情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、高中英語(yǔ)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法一 can和could情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法例句can/could表示能力1“I dont think Mike can type.” “Yes, he can.”2I can speak fluent English now , but I couldnt last year.在肯定句中，表示客觀可能性，并不涉及具體某事會(huì)發(fā)生，常用來(lái)說(shuō)明人或事物的特征（譯為“有時(shí)會(huì)”）。要表達(dá)具體某事實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性時(shí)，不用can，需用could，may，might。1 As a human being, anyone can make a mistake.2 Im confident that

2、 a solution can be found.3 He can be very forgetful sometimes.4 I may stay at home this weekend.（實(shí)際可能性）5 Peter might come to join us.(實(shí)際可能性) 6 It will be sunny in the daytime ,but it could rain tonight.(實(shí)際可能性)表示請(qǐng)求和允許。表示請(qǐng)求，口語(yǔ)中常用could代替can，使語(yǔ)氣更委婉。1 Can we turn the air conditioner on?2 Any police offic

3、er can insist on seeing a drivers license.3 In soccer, you cant touch the ball with your hands.4 Could you have her call me back when she gets home, please?5 I wonder if I could just ask you to sign this.表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)進(jìn)行主觀的猜測(cè)，主要用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。1 It cant be easy caring for a man and a child who are not your

4、own.2 Can the man over there be our head master?表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度，主要用在否定句、疑問(wèn)句和感嘆句中。1 Can this be an excuse for not giving them help?2 This cant be true.3 How can you be so crazy.特別說(shuō)明：（1） could用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣委婉，主要用于疑問(wèn)句，不能用于肯定句，答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用can（即：could不能用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中）。如：Could I use your dictionary?Yes, you can.(否定回答可用：

5、No, Im afraid not.或者是you cant)表示推測(cè)時(shí)，could不是過(guò)去式，只是語(yǔ)氣更委婉；若是推測(cè)已發(fā)生的事或過(guò)去的情況，用can/could have done(2) can和be able to辨析can(could)和be able to都可以表示能力，意思上沒(méi)有區(qū)別。但can只有現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式，而be able to則有更多的形式。如：Ive always wanted to able to speak fluent English.Those bags look really heavy, are you sure youll be able to carry t

6、hem on your own?但是，表示在過(guò)去某時(shí)的某一場(chǎng)合經(jīng)過(guò)一番努力，終于做成了某事，通常不用could，而用was/were able to來(lái)表示。這時(shí)，was/were able to相當(dāng)于managed to do或succeed in doing。如：After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building.(3) 慣用形式“cannot to

7、o”表示“無(wú)論怎么也不（過(guò)分）”。如： You cannot be too careful.你越小心越好。 慣用形式“cannot but+ 不定式（不帶to）”表示“不得不，只好”。如： I cannot but admire her determination.我不得不欽佩你的決心。 二may和 might情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法例句may/might表示允許、許可。否定回答一般用must not/mustnt,表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但也可以用had better not (最好別)或may not（不可以），語(yǔ)氣較為委婉。1 May I come in and wait?2 May I smoke

8、 here?No, you mustnt(或No, youd better not.)在表示請(qǐng)求、允許時(shí)，might比may語(yǔ)氣更委婉些。用May I征詢(xún)對(duì)方許可在文體上比較正式，在口氣上比較客氣，在日常用語(yǔ)中，用Can I征詢(xún)對(duì)方意見(jiàn)更為常見(jiàn)。1 Might I borrow your pen?2 I wonder if I might speak to your son.表示可能性的推測(cè)，通常用在肯定句和否定句中，含有“或許”“大概”“可能”之意；用might代替may時(shí)，則語(yǔ)氣顯得更加不肯定。1 It may rain this afternoon.2 She might come to

9、 join us this afternoon.3 I suppose he might have missed the train.may用于祈使句表示祝愿1 May you succeed.2 May you live happily!3 May she rest in peace.愿她安息。慣用句式：“may as well或might(just)as well+動(dòng)詞原形”意為“最好，滿(mǎn)可以，倒不如”，相當(dāng)于“had better或there is no reason to do anything else.1 There is nothing to do, so I may as we

10、ll go to bed.2 You may as well tell us now, well find out sooner or later.3 I suppose we might as well go home.4 And if you have to plough the field anyway, you might as well plant it at the same time.二must和have to情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法例句must表示“必須，應(yīng)該”之意，語(yǔ)氣比should，ought to強(qiáng)烈。其否定形式mustnt表示“不準(zhǔn)，不應(yīng)該，禁止”等意1 You must come

11、 to school on time.2 Everybody must obey the law.3 You mustnt drive so fast in the street.4 We mustnt waste any more time.在回答帶有must的問(wèn)句時(shí)，否定回答常用neednt或dont have to，表示“不必”，而不用mustnt1Must I come back before ten? Yes，you must. -No, you neednt(No, you dont have to)表示有把握的推測(cè)，意為“一定、準(zhǔn)是、相必”，只用于肯定句中1 It must be

12、 my mother.2 You must be hungry after a walk.3 There must be a hole in the wall. have to“必須，不得不”，意義與must相近。但must表示的是說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，而have to則往往強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。1 The film is not interesting. I really must go now.2 I have to go now, because my mother is in hospital.must只有一種形式，即現(xiàn)在式與過(guò)去式都是一種形式，而have to則涉及各種人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)等方面的變化形式

13、。1I had to work hard when I was your age.2I will have to learn how to use a computer.3In order to take the exam, well have to finish the whole book by the end of this month .兩者的否定意義不同，mustnt表示“禁止，不許”，dont have to表示不必。1 You mustnt go there.2 You dont have to go there.注意：表示”偏要，硬要做某事-how old are you, m

14、adam?-if you must know, Im twice my sons age(如果你非得知道，是我兒子年齡的兩倍)四shall和should情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法例句shall用于第一、三人稱(chēng)構(gòu)成的疑問(wèn)句，表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示,其意為“要不要”、“好嗎”：1 Shall I open the window?2 Shall we say 6 oclock, then?3 Shall he come to see you?1 用于第二、三人稱(chēng)陳述句中，表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾、威脅、命令、規(guī)定、必然性等2表示強(qiáng)制，用于法令、條約、規(guī)章中，意為“必須，應(yīng)該”。1 Dont worr

15、y, you shall get the answer this afternoon.(允諾)2 He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. （警告）3 You shall do as I say. (命令)4 If you children dont do as I tell you, you shall not go to the party. (威脅) 5 The Persons under 18 shall not be employed in night work不滿(mǎn)十八歲的人不得雇傭干夜間工作。(表規(guī)定) 6 That day sha

16、ll come(表必然性)7 Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 試卷完全收回后，應(yīng)試人才能離開(kāi)座位。should表示勸告或建議，意為“應(yīng)該”1 What should I do?2 Should I trust him?3 You should read his new book.表示推測(cè)，用在肯定句中，對(duì)現(xiàn)在的情況或可能發(fā)生的事的主觀推測(cè)或期待。意為“想必，大概，或許” ?！咀ⅰ縮hould表示推斷時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣較肯定，通常是指非?？赡艿氖?因?yàn)榘凳居幸欢ǖ氖聦?shí)依據(jù)或合乎

17、常理)，而may, might, could等表示推測(cè)時(shí)，則語(yǔ)氣較不肯定，尤其是might, could。1 It should be a nice day tomorrow.2 It s nearly 7 oclock .Jack should speak in such a way.3 He should be around sixty years old.還可以用在if引導(dǎo)的條件句中，表示一件事聽(tīng)起來(lái)可能性很小，但也不是完全不可能，相當(dāng)于“萬(wàn)一”的意思。從句謂語(yǔ)用should+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，主句都一定用虛擬語(yǔ)氣1 Ask Tom to ring me up if you should s

18、ee him. (你萬(wàn)一見(jiàn)到湯姆，請(qǐng)讓他給我打個(gè)電話)2 Should I be free tomorrow, Ill come. (萬(wàn)一我明天有時(shí)間，我就過(guò)來(lái))3 If things should change suddenly, please let me know. (萬(wàn)一情況突變，請(qǐng)通知我)1should表示意外或驚訝2用于疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句中，表示意外、驚異的情緒，意為“竟會(huì)”，與why，what，how，who連用，如果是疑問(wèn)句，則不需要回答。1 Its strange that he should come so late. 他竟然來(lái)這么遲真是奇怪。2 Im sorry that t

19、his should have happened. 我很遺憾竟然發(fā)生這種事。3 Im surprised that he should say so. 他竟這樣說(shuō)，這使我很驚訝。4 Why should anyone want to marry Tony?5 Dont ask me. How should I know?五will和would情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法例句will/would用于表示意志或意愿或決心。will指現(xiàn)在，would指過(guò)去。1 He is the man who will go his own way. (他首歌自行其是的人。)2 They said they would meet

20、 us at 10:30 at the station.表示請(qǐng)求、建議等和you連用，用would比用will委婉、客氣。1 Will you please take a message for him?2 Would you please tell me your telephone number?表示習(xí)慣或傾向，意為“總是，慣于”。will至現(xiàn)在，would指過(guò)去。1 Fish will die without water.2 People will talk. (人們總會(huì)說(shuō)閑話。)3 When we worked in the same office, we would often ha

21、ve coffee together.表示推測(cè)，意為“很可能，大概”。will表示推測(cè)比should把握大，比must把握小。1 These things will happen.2 That will be the messenger ringing.3 It would be about ten oclock when he left home.表示功能，意為“能，行”。慣用形式：will do/would do表示“解決問(wèn)題”、“就行”。1 That will be all right.2 Either pen will do.3 It would not do to work too

22、late.（工作太晚不行。）用于否定句中，意為“不肯”、“不樂(lè)意”1I wont listen to your nonsense.2No matter what I said, he wouldnt listen to me.特別說(shuō)明：would與used to辨析would可用來(lái)表示過(guò)去反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作，但不能表示過(guò)去存在的狀態(tài)，所以我們不能說(shuō)：“she would be a quiet girl.”另外，would強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某種特定情況下的活動(dòng)，是完全過(guò)去的事情，同現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。而used to則著眼于過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比，隱含現(xiàn)在已不存在，動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都可表示。Would可以表示不規(guī)則的習(xí)慣，us

23、ed to則不可。如： He used to be a naughty boy and cause trouble. I used to get up at six in the morning. Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods. In those days, whenever I had difficulties, I would go to Mr. Chen for help.六need和dare情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法例句need用于表示“需要，必要”之意。做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，僅用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)，過(guò)去式要用ne

24、edn't have，疑問(wèn)式用need+人稱(chēng)?,否定式用need not(即needn't），1Need we leave soon? Yes, you must.(No, you needn't, or dont have to)2You needn't have hurried.(=It was not necessary for you to hurry，but you did).你當(dāng)時(shí)不必這么匆忙。做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其變化與一般的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞相同，后接帶to的不定式（need doing = need to be done ）,過(guò)去式用needed、did yo

25、u need?和didn't need,肯定式用needs/needed/need,疑問(wèn)式用do、does、did提問(wèn)，否定式要在前面加don't、doesn't、didn't1. A job like nursing needs patience and understanding.(need+名詞，need understanding=need to be understood,需要被理解)2He needs to see a doctor.(need to do)3Do you still need volunteers to help clean up

26、after the party?(need somebody to do something) 4They didn't need to start so early.(do not need to do)dare用于表示“敢于”之意。做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，主要用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中1Dare you tell her the truth? Yes, I dare. /No, I darent.3 How dare you accuse me of lying!4 He darent admit this.用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其變化與一般的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞相同。在肯定句中，d

27、are后接帶to的不定式；否定句中，dare后既可接帶to的不定式，也可接不帶to的不定式。1 Only a few journalists dared to cover the story.2 He doesnt dare (to) go there alone.3 Dont you dare (to) touch it?七ought的用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法例句ought to do表示“應(yīng)該”之意1 You ought to take care of him.2 Ought I go now?Yes, you ought to. /No, you oughtnt to.表示推測(cè)。注意與must

28、表示推測(cè)是的區(qū)別1 He must be home by now. (斷定他已到家)2 He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定)3 This is where the oil must be. (比較直率)4 This is where the oil ought to be. (比較含蓄)說(shuō)明：should與ought to 表示“應(yīng)該”時(shí)的區(qū)別should 表示自己的主觀看法，而ought to的語(yǔ)氣中，含有“按道理應(yīng)該”之意。若要反映客觀情況或涉及法律義務(wù)和規(guī)定，一般用ought to。如： You should help them with their w

29、ork. You are his father. You ought to get him to receive good education.八“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done用法例句must have done 表示主觀上對(duì)過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為進(jìn)行推測(cè)，意為“想必，準(zhǔn)是，一定做了某事”1 She must have gone through a lot.2 He must have visited the White House during his stay in the United States.may/might have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去已發(fā)生行為

30、的推測(cè)，意為“也許/或許已經(jīng)（沒(méi)有）“。一般用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑問(wèn)句。用might則表示語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。1 You may have learnt the news.2 He may not have heard his name called.3 Sorry Im late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.canhave donecannot have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。（can換成could時(shí)語(yǔ)氣委婉）1 Where ca

31、n she have gone?2 Could he have done such a foolish thing?3 The boy cant have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.could have done可用于肯定句中，表示“可能已經(jīng)”之意，此外，還可以表示過(guò)去能做而沒(méi)做的事，有一種對(duì)過(guò)去為付諸實(shí)施的事情的惋惜。1 He could have killed himself driving at a dangerous speed.2 You could have

32、been more considerate.3 You could have done better, but you were too careless.might have done表示“本來(lái)可能，但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生的事情”。另外，還可以表示“本來(lái)應(yīng)該或可以做某事”之意，含有輕微的責(zé)備語(yǔ)氣。1 You should not swim in that sea. You might have been eaten by a shark.2 He might have given him more help, thought he was busy.should/ought to have don

33、e用于肯定句時(shí)，表示本該做某事，而實(shí)際上未做；用于否定句時(shí)，則表示不該做的事反而做了。1 He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.2 You shouldnt have done it so carelessly.3 You ought to have returned the book earlier.4 You ought not to have refused his offer.neednt have done表示做了本來(lái)不必去做的事。注意：didnt need to do表示“

34、沒(méi)必要做而實(shí)際上也沒(méi)有做某事”1 You neednt have watered the plants, for it is going to rain.2 I didnt need to buy the dictionary. I had a copy at home.had better have done用于事后的建議，含輕微責(zé)備的口吻，意為“當(dāng)時(shí)最好做了某事”，其否定式had better not have done表示相反的含義。1 You had better have started earlier.2 You had better not have scolded her.wo

35、uld rather have done表示“當(dāng)時(shí)寧愿做了某事”，其否定式would rather not have done表示相反的含義，兩者都表示“后悔”之意。1I would rather have taken his advice.2I would rather not have told him the truth.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式, 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變 化。以do為例，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為：1) am/is/are +done (過(guò)去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)例Visitors are requeste

36、d not to touch the exhibits.2） has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)例A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般過(guò)去時(shí)例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） ha

37、d been done 過(guò)去完成時(shí)例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)例A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done一般將來(lái)時(shí)例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory c

38、loses.8） should/would be done/ waswere going to be done/ waswere about to be done/waswere to be to done過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 將來(lái)完成時(shí)（少用）例The project will have been completed before July.10） should/would have been don

39、e 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)（少用）例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過(guò)去分詞。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)， 另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為

40、 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)，其余不動(dòng)。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為T(mén)he boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。例So

41、meone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞介詞”，“動(dòng)詞副詞”等，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體，不能分開(kāi)。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)) 。例I don't like being laughed at in

42、 the public.二、 It is said that+從句及其他類(lèi)似句型一些表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe過(guò)去分詞that從句”或“主語(yǔ)be過(guò)去分詞to do sth.”。有：It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō),It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that眾所周知，It is thought that大家認(rèn)為，It is

43、suggested that據(jù)建議。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）三、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式 表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語(yǔ)通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主

44、語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door won't lock （指門(mén)本身有毛?。㏕he door won't be locked （指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門(mén), 指“門(mén)沒(méi)有鎖”是人的原因）2. 表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來(lái)的呢？3. 系動(dòng)詞

45、沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 例Your reason sounds reasonable.四、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 。1 在need，want，require, bear等詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）這房子需要修理。2 形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式

46、；而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to

47、be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)4. 在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5 在too to結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例

48、This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，誰(shuí) lost time不明確。）7. 在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng), 被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而,由于古英語(yǔ)的影響,下列動(dòng)詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?五、介詞in, on, under等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)表被動(dòng)意義表示方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用，含被動(dòng)之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。1. “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某事在進(jìn)行中”。常見(jiàn)的有：under contr