Im afraid Ive just run out of film. Q: What so we learn from the conversation? A The woman is watching an exciting film with the man

9、. B The woman cant take a photo of the man. C The woman is running toward the lake. D The woman is filming the lake. 聽力對話按聽力內(nèi)容的表達方式分類v2.否定表達說話人以否定的方式表達肯定的意思，說話人的態(tài)度往往比較強烈，語氣十分肯定。 M: I really cant afford any more interruptions right now. Ive got to finish the assignment. W: Sorry, just one more thing,

10、 could you give me a ride to school tomorrow? Q: What can be inferred from the conversation? A The man will drive the woman to school. B The man has finished his assignment. C The man is willing to help the woman. D The man is losing patience with the woman.v3. 祈使表達以祈使句形式表達自己的意見、建議或意愿，祈使句形式可以是肯定的也可以

11、是否定的。M: I cant understand why Bob isnt here yet. Do you think we should try to call him or go look for him? W: He probably just got holdup in traffic. Lets give him a few more minutes. Q: What are the speakers probably going to do? A Give Bob a phone call. B Go and pick Bob up. C Go look for Bob. D

12、Wait for Bob.v4.虛擬表達以虛擬語氣的形式表達自己的態(tài)度、建議或愿望，所表達的事實意思往往與語句的表面意思相反。 M: Prof. Kennedy has been very busy this semester. As far as I know, he works until midnight every day. W: I wouldnt have trouble him so much if I had known he was so busy. Q: What do we learn from the conversation? A The woman has trou

13、ble getting along with the professor. B The woman regrets having taken up much of the professor time. C The woman knows the professor has been busy. D The woman knows the professor has run into trouble.v5. 重復(fù)反問對文中的主要信息詞進行重復(fù)并提出反問，所表達的意見或態(tài)度往往與上下文相反。M: Lets see if the basketball game has started yet. W

14、: Started? It must be clear who is winning by now. Q: What does the woman mean? A She is sure who is going to win. B Now it is a good time to start the game. C The game has been going on for a long time. D The same team always win.v6. 轉(zhuǎn)折表達先說明原本的意圖或情勢，經(jīng)but/instead/rather等轉(zhuǎn)折后再說明后來的實際想法或事實結(jié)果。 M: How di

15、d you like yesterdays play? W: Generally speaking, it was quite food. The part of secretary was played wonderfully, but I think the man who played the boss was too dramatic to be realistic. Q: How does the woman feel about the man? A He played his part quite well. B He was not dramatic enough. C He

16、performed better than the secretary. D He exaggerated his part.聽力對話題的答案有的可以從談話者的原話中攝取,有的則需要對原對話進行推理或綜合判斷,對話按照答案攝取方式為四類:v1. 直攝型從對話中直接找到答案。 W: Hi, George. Could you give me a ride? I want to buy some food for the picnic. M: OK. Im going home, but I can drop you at the supermarket. Q: What does the wom

17、an want to do? A Buy something for the picnic. B Go for a ride around town. C Go shopping with the man. D Have a picnic.按答案的攝取方式分類v2.解釋型正確選項是對話中關(guān)鍵詞語的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。 W: Is that optional course as hard as everybody says? M: Its actually even worse, believe it or not. Q: What does the man say about the course? A

18、 Its not as hard as expected. B Its too tough for some students. C Its much more difficult than people think. D Its believed to be the hardest optional course.v3.計算型答案需經(jīng)過計算得來。在多數(shù)情況下計算都和時間或價格有關(guān)。W: Heres a 10 dollar bill, give me two tickets for tonights show please. M: Sure. Two tickets and heres $1.

19、40 change. Q: How much does one ticket cost? A $1.40. B $4.30. C $6.40. D $8.60.v4. 推理型問題所需要的答案不能直接從原文中攝取，需經(jīng)過推理才能得出。M: I spent so much time polishing my letter of application. W: Its worthwhile to make the effort. You know just how important it is to give a good impression. Q: What do we know about

20、the man? A He wants to get a new position. B He is asking the woman for help. C He has left the woman a good impression. D He enjoys letter writing.對話內(nèi)容聽不懂，沒有依據(jù)來判斷正確答案是聽力考試中最常發(fā)生的事，遇到這種情況，我們可以用以下兩個方法：v與其他三個選項無關(guān)的通常不是答案A There is no more left. B It doesnt appeal to her. C Its incredibly delicious. D Sh

21、e has already tasted it.v結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的選項往往是答案 A The ideas of the paper are not convincing. B Some parts of the paper are not well written. C The handwriting of the paper is not good. D The paper is not complete. . 對話題應(yīng)試高分技巧對話部分的很多技巧都可以應(yīng)用與短文中，基于短文聽力的特點，還用特別注意以下幾點：v抓住主題句，掌握文章大意v把握關(guān)鍵詞，做好筆記v對短文聽力的選項進行分析時要把握三v條原

22、則v第一條原則：四個選項中，只有聽到一個的選v項，往往就是答案v第二條原則：選項中有原詞或原詞的同義詞或近v義詞的極有可能v第三條原則：表達意思完整的通常為答案3. 四級考試短文聽力部分v真題訓練是聽力應(yīng)試的捷徑。v聽熟是聽力提高的關(guān)鍵。v熟悉句型是聽力訓練的基礎(chǔ)。v.觀點、態(tài)度句。v I think Ill take the half-day tour of the city.v I dont think we can get a hotel at this time.v I suppose you would have arrived earlier.v I cant agree more

23、.v I dont feel like going out.v Why not?v Why bother?v4. 聽力應(yīng)試綜合指導v2.請求、建議句。vWould you like some fruit juice?vWhy dont we just stay at home ?vYou are not supposed to be here.vWont four be wiser?v3.強調(diào)句。vBut it was he who helped me repairing my car.vI did see him at the office.vHe did take the book out

24、 of the library.vI really feel nervous when the professor called on me.v4.否定句。vI dont feel like going out.vI was barely able to stay awake.vI cant agree more.v5.反問句。vDidnt you see the sign?vWerent you nervous when the professor called on you in the class?vReally? I was under the impression that the

25、tickets were sold out a long time ago.v.轉(zhuǎn)折句。vWe do need another bookshelf in this room, but the problem is the space for it.vId love to, but I have to go and sendvYes, but you have to revise some part of it.v.條件句。vIf I were you, I would stay at home and watch TV.vIf you dont mind waiting, Ill get pr

26、epared.vIf it hadnt been the snowing, I would have been home by 9 oclock.5. 各部分詳細解題方法說明(1). 短對話： 預(yù)測選項； 明確出題方式：同義替換（往往是正確答案），考查細節(jié)（要速記，要聽清問題），轉(zhuǎn)折（要聽清轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容）；短對話應(yīng)試技巧v短對話短小精悍，可謂字字珠璣。它承載的信息量比長對話和短文都少得多，但讓人費得腦筋一點都不少。它偏重于短時信息處理的能力，解答時要邊聽邊辨析。v短對話部分由八組男女簡短對話組成。每人只說一兩句話，只有一個話輪，信息很濃縮。所以字面義不足以解題，需要轉(zhuǎn)義、推測，并充分利用說話人

27、的語音、語調(diào)等因素。三大基本功（一）預(yù)覽選項v考生要切記，對付一切聽力考試都行之有效的做法是快速瀏覽選擇項并提煉信息點，再找出選項間的聯(lián)系點。當錄音人在即將開始讀Directions時，這就是你閱讀選擇項的最佳時機。應(yīng)充分抓住這段時間，速讀選項，預(yù)測內(nèi)容，從而做到心中有數(shù)。通過閱讀，應(yīng)明確以下信息：va) 題目所涉及到的主要人物，地點等，如是場景類考題，應(yīng)迅速聯(lián)想起與該場景有關(guān)的詞匯，全神貫注地傾聽相關(guān)信息。vb) 一般四個選擇項的設(shè)計都會和錄音內(nèi)容或多或少地有點關(guān)系，以使能夠造成干擾。這時，你就要比較它們之間的聯(lián)系點，大膽地進行猜想，事先得到一個印象，再與聽力材料結(jié)合，就會迅速找出答案。v例

28、如：選項：A)The doctor is busy tomorrow.vB)The doctor wont see her tomorrow.vC)The doctor is busy all day today.vD)The doctor will see her today.v當你閱讀了這四個選項后，你就會聯(lián)想到這是關(guān)于醫(yī)生的活動安排的內(nèi)容。這時，你就要集中注意力在醫(yī)生的日程上。請看原文：vW： When can the doctor see me?vM: He wont be free until tomorrow.vQ: What does the man mean?v 你聽到醫(yī)生直到

29、明天才會有空時，答案就很明顯了。A)、B)、D)項都與原文所表達的意思不符。只有C)貼切。從這一點也可以看出，聽力技巧的提高跟你閱讀能力高低有很大關(guān)系，因此，平時還要加強閱讀訓練，以期能迅速理解選項意思。（二）聚焦猜測v聚焦指考生依據(jù)選項的關(guān)鍵詞猜測問題、預(yù)測對話內(nèi)容。這種猜測可以使大腦調(diào)動特定場景的相關(guān)詞匯和背景常識，以備推理和分析。v為了有效的聚焦猜測，可以用筆在選項中的關(guān)鍵詞下做記號，在第一個對話開始前，將對話所有題干都做完記號。記號可依個人習慣有所不同，但主要針對選項中的實詞和同一題中各個選項間的差異處。聽到錄音時，只要再掃視一下被圈點的詞就可以了。v例如：A) The dean sh

30、ould consulted her on the appointment.vB) Dr.Holden should have taken over the position earlier. vC) She doesnt think Dr. Holden has made a wise choice.vD) Dr. Holden is the best person for the chairmanship.v猜測：position 指chairman 的職位， Dr. Holden 會take over 這個職位， appointment由dean 主持。v錄音：M: The dean j

31、ust announced that Dr. Holdens going to take over as chairman of the history department.vW: I knew it all along! Hes the obvious choice. All the other candidates are no match for him! vQ: What does the woman mean?v解析：本題關(guān)鍵在于聽懂女士說的no match for，即“比不上，不是的對手”，與D中的best person是同一表達，故正確。AB在文中都沒有提及，而C與題意相違背。

32、（三）深層理解v深層是指作為答案的選項往往不是原文再現(xiàn)，而要把表層的意思同義轉(zhuǎn)換或稍加推測，才得出答案。這是需把所聽內(nèi)容由表及里進一步理解，看哪個答案與內(nèi)容吻合。v例如：A) John has lost something at the railway station.vB) There are several railway stations in the city.vC) It will be very difficult for them to find John.vD) The train that John is taking will arrive soon.v錄音：W: Were

33、 supposed to meet John here at the railway station.vM: Thats like looking for a needle in a hay stack.vQ: what does the man imply?v解析： 首先要識別出男士用了一句比喻looking for a needle in a hay stack.“在草堆里找一根針”， 由此可以聯(lián)想“找到的機會非常渺?！?。選項中只有C與之匹配，所以是正確答案。2. 長對話：“先縱后橫”預(yù)測選項：縱向確定場景（工作、學習、生活及旅游）；橫向排除干擾選項，了解每道小題的內(nèi)容。解題三原則：“開頭

34、原則”即第一道題一般在開頭部分；“問答原則”即回答的內(nèi)容往往是答案所在；“轉(zhuǎn)折原則”即轉(zhuǎn)折詞后的內(nèi)容為重要內(nèi)容。長對話應(yīng)試技巧v長對話共兩篇，每篇300詞左右，共7道題。長對話考查的理解和分析側(cè)重于對話內(nèi)容的整體性。因此，長對話的聽音重點在于對話的主題大意，對話推進的過程，或雙方總體的觀點與立場。它融合短對話的特點，但不是短對話的簡單加法。長對話的細節(jié)沒有短對話考得那么細，彎也沒拐的那么多，不需要確切的辨認對話雙方的身份、相互關(guān)系、場合等，但這些語域因素仍是理解和分析長對話是所依賴的強有力工具。三大基本功（一）聽前預(yù)測v先縱后橫v所謂“先縱”，就是首先通讀每篇后的3-4個小題，找出關(guān)鍵詞，前后

35、聯(lián)系，預(yù)測全篇大致主題。所謂“后橫”，就是在仍有時間的情況下，通看各題選項，看看是否存在生詞，總結(jié)長句的核心意思，以此預(yù)測考點和可能的答案。v兩步預(yù)測都要注意隨時做出標注,劃出關(guān)鍵詞或簡寫長句的大意,因為單憑記憶在高壓的聽力考試中是萬萬靠不住的。(二）分清主次v與生活中的情形相似,雙方對話的時候常有主次之分,如:一方詢問,另一方作答時,關(guān)鍵信息多出現(xiàn)在作答一方,考點自然也就多出于此。分清對話雙方的主次對于我們預(yù)測考點出現(xiàn)的位置很重要,方法也簡單易行。v以2006年12月Conversation Two為例:v22. A) It was about a little animal.B) It t

36、ook her six years to write.C) It was adapted from a fairy tale.D) It was about a little girl and her pet.v23. A) She knows how to write best-selling novels.B) She can earn a lot of money by writing for adults.C) She is able to win enough support from publishers.D) She can make a living by doing what

37、 she likes.v24. A) The characters. B) The readers.C) Her ideas. D) Her life experiences.v25. A) She doesnt really know where they originated.B) She mainly drew on stories of ancient saints.C) They popped out of her child-hood dreams.D) They grew out of her long hours of thinking.v大家不難發(fā)現(xiàn),幾乎所有的選項都與女性會

38、話者有關(guān),可料想此對話中男性會話者多提出問題,女性多做答復(fù),聽時當然主要聽女性會話者所說的內(nèi)容。 (三)、聽時抓“點”v有了充分的聽前預(yù)測,聽時的主要任務(wù)就是抓住考點,且掌握如下兩個原則:v考點均勻分布,易出現(xiàn)在話輪轉(zhuǎn)換處v首先,長對話后設(shè)的3-4個小題一般均勻地分布在對話的每個回合,極少出現(xiàn)某一個回合包含兩個考點的情況。這樣,我們在一個對話回合中找到一個考點后,剩余的部分就可不做詳聽,讓緊張的神經(jīng)稍做放松,有利于將精力集中于下面的考點。v其次,考點的位置多是話輪轉(zhuǎn)換的時候。具體的說,就是對話一方某段發(fā)言的開頭和結(jié)尾部分,這也完全符合西方人的思維習慣,即在發(fā)言伊始多是開門見山,而在發(fā)言結(jié)尾處又

39、總括強調(diào)。重復(fù)率較高的詞或短語多成為考點v對話的主要內(nèi)容理所當然會得到說話人的強調(diào),而一個非常重要且明顯的強調(diào)方式就是重復(fù),故重復(fù)的詞語往往能夠揭示對話的主題。3.短文聽力： 出題方向：社會科學（國外人文風情、生活方式、歷史傳統(tǒng)）；自然科學（新事物、新技術(shù)的研究成果及醫(yī)學和跟人體健康相關(guān)的問題）。 預(yù)測選項。 作答時注意出題點：開頭原則；轉(zhuǎn)折和因果原則；表達觀點原則；時間地點原則；列舉原則；概括性選項比細節(jié)性選項正確率高原則。短文聽力v由于短文聽力的難度很大在于其題材和體裁都很廣，對學生的語言本身相關(guān)背景知識的綜合素質(zhì)要求很高，因此我們在備戰(zhàn)時首先必須對歷年四級所考的短文體裁題材體裁題材有一個

40、宏觀的把握。通過對歷年四級聽力短文題材體裁分布情況的分析，可以看出，四級聽力短文的體裁主要是記敘文和說明文記敘文和說明文，而題材出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是小故事，幾乎每年都有一篇 。v幽默小故事一般以記敘文的方式出現(xiàn)，這類文章有一定的情節(jié)，比較有趣，淺顯易懂。應(yīng)該特別注意人物的語言，同時捕捉并記錄可以回答who, what, when, where, how and why等問題的有關(guān)信息，從而抓住故事發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)，理解全文。人物傳記人物傳記屬于記敘文，一般是對真人真事的記敘，大多記敘中外歷史上一些杰出的政治家、科學家、文藝家的生平事跡或事業(yè)上的成就，也可以記敘普通人物的特殊經(jīng)歷和業(yè)績。應(yīng)該特別注意人物的

41、生卒年月地點、人物的生卒年月地點、主要業(yè)績年代，以及對人物的社會評價主要業(yè)績年代，以及對人物的社會評價，這些一般都是明顯的考點。 v說明文也是常見的體裁。它通常是用來說明一些科普知識、生活常識或社會問題。說明文中科普短文比較多，不像小故事，缺乏趣味性，一般比較難懂。有時短文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，有時會夾雜一些專業(yè)術(shù)語，這都增添了短文的難度。但如果我們注意分析，還是可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的規(guī)律性。 v風土人情類文章風土人情類文章包括對英美等西方國家的機構(gòu)設(shè)施介紹以及西方文學藝術(shù)的說明，真題中涉及過的主題多種多樣，如英國監(jiān)獄介紹、倫敦出租車司機情況、吉普賽人的歷史、美洲農(nóng)作物歷史、著名作家及其作品等。而學校教

42、育類文章學校教育類文章也著重于英美教育體系的介紹，如英語學習和教育情況、美國學校教育制度、圖書館使用介紹等。v日常生活類文章日常生活類文章包括以說明文形式描述的日常使用的生活用品，如電腦、服飾、書籍等，以及以議論文形式表述的日常生活中經(jīng)常談?wù)摰脑掝}和活動，如家庭生活、獨生子女、稅收等。這充分體現(xiàn)了聽力與口語以及日常生活的緊密聯(lián)系，我們應(yīng)該在提高聽力的同時也應(yīng)注意提高口語，聽力考察的是口頭語言，應(yīng)該凌駕于聽力之上來學習聽力才有可能獲得更大提高。很多文章大家如果能經(jīng)常朗讀乃至背誦，對培養(yǎng)語感、提高聽力甚至寫好作文都大有幫助。 4. 復(fù)合式聽寫：單詞部分：第一遍簡寫單詞；第二遍聽音辨詞。長句部分：第

43、一遍聽懂文章，了解文章大意，寫下一些關(guān)鍵詞；第二遍盡量用自己的話把句子寫完整，但不要犯太多語法錯誤。第三遍整體檢查。復(fù)合式聽寫攻略 v1. 提前熟悉內(nèi)容，了解文章大意，為捕捉正確信息提供足夠線索。 為了提高復(fù)合式聽寫的答題準確率，在四級考試的備考階段，考生就應(yīng)對復(fù)合式聽寫的考試指令部分(directions)非常熟悉，這樣在考試時考生就可以利用播放考場指令的時間提前熟悉文章內(nèi)容，盡可能全面地掌握有關(guān)文章大意的信息，并根據(jù)空格的位置和上下文信息推斷第一部分所缺單詞的詞性單詞的詞性和可能的內(nèi)容以及第二部分橫線上所缺的內(nèi)容和可能的內(nèi)容以及第二部分橫線上所缺的內(nèi)容。此外，復(fù)合式聽寫的文章多為說明文，第

44、一句話往往是文章的主題句，且不設(shè)空，因此考生可以通過這句話了解文章的主題。 例如：2008年6月四級試題復(fù)合式聽寫的第一句話是Were now witnessing the emergence of the advanced economy based on information and knowledge.(我們正在見證建立在信息和知識基礎(chǔ)上的現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟的出現(xiàn))，這句話就是文章的大意。再看文章的第二句話Physical (36) _, raw materials, and capital are no longer the key (37) _ in the creation of wealth.(體力勞動 、原材料和資本不再是創(chuàng)造財富的重要因素)。我們不聽錄音，也可以判斷出第36小題的答案可能是labor(勞動),第37小題的答案可能是factors(因素),這和正確答案labor和ingredients“ (factor的近義詞)相差無幾。經(jīng)過這樣的推斷之后再聽錄音就很容易鎖定正確答案。 v2. 提前明確每一遍錄音播放時的應(yīng)試重點，為正確記錄信息提供心理優(yōu)勢。 考生在考試之前對復(fù)合式聽寫應(yīng)試過程中什么時間做什么事都應(yīng)該有個科學的設(shè)計，做到心中有數(shù)?？忌诳记皯?yīng)該明確：在播放第一遍錄音時，要以聽為主，寫為輔。把注意力集中