Unit 3 Friendship

1、Unit 3 FriendshipText A What Is Friendship?I. Teaching Objectives 1. To understand the meaning of Friendship. 2. Grasp the key words, phrases and structure.II. Teaching Content1. Lead-in activities2. Language points ( key words, phrases and difficult sentences)3. Guided Practice (exercises, oral pra

2、ctice and group work)III. Teaching Process1.Warm-up Activity1) What does the Bible Say about Friendship? How are we to choose our friends? How should friends treat one another? All of these are good questions and the Bible has some good Scriptures to study to answer them. friendship.Jesus on Friends

3、hipJohn 15:12-15 “This is my commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you. Greater love has no one than this, that someone lay down his life for his friends. You are my friends if you do what I command you. No longer do I call you servants, for the servant does not know what his master

4、 is doing; but I have called you friends, for all that I have heard from my Father I have made known to you.Greatest Friend is GodJames 4:8 Draw near to God, and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded.How To Pick Your FriendsProverbs 12:2

5、6 One who is righteous is a guide to his neighbor, but the way of the wicked leads them astray.友直Proverbs 13:20 Whoever walks with the wise becomes wise, but the companion of fools will suffer harm.友多聞Proverbs 14:6-7 A scoffer seeks wisdom in vain, but knowledge is easy for a man of understanding. L

6、eave the presence of a fool, for there you do not meet words of knowledge.友多聞Proverbs 22:24-25 Make no friendship with a man given to anger, nor go with a wrathful man, lest you learn his ways and entangle yourself in a snare.友諒Corinthians 15:33 Do not be deceived: “Bad company ruins good morals.”Ho

7、w To Treat Your FriendsLuke 6:31 And as you wish that others would do to you, do so to them.善事Romans 12:10 Love one another with brotherly affection. Outdo one another in showing honor.善心Ephesians 4:29-32 Let no corrupting talk come out of your mouths, but only such as is good for building up, as fi

8、ts the occasion, that it may give grace to those who hear. And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, by whom you were sealed for the day of redemption. Let all bitterness and wrath and anger and clamor and slander be put away from you, along with all malice. Be kind to one another, tenderhearted, fo

9、rgiving one another, as God in Christ forgave you.善言Importance of FriendshipsProverbs 11:14 Where there is no guidance, a people falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety.Proverbs 17:17 A friend loves at all times, and a brother is born for adversity.幫手Proverbs 19:20 Listen to advice

10、and accept instruction, that you may gain wisdom in the future.智慧Proverbs 24:5 A wise man is full of strength, and a man of knowledge enhances his might.能力Proverbs 27:17 Iron sharpens iron, and one man sharpens another.成長2) How does Aristotle look at friendshipFriendships for Aristotle can be divide

11、d into three main categories. . Friendships of Utility. Friendships of Pleasure. Friendships of Virtue. Friendships of UtilityFriendships of utility are based on people who are useful to each other. This is the sole reason behind them being friends. A good example of a friendship of utility might be

12、 the relationship between a car salesman and a car buyer (John L. Fjellstad). The car salesman needs the buyer because he has to make a living and the buyer needs the salesman because he needs a car. Both have something the other wants. These friendships do not last very long as once the buyer is no

13、 longer useful to the salesman, or visa versa, the connection is severed and the friendship ceases to be. Friendships of utility are common among old people, for in old age people pursue the useful rather than the pleasant. Friendships of PleasureFriendships of pleasure are based on the amount of pl

14、easure the people get from being in the relationship. People who go to football matches together, or who go to the pub together might be in this type of relationship. They are friends for their own sake, because the friendship brings them pleasure and enjoyment, not for their friend's sake. Frie

15、ndships of pleasure are common among young people. Young people quickly become friends and quickly cease to be friends because what pleasures them changes constantly. Friendships of VirtueFriendships of virtue, unlike friendships of utility and pleasure, which can include a circle of friends, are st

16、rictly one on one relationships. These types of friendships can only occur between two people of the same virtues and both persons have to be virtuous. One can only become virtuous through wisdom and age. Therefore friendships of virtue are not found among young people. It is a relationship of mutua

17、l respect and love. The persons in this type of relationship are not in it because they gain something from the relationship, they are not friends because they find each other useful or bring each other pleasure, but because they see virtues in each other that they see in themselves. They wish well

18、for their friends for their friend's sake. It is not surprising that such relationships are rare according to Aristotle.3) Discussion Do you have any good friends? What do you usually do with your friends when you are together? What kind of people do you like to make friends with? Do you think f

19、riendship is a necessity in life? Why or why not?4) Quotes about friendship. The friendship is a plant of slow growth. - George Washington (Just like plants, friendship needs nurturing. Plants follow the life cycle of seeds, shoots and flowers before they bear fruits. True friendship grows in more o

20、f less the same way. It takes time to mature.) Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing. - Benjamin Franklin (Friends and friendships may have great influence on our lives and may last as long as we live. So we should be careful when choosing a friend and should be even more careful when we

21、decide to end the friendship.) A man should keep his friendship in constant repair. - Samuel Johnson (The quotation tells us the importance of maintaining friendships. Long-standing friendships should be constantly strengthened and developed; otherwise they may fade or even be lost forever.) True fr

22、iendship is like sound health; the value of it is seldom known until it is lost. -Charles Caleb Colton (In this quotation friendship is compared to health. One often fails to see the value of health until ti is lost. The same is true of friendship.)“Friendship is unnecessary, like philosophy, like a

23、rt It has no survival value; rather it is one of those things that give value to survival.”“Is any pleasure on earth as great as a circle of Christian friends by a good fire?”“The next best thing to being wise oneself is to live in a circle of those who are.” 2.Text Organization Part I Para.1 Its ne

24、cessary to review some classical views of friendship in order to acquire a better understanding of it. Part II Para 2-5 According to Aristotle, there are three kinds of friendship, which are respectively based on utility, pleasure and goodness. Friendship based on goodness is perfect and totally dif

25、ferent from friendship based on utility or pleasure. Part III Para6 According to Cicero, true friendship is only possible between good men and it is virtue that creates and preserves true friendship. Part IV Para 7 Friendship is permanent between virtuous people who share a commitment to the good or

26、 to what is morally right or worthy of praise.3. Language PointsA. Words and Expressions1) notion: n. an idea, belief or concept Eg. Our management system is based on the notions of personal equality andliberty. 我們的管理體系是基于人的平等、自由觀念而建立的。 She has no notion of the difficulty of this problem. CF. idea,

27、concept & notion這些名詞均有“思想”、“觀點”、觀念”之意。 idea最普通，幾乎適用于任何方面的思維活動。concept指從眾多實例中通過概括、歸納而形成的對事物本質(zhì)、全貌及其內(nèi)部聯(lián)系的比較系統(tǒng)的概念或看法。notion指的是一種模糊的、變化莫測的想法，無可靠的基礎(chǔ)，是未經(jīng)深思熟慮的、甚至讓人覺得荒謬的觀點。2) criterion: n. standard by which sth. is judged Eg. The companys criterion for success is high sales. 對一些出版商而言，評判一本書是否暢銷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是長度而非內(nèi)容

28、。 To some publishers, the criterion of a book which will sell well is length rather than content.CF. standard & criterion這兩個名詞均含“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”之意。standard指公認(rèn)為決定事物質(zhì)量或人的品質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)則或原則。例如：All restaurants in the town with a low standard of hygiene have been forced to close. 城里所有衛(wèi)生水準(zhǔn)低的餐館都被迫關(guān)門了。criterion較正式用詞，指判斷、批評事物

29、的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但不一定制成了規(guī)章。例如：What are the criteria for deciding who gets the prize? 評定獲獎?wù)咭允裁醋鳂?biāo)準(zhǔn)。3). appropriate: adj. correct or suitable for a particular situation or occasion Eg. Suits are always appropriate for a job interview. HHe His formal style of speaking was appropriate to the occasion.4) thin: adj. no

30、t having the necessary qualities to gain the intended result Eg. His thin attempt surely resulted in nothing.書評家認(rèn)為她最近寫的那部小說沒什么意思。 The critics found her latest novel rather thin.5). classical: adj. based on or belonging to an old or established system ofprinciples or methods, e.g. in art or science e

31、g. Dressed in ballet skirt, she danced with a classical elegance. 他將前往中國去研究中國古典詩歌。 He is going to China to study Chinese classical poetry.6) distinguish between: recognize differences between Eg.The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish between them. 不能辨別顏色的人稱為色盲。People who cannot distingui

32、sh between colors are said to be color-blind.7) utility: n. the quality or condition of being useful; usefulness Eg. Farm animals have economic value because of their utility. 祖母總是懷疑洗碟機(jī)的實用價值。Grandma has always doubted the utility value of a dishwasher.8) ground: n. reason(s) or justification for say

33、ing, doing or believing sth. Eg. She cant accept his ground for divorce. He has been fired from the job on the grounds of incompetence.) Patterns: a gound/grounds for 的理由 on the grounds of基于的原因 on the grounds that因為9) break up: to come or bring to an end, especially by separating Eg. Their marriage

34、eventually broke up due to lack of communication. 警察及時趕到酒吧結(jié)束了這場打斗。 Police arrived at the bar in time and broke up the fight.10) pursue: vt. try to achieve sth.; continue steadily with; carry on Eg. She decided to pursue her studies after obtaining her first degree. 她決定在獲得學(xué)士學(xué)位之后繼續(xù)深造。 Our boss has dec

35、ided not to pursue the matter any further. Collocations: pursue sb. 追求某人pursue a vocation 從事一份職業(yè)pursue a hobby 從事一項愛好pursue a goal 追求一個目標(biāo)11) take pleasure in (doing) sth.: to enjoy (doing) sth. Eg. The audience took pleasure in watching the graceful skaters dancing. 老人很享受回憶往事。 The old man takes plea

36、sure in remembering the past.12) in so far as: to the degree that Eg. They moved to the downtown area in so far as they could spend less timeon the way to work. 為了能有所發(fā)現(xiàn)，他仍然堅持在這一領(lǐng)域的研究。 He still continued his research in this field in so far as he could makesome discoveries.13) regulate: vt. to contro

37、l, especially by rules; bring order or method to Eg. Sweating can help to regulate the bodys temperature. 出汗有助于調(diào)節(jié)體溫。長壽的人通常飲食習(xí)慣有規(guī)律。 Those who enjoy a long life usually regulate their eating habits. Wages and working hours are regulated by a series of laws. Collocations: regulate the traffic 管理交通 regu

38、late expenditure 控制費用 regulate the speed 調(diào)整速度 regulate a clock 校對時鐘 regulate food supplies 調(diào)節(jié)食物供應(yīng)14) as to: on the subject of; concerning Eg. We are puzzled as to how the accident happened. 關(guān)于事故是如何發(fā)生的我們很迷惑。 在記者招待會上他拒絕就此事發(fā)表任何評論。 He refused to make any comments as to this event at the press conference

39、. He is very uncertain as to whether it's the right job for him.15) equity: n. the state, quality, or ideal of being just, impartial, and fair Eg. The judgment aroused peoples anger for its lack of equity. 大家都同意裁判員的公正裁判。 The equity of the referee's decision was accepted by everyone.16) liber

40、ality: n. the quality or state of being liberal or generous. Eg. Liberality contributes to the success of leadership. 一個慷慨的人會處處受人歡迎。 A man of liberality will be welcome everywhere.17) greed: n. an excessive desire to acquire or possess more than what oneneeds or deserves, especially with respect to

41、material wealtheg. The large companys greed to swallow up its smaller competitors is apparent.我們被他們渴求知識的眼神深深觸動了。We were deeply touched by the greed for knowledge in their eyes. 18) conviction: n. a fixed or strong belief.Eg. It's my conviction that complacency is at the root of our troubles. 我深信

42、自滿情緒是我們各種問題的根源。Do you always act in accordance with your convictions? CF. belief, faith & conviction這些名詞都有“相信”、“信任”之意。belief 較為普通，指單純從主觀上的相信，不涉及這種相信是否有根據(jù)。例如：I find his behavior irresponsible beyond belief. 我發(fā)覺他的所作所為不負(fù)責(zé)任到了簡直令人難以置信的地步。faith語氣較強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)完全相信，有時也指僅憑感覺產(chǎn)生的相信。例如：I haven't much faith in t

43、his medicine. 我對這種藥沒有多大信心。conviction多指根據(jù)長期交往或?qū)嵺`，對某人某事有了認(rèn)識和了解后產(chǎn)生的信心和相信，強(qiáng)調(diào)其堅定性。例如：She'd made such promises before, and they lacked conviction. 她以前也作過這樣的許諾, 但都不足信。19) possess: vt. to have as ones property, as a quality, etc. Eg. They possess property all over the world. 他們在世界各地均擁有財產(chǎn)。他有做好這項工作必備的耐性和應(yīng)

44、變能力嗎? Does he possess the necessary patience and tact to do the job well? The family possessed documents that proved their right to ownership.CF: hold, own, possess & keep這些動詞均有“有”、“具有”、“持有”之意。hold指擁有并保持財產(chǎn)及持有見解等，暗示不讓別人拿走或占有。own不及possess正式 多指所屬關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)所有權(quán)，不管所屬物是否在物主手中。possess較正式，指擁有或占有并能加以控制與支配，強(qiáng)調(diào)其歸

45、屬；也指具有某種品質(zhì)、才能、特點或性能等。keep指長時間地保有、保存某物，防止別人占去，強(qiáng)調(diào)安全和感情上的依附。20) preserve: vt. to prevent (someone or sth.) from being harmed ordestroyed eg. Mother always tries to preserve family harmony. 母親總是在努力維持家庭和睦。 More and more teenagers fail to preserve their eyesight and wear glasses.She managed despite everyt

46、hing to preserve her sense of humor.21) commitment: n. a responsibility or promise to follow certain beliefs or acertain course of action eg. Many young people remain single for lack of commitment to family and marriage. 我們只給忠誠而勇于承擔(dān)的人豐厚的報酬。We only pay those well who have loyalty and full commitment.

47、22) bind: vt. to tie together or unite Eg. She bound her hair up with ribbon. 這些老人因為對太極拳的共同愛好而結(jié)合到了一起。 These old people were bound by a common interest in shadowboxing.CF: fasten, tie, bind & chain這些動詞都有“扎牢”、“捆”、“綁”之意。fasten指把某物牢牢地拴在、釘在或鎖在另一物上，使不能任意移動。tie普通用詞，指用繩索等將東西扎緊捆牢。bind多指把兩個或兩個以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎

48、在一起。chain專指用鏈條或金屬環(huán)將某人或某物鎖住或系住。23) permanent: adj. lasting or intended to last for a long time or forever Eg. People always yearn for something permanent, enduring, without shadow of change. 他受傷后就一直瘸了。The injury left him with a permanent limp. Collocations: permanent address 固定地址 permanent employment

49、 固定工作 permanent committee 常設(shè)委員會 permanent force 常備軍24) unite: v. to make or form a single complete whole; to join Eg. Christmas is the only chance to unite my big family. 她覺得將想象力與常識聯(lián)系起來有點困難。 She has difficulty uniting common sense with vision.) We should unite in fighting poverty and disease.)CF: jo

50、in, combine, unite & connect這些動詞均有“連接”、“結(jié)合”、“聯(lián)合”之意。 join強(qiáng)調(diào)把原來不相連接的物緊密地連接在一起，但仍可再分開。也指把分散的人或幾個部分的人聯(lián)合起來，或加入到某團(tuán)體中去。combine 指兩個或兩個以上的人或物結(jié)合在一起。unite 指聯(lián)合、團(tuán)結(jié)、結(jié)合在一起，構(gòu)成一個整體。connect 指兩事物在某一點上相連接，但彼此又保持獨立。25) attribute: n. a part of someones character, esp. a part thought to be good Eg. One attribute of a

51、good manager is that he listens very carefully to other people. 好的管理者所具備的一個特點就是耐心傾聽。 Hope is one of mankinds most enduring and rewarding attributes.B. Difficlut Sentences1). When we approach the notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for wha

52、t makes a person a friend. “Socially acknowledged criteria” are established standards that are accepted by all the people in the society.我們探討友誼這個概念時，遇到的第一個問題是，沒有社會公認(rèn)的擇友標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2). In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend; in another, the label may seem less appropriate.The criteria for friends

53、hip vary from setting to setting.3). That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day. Young peoples friendship is temporary, because the attitude they hold to friendship is always changing.4). Only the friendship of those who are good,

54、and similar in their goodness, is perfect.Perfect friendship exists only between people who are equally good.只有那些品德高尚而且擁有相似美德的人之間的友誼才是完美的5). It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form.Love and friendship are mainly found between good people and the

55、 love and friendship are of the best quality.6). and they must share a commitment to the good.and they both must devote themselves to pursuing what is morally right or worthy of praise.4. Grammar Focus1) no matter what / wharever No matter what / who / which / how / when / where and whatever, whoeve

56、r, whichever, however, etc. means “it makes no difficult what (who, which, how, etc) Eg. Ill borrow whichever tent you are not using now.Free movie tickets will be given to whoever comes first.2) It isthat / who This structure is used to achieve emphasis. Eg. It is not luck but hard work that led him to todays success. It