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1、英語基本句型句型1 定語從句中缺主語,修飾人時用who /that,修飾物時用which /that引導(dǎo)。如:2 從句中缺賓語,修飾人時用 who /whom /that或省略引導(dǎo)詞;修飾物時用which /that或省略引導(dǎo)詞3 從句中缺時間狀語,用when或介詞+which引導(dǎo)4 從句中缺地點狀語,用where或介詞+which引導(dǎo)5 從句中缺原因狀語或先行詞是 reason時,引導(dǎo)詞用why /for which / that6 從句中缺定語,人和物都用 whose引導(dǎo)7 當(dāng)先行詞是way時,其定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用in which /that。引導(dǎo)詞as可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,也可引導(dǎo)非限制
2、性定語從句。1 當(dāng)先行詞是整個主句時,可用 as /which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。引導(dǎo)詞as和which的區(qū)別在于as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句一般放于主句后或句中。as常與從句中的know,see, hear,expect等動詞連用,也常用于as often happens,as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中;而which一般不用于以上情況。as有“正如”的含義,which沒有此含義先行詞是物時,其引導(dǎo)詞可用 which也可用that,通常情況下二者可互換,但在有些情況下不能。1 用which不用that
3、引導(dǎo)定語從句的三種情況:在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時,和在介詞后不能用that,應(yīng)用which先行詞為that時,為了避免重復(fù),定語從句用which不用that引導(dǎo)介詞后用which不用that引導(dǎo)2 用that不用which的七種情況:先行詞前有形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時,用 that不用which引導(dǎo)先行詞為little,much,all,none,few,(the)one, something,everything,nothing,anything等不定代詞時,用that引導(dǎo)先行詞既有指人的名詞又有指物的名詞時,用 that引導(dǎo)先行詞前有any,all,no,few,every,some,l
4、ittle, much,(the)very,(the)only,(the)last等詞修飾時,用 that引導(dǎo)先行詞為which時,為了避免重復(fù),用that引導(dǎo)先行詞在從句中作表語時,常用that引導(dǎo)當(dāng)主句是There be句型時,用that引導(dǎo)。在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞保持一致;當(dāng)one前有the only修飾時,從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)與the only one保持一致引導(dǎo)詞前有介詞或短語介詞時,修飾人只能用 whom,修飾物只能用which引導(dǎo)1. 常用that 不用which的情況:1) 先行詞為不定代詞all,little,few,much,
5、anything, everything, nothing, something等時2) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或the only, the very等所修飾或其本身就是序數(shù)詞形容詞最高級時3) 先行詞既有人,又有物時4) 當(dāng)主句是以who 或which開頭的疑問句時, 定語從句用that 引導(dǎo), 以避免重復(fù)。若被修飾的名詞充當(dāng)從句介詞賓語時介詞可提前于引導(dǎo)詞之前,此時的引導(dǎo)詞只能用whom 或which.當(dāng)先行詞為way其后的定語從句用in which或 that引導(dǎo),也可不用引導(dǎo)詞。關(guān)系代詞that 的用法1)不用that的情況a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時 (錯)The tree,
6、 that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介詞后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food.2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a)在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。b)在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。c)先行詞有the only, the very.(恰恰,正好).any. few. litt
7、le. no. all 修飾時,只用that。d)先行詞由序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時,只用that。e)先行詞既有人,又有物時。不能用關(guān)系代詞Which的幾種情況1.當(dāng)先行詞為all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代詞時關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which.2.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時,關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.3.當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時,關(guān)系代詞用that, 而不用which.4.當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時,關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.5.當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the
8、right等修飾時,關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.6.當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時,關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.7.當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊問句時,定語從句關(guān)系代詞一般用that而不用which.8.在強調(diào)句型" It is . that ." 中,只用that,不用which.9.在" such (the same) . as ." 句型中,關(guān)系代詞要用as, 而不用which.10.表示" 正如. 那樣 "," 正象." 之意
9、時, 用as, 不用which.11:As 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以放在主句前面, 也可以放在主句后面或主句中間,而由 which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只能放在主句后面。used to/be used to的分別used to + do:"過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。be used to + doing: 對已感到習(xí)慣,或"習(xí)慣于",to是介詞,后需加名詞或動名詞。Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)used to 的用法 (否定式簡寫為usedn't) 過去經(jīng)常,以前常常This used
10、 to be a shabby house. (此房年久失修)used to,would這兩個詞語都可以表示過去常做某事,有時可以換用。 used to do 強調(diào)過去習(xí)慣性的行為或狀態(tài),但是現(xiàn)在沒有這種行為或狀態(tài)了。因此,這個短語的內(nèi)涵是今昔對比。關(guān)系代詞的不可省略和可以省略1.關(guān)系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略。Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.以下情況不能省略:(1)在介詞+whom與介詞+which中,whom,which不能省略。(2)在非限制性定語從句中,作賓
11、語的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.(3)在the same .as,such.as,as.as,the same.that中,as,that即使作賓語,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同類用as)This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一個)(4)當(dāng)由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個或兩個以上的定語從句修飾一個先行詞時,第一個關(guān)
12、系代詞可省,但第二,第三個不可省略。This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.2.當(dāng)that在從句中作補語時可以省略。She is all (that) a teacher should be.3.在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語從句,或在定語從句中出現(xiàn)there be 時,用作主語的關(guān)系代詞也可省略。This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.4.狀語的省略(1)當(dāng)先行詞是reason,而且定語從句中作原因狀
13、語時,關(guān)系代詞可用why,that,也可以省略。That is the reason (why) I did it.(2)當(dāng)先行詞是way,且在定語從句中作方式狀語時,關(guān)系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略。I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.(3)當(dāng)先行詞是time時,關(guān)系代詞可用when,that 或省略。I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.注意:關(guān)系代詞作賓
14、語有時也不能省略。定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why, how。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間,起連接作用,同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語時可以省略。定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。1 、關(guān)系代詞
15、引導(dǎo)的定語從句1) who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在從句中作主語)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom/that在從句中作賓語)2) whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同of which互換),例如:Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.3) which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事
16、物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作賓語)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作賓語)關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法區(qū)別:不用that的情況:a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(錯)The tree, tha
17、t is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b) 介詞后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.c) 多用who 的情況關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語先行詞為those, people 時Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時One who doesn't work hard will never s
18、ucceed in his work.在There be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.在被分隔的定語從句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.在有兩個定語從句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時,后一個必須重復(fù)前一個關(guān)系代詞。The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very h
19、ard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a)在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the
20、 police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時,只用that。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人,又有物時。He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e
21、)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時,用that 以避免重復(fù)。Who is the person thatf)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語 is standing at the gate.He is not the man that he used to be.2 、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如:There are occasions when (on which) one must
22、 yield.Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?I'm surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.注意:在非限制性定語從句中,“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。如:They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slav
23、es.含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開,介詞仍放在動詞后面。Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?3、 名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句4、as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。4、 as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有“正如”的意思。用法區(qū)別:(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可。As we all know,he neve
24、r smokes.(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。(3)非限定性定語從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預(yù)料等時。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same as; suchas 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和一樣I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have s
25、uch a dictionary as he is using.一全部倒裝全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:1. here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如:1) There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。2) Then came the chairman.然后主席就來了3) Here is your letter.這是你的信。2. 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首,謂語表示運動的動詞。例如:1) Out rushe
26、d a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈。2) Ahead sat an old woman.注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如:1) Here he comes. 他來了。2) Away they went.他們走了。二部分倒裝部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,則需添加助動詞do, does或did,并將其置于主語之前。1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at
27、 no time, in no way, not until 等。例如:1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我從來沒看過這樣的表演。2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案。3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。注意:當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。注意: 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如:1) I have n
28、ever seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首,語序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語有: not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly when , no sooner than 等。例如:1)
29、Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品,還狠狠批評了送禮的人。2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛要出門時有個學(xué)生來找她。3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時一個學(xué)生來看她。注意:只有當(dāng)Not only but also連接兩個分句時,才在第一個分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not on
30、ly but also僅連接兩個并列詞語,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂。3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時,句子作部分倒裝。例如:1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack.Tom能說法語,我也能。2) If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去,我也不去。注意: 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。例如:1) Tom asked me to go to
31、 play football and so I did. Tom讓我去踢足球,我去了。2) -It's raining hard.-So it is.-雨下得很大。-的確很大。4.only放在句首,強調(diào)狀語(副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句等),全句語序要部分倒裝。例如:Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語。Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請了三次才來開會。注意:如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝Only w
32、hen he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時才會臥床休息。三as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。此時應(yīng)注意:1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞;2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例如:Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作,但是他好像從來都
33、不能令他的工作満意。注意:讓步狀語從句中,有though,although時,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可連用。四其他部分倒裝1. so that 句型中的so 位于句首時,需倒裝。例如:So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動都不敢動。2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中,例如:May you all be happy.望大家開心愉快。3.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語之前,采取部分倒裝
34、。例如:Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你,我就再試一次。時間狀語從句主要引導(dǎo)詞:when, whenever, before, after, until, while, since, once, so long as, as soon as, the moment, every time, as, next time常用引導(dǎo)詞:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the minute, the moment, the second, every ti
35、me, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when地點狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞:where特殊引導(dǎo)詞:wherever, anywhere, everywhere地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo),已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型,例如:句型1:Where+地點從句,(there)+主句?!咀⒁狻看司湫屯ǔWg成“哪里哪里就”;主句在從句后面時,there可用可不用;如果主句在從句的前面時,一般都不用there。例如:You should have put
36、 the book where you found it. 你本來應(yīng)該把書放回原來的地方。句型2:anywhere/wherever+地點從句/主句?!咀⒁狻縜nywhere本身是個副詞,可以引導(dǎo)從句,相當(dāng)于連詞,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是個連詞,表示“在何處,無論何處”。例如:Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員。原因狀語從句主要引導(dǎo)詞:because, as, since, considering that, now that, not that, seeing that注意:in
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