英語四級語法全

1、四級語法一：時態(tài)：所謂的時態(tài)，就是時間+狀態(tài)。謂語動詞的時態(tài)見下表：1主動形式過去現(xiàn)在將來過去將來一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do進行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done用于虛擬語氣完成進行had been doinghave/has been doing/2被動形式過去現(xiàn)在將來過去將來一般was/were givenam/is/are givenwill/shall

2、 be givenshould/would be given進行was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完成had been givenhave/has been givenwill/shall have been givenshould/would have been given完成進行/v CET-4 ?？嫉娜N時態(tài)：過去完成時；將來完成時；（現(xiàn)在/過去）完成進行時。v 時間狀語從句當中的時態(tài)：一般過去時 所有的過去用一般現(xiàn)在時表示 現(xiàn)在和將來現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成和將來完成一非謂語動詞一不定式：一）不定式的?？夹问剑?) 一般形式：He deci

3、ded to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被動形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 語法功能： 表示與謂語動詞同步發(fā)生2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被動形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 語法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前 二）不定式?？嫉目键c：1）不定式做定語-將要發(fā)生2）不定式做狀語-目的3）不定式充當名

4、詞功能-To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示動作的完整性，真實性；+ doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調(diào)我看見了這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強調(diào)我見他正干活這個動作）v 感官動詞后面接形容詞而

5、不是副詞：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役動詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動以后要還原to I d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些動詞后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，prete

6、nd，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的時候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in ad

7、dition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動的意思。其中，want不太常用。He needs (a lot of

8、) encouraging. 二. 動名詞： 具有動作性特征的名詞1)是名詞 seeing is believing2)具有動詞性特征可以帶賓語 starving troops is necessary.一)動名詞的形式:一般形式：I dont like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被動形式：This question is far from being settled.二) 動名詞?？嫉狞c1)動名詞做主語謂語動詞為單數(shù)2)在動名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語是動名詞3)動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的

9、賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語.I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也對）I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些詞后只能接動名詞admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enj

10、oy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand. 另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法：its no good; i

11、ts no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5有些詞后加不定式和動名詞均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未來/過去未來的動作

12、)I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個動作)forgot與remember的用法類似。I regret to inform you that 我很遺憾地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了二十年前的離開而遺憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try ing 試驗 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my

13、 father would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去，但我父親不讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味著贈加工資意味著增加購買力。prefer的用法：我寧愿在這里等。I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）I prefer swimming to cycling. （這個句子里面就不能用不定式了。）3 分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞主動進行,過去分詞被動狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:1)一般式: Do y

14、ou see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (與謂語動詞同步發(fā)生)2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發(fā)生謂語動詞之前)3)完成被動形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 發(fā)生謂語動詞之前且表示被動)過去分詞1) 過去分詞表示被動：Fight no battle unprepared.2)過去分詞的進行形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (強調(diào)正在

15、被做)這三種非謂語動詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語動詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語動詞的邏輯主語。他們之間的一致關(guān)系主動還是被動，往往就是考點。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語之間的主動被動的關(guān)系。二：虛擬三：虛擬語氣情態(tài)動詞所表達的可能性程度：must/cant should/shouldnt might/may (not)另外兩個類情態(tài)詞的形式：need/neednt; have to/dont have tov 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由should/would+原型時態(tài)（不含時間只含狀態(tài)）本質(zhì)上是過去將來時：即，時間固定在過去將來，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進行、完成、完成進行。這時虛擬語

16、氣的產(chǎn)生往往是因為我們要表達本來應(yīng)該（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒有）（本來可以，本來能）I should go!( but Im still here!)(一般)I should be working now!(進行)I should have practiced more (than I did)!(完成)我應(yīng)該多多練習?。ㄑ韵轮?，現(xiàn)在我練習得不多。）I shouldnt dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)(actually I did dream away my time too much!)It shouldnt have been leaking for su

17、ch a long time!(完成進行)I may/might/could have finished!(完成)一些常見的句型中，就會出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語氣，而處于從句之中，should 常常被省略掉o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;o require, request;o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.由于他們的含義中包含建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會包含有shoul

18、d+原型時態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語氣。這些動詞（以及他們的名次形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形：主語從句，表語從句，同位語從句Its suggested thatMy suggestion is thatThe only suggestion that.The only suggestion I can give you now is that 一些形容詞引起的表語從句中，也會有同樣的情況important; necessary; essentialItsnatural; strange; incrediblethata pity; a shame; no wonder 由lest, for f

19、ear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用shouldv 表達與事實相反1. 與現(xiàn)在相反：使用過去時：I wish I were not here!(一般現(xiàn)在一般過去)Suppose we were not here.He loved me as if I were his own son.(一般現(xiàn)在一般過去)Hope I werent always losing things!(現(xiàn)在進行過去進行)If only/If I hadnt been there!(現(xiàn)在完成過去完成)What if I hadnt been waiting right here!(現(xiàn)在完成進行過去完成進行

20、)常考句型：Its (high) time (that); would rather (that) 這兩個從句，只能表達對現(xiàn)在的看法，所以，從句中只有一般過去時。2. 與過去相反：過去完成時； How nice it is if I had past the test! How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!3. 與將來相反？將來的事情沒有發(fā)生，所以只能推測。 If it rains tomorrow, well have to stay one day more. 不過，由于可以用be to表示將來；所以，虛擬語氣中

21、經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)were to；也是CET-4的常考語法點。v 虛擬條件句o if 部分，做一個與事實相反的假設(shè)（所以只有一般過去和過去完成）；o 主句部分，這是表示基于這個假設(shè)的推測，一般使用情態(tài)動詞would，少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/may。o 注意：兩個部分之間，是有邏輯關(guān)系，而在兩部分的謂語動詞時態(tài)上，沒有必然的聯(lián)系。v 注意，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，產(chǎn)生倒裝。v 隱含的非真實條件What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?How could I be happy without you?除了條件狀語從句之外，

22、原因狀語從句也會出現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。o 由in order that, so that引起的從句，肯定的時候可以使用may/might; can/could; 否定的時候，多用shouldnt;o whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的從句中，多用may+情態(tài)動詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別 最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語境來考查情態(tài)動詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別，因此在平時學習時準確理解和掌握情態(tài)動詞的基本用法十分重要。情態(tài)動詞的用法復(fù)雜多變，在高考試題中，命題者常常利用語境和句子之間意義上的細微差別來考查學生對情態(tài)動詞的理解和掌握。對于情態(tài)動詞，除了要求考生能夠準確掌握它們的基本用

23、法外，還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語境來分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來高考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動詞的考點進行歸納分析，以便同學們復(fù)習掌握。 一、用“情態(tài)動詞have done”結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去動作的推測，高考試題中常用過去時態(tài)或過去的時間狀語給以暗示。情態(tài)動詞的這一用法可以用 “對立統(tǒng)一”來概括。 1當試題的前句和后句在動作和意義上相互補充說明，且整個句意在動作和時間上是一個整體時，我們可用“統(tǒng)一”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有： must have done： 表示對過去動作的肯定推測，常譯作“一定做了”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為cantcouldnt have done

24、疑問式為CanCould.have done。 could might have done：表示對過去發(fā)生的動作的可能性推測，常譯作“可能做了”。如： 1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he your lecture A couldnt have attended B neednt have attended C mustnt have attended D shouldnt have attended 本題選A。 2) Jack yet, otherwise he would have tele

25、phoned me A mustnt have arrived B shouldnt have arrived C cant have arrived D need not have arrived （C） 2當試題的前后句在動作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時，常借助“but, however, instead”等詞來表示過去的動作與客觀事實不符，這時我們就可以用“對立”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有： should have done ought to have done：表示過去本應(yīng)該做某事而實際上沒有做。 should not have done ought not to have do

26、ne：表示過去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實上卻做了。 need have done：表示過去本來有必要去做某事，但事實上沒有做。 need not have done：表示過去本來沒有必要做某事，但事實上卻做了。如：3) I was really anxious about you You home without a word (NMET2001) A mustnt leave B shouldnt have left C couldnt have left D neednt leave“本不應(yīng)該離家出走卻走了”，故本題選B。 4) I told Sally how to get here, but

27、 perhaps I for her (NMET94)A had to write it out B must have written it outC should have written it out D ought to write it out由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對立關(guān)系，分析題意可知本題應(yīng)選C。二、考查情態(tài)動詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語境來考查考生對那些最常見的情態(tài)動詞的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做這樣的試題時應(yīng)認真分析語境中所含的實際意義，并結(jié)合情態(tài)動詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇。5) Is John coming by tra

28、in He should, but he not He likes driving his car A must B can C need D may mustnt 表示“禁止、不準”；cannot 表示“不可能”；need not 表示“不必要”；may not 表示“可能不”。分析語境可知本題應(yīng)選D。 6) I hear youve got a set of valuable Australian coins I have a look Yes, certainly A Do B May C Shall D Should 分析語境可知這是在征求對方的許可，may表示“允許、可以”，語氣比較

29、委婉 shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語的疑問句中,表示征求對方意見和指示，如果此空用shall，則意為“要（我）看一下嗎？”，不符合上下文意思。故本題選B。 7) Mr Bush is on time for everything How it be that he was late for the opening ceremony A can B should C may D must must be 表示肯定的猜測，只能用于肯定句中，由題意可知本題應(yīng)選A。 8) Are you coming to Jeffs party Im not sure I go to the concert i

30、nstead A must B would C should D might 由題意和下句中的 “Im not sure” 可知這段對話中存在一種可能性推測，might可以用來表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷，故本題選D。又如： I should have been there, but I not find the time A would B could C might D should 分析題意可知第二個分句表示過去的某種能力；C 項只表示語氣上的可能性，與題意不符。故本題選B。 9) Johnny, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself A

31、wont; cant B mustnt; may C shouldnt; must D cant; shouldnt mustnt 表示“不可以；禁止”，分析題意可知第二個空表示某種可能性，故本題選B。 10) Will you stay for lunch Sorry, My brother is coming to see me A I mustnt B I cant C I neednt D I wont 分析題意可知因為“我弟弟要來看我”，所以“不能留下”，因此對別人的邀請或要求應(yīng)給予禮貌的拒絕。A 項表示“禁止”；C項表示“不必要”；而D項表示“不會”，均不符合題意。故本題選B。又如

32、： Could I borrow your dictionary Yes, of course you A might B will C can D should (C)11)When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon They be ready by 1200 A can B should C might D need 該題考查情態(tài)動詞should的基本含義，分析句意可知本題應(yīng)選B。又如： 12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyon

33、e get out( A had to B would C could D was able to 該題考查了could和be able to的區(qū)別，二者都可表示過去時間的能力，但如果表示過去成功地做了某事只能使用was were able to do，故本題選D。13) Shall I tell John about it No, you Ive told him already A neednt B wouldnt C mustnt D shouldnt 情態(tài)動詞shall在試題中表示征詢對方意見或請求指示。答句暗示 “沒有必要了”，故本題選A三、一致關(guān)系一)主謂一致1主謂一致（與插入語無

34、關(guān)） 1主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語從句或者省略的定語從句分隔。 2定語從句中的主謂一致： 3隨前一致： n.+togetherwithn2 aswellas including alongwith with/of accompaniedwith/by EG:小明和所有的同學一起去爬西山。4就近原則：n1orn2+v（就近原則） eithern1orn2Neither nor EG:咖啡和茶 5可數(shù)n1and可數(shù)n2+v(pl) 不可數(shù)n1and不可數(shù)n2+v(pl) 例外：warandpeaceiswarandpeace是一個整體 但是如果主語表示的是同一個概念，同一人，同一事的時候，

35、謂語動詞用單數(shù)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接的兩個詞只有一個冠詞。The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.類似的還有：lawandorderbreadand butterblackandwhitefork and knife Toloveandtobelovedis Alawyerandateachera

36、re Alawyerandteacheris 6隨后原則：notAbutB/notonlyAbutalsoB+v.(與B一致) EG:英語課和睡覺7百分比結(jié)構(gòu)：most,half,rest,some,majority,one+persent of+n1+v.（由n1決定）8倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致： a）Therebe+n由名詞決定動詞 b）Among,between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)： Among/Between+系動詞+n.（由名詞決定動詞） 9The+adj的主謂一致： a）當表示“一類人”， b）當表示某一抽象概念時Thegoodisalwaysattractive. 10 Todo

37、/doing/主從+vs *Morethanone+n manya+n. adayortwo 二)、倒裝1 全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。2) 表示運動方向的副詞(back, down, off, up)或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。注意：1) 上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞

38、則不能倒裝。Here he comes.Away they went. 2) 謂語動詞是be的時候，不能倒裝。 Here it is.Here you are.3）形容詞短語/分詞短語位于句首，引起倒裝 *typicalofcharacteristicof *coincidingwith+n 4）表示地點范圍的介詞短語位于句首，謂語動詞為系動詞，一定引起倒裝 In（表語）+系動詞+主，主同。*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there *常考介詞要倒裝：amongbetweeninatbeneath 常考的系動詞：belieexistremainrest 部分倒裝1否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒裝：n

39、otonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely, seldom,rarely,nosoonerthan 1）notuntil+時間+主謂倒裝，notuntil+句子+主謂倒裝 2）only+狀語位于句首 only+ad.eg:recently prep.短短語eg:inrecentlyyears 從句eg:whenclause only一個詞本身不倒裝 3）在比較級結(jié)構(gòu)中，than后面可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。 1) Neithe

40、r, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，產(chǎn)生倒裝，一般主動詞提前，謂語動詞的其他部分就4) as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前）。as讓步雖然，盡管詞序倒裝。語氣比 though 強。 Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他雖成功，卻不驕傲。Women as she is, shes every brave.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意：A) 句首名詞不能帶任何

41、冠詞。B) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。5) 其他部分倒裝 a) so that 句型中的so; such that句型中的such位于句首時，需倒裝。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.c) 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I w

42、ould try it again.四、復(fù)合句從句可分為： 名詞性從句 主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句 形容詞性從句定語從句 副詞性從句狀語從句v 常考的關(guān)系代詞：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。v 常見的同位語從句現(xiàn)行詞（that之前的抽象名詞）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding v 常用的引導(dǎo)詞o 時間狀語從句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner than; hardly when; scarcely/barely when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doingo 地點狀語從句：where; wherevero 原因狀語從句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now th