職稱英語理工綜合和衛(wèi)生教材完形填空新增文章

1、2012年職稱英語理工、綜合和衛(wèi)生教材完形填空（6篇） 第三篇 Germs on Banknotes 第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk+第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar Cells+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Muc

2、h of Japanese Earthquake Damage注：1、+表示A級文章；*表示B即文章；其他為C級文章2、閱讀理解3、2012年詞匯部分與2011年教材相比未作任何變化 第三篇 Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use

3、 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread dis

4、ease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study,

5、 which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live

6、 bacteria - no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most - about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8

7、.Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Au

8、stralian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos. The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understa

9、nd how germs live on money-and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it

10、; after all5, you never know where your money 's been. Or what's living on it詞匯：pesos/pi:svs/ n 比索 bacterium /kæk'tirim/ n 細(xì)菌（單數(shù)）germ/d:m/ n病菌 bacteria /bæktiri細(xì)菌（復(fù)數(shù)）banknote/bæknvt/ n紙幣 centimeter/senti,mi:t。/ n厘米microbiologist /,maikrv,baildist/n.微生 polymer/plim / n. 高分子

11、聚合物物學(xué)家 harbor/ha:b/ v懷有，藏有vendor/vendI/n小販 注釋：1.have one thing in common ：有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)2. well over ：大大超過3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大學(xué)的食品微生物學(xué)家，他率領(lǐng)一個(gè)全球研究小組對至少10個(gè)國家的紙幣展開了分析。他的研究結(jié)果是：相對于比較落后貧窮的國家，富裕發(fā)達(dá)國家的紙幣所攜帶的病菌較少。重要的是，世界各地紙幣上的病菌數(shù)量都沒有達(dá)到令人擔(dān)心的程度。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)紙幣使用的年限和材質(zhì)對紙幣的污染程度也有影響。4. University of Bal

12、larat in Australia：澳大利亞巴拉瑞特大學(xué)。該校建立于1994年，位于維多利亞省的巴拉瑞特市。5. after all：畢竟練習(xí):1. A coins B money C cheques D loans2. A different B clean C hard D foreign 3. A anniversary B year C decade D century4. A along B with C within D outside 5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces6. A delivered B borrowed C

13、gathered D designed 7. A because B though C when D where8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper9. A languages B colors C substances D materials10. A family B team C advisor D boss11. A expensesB banks C statements D currencies12. A nearly B mostly C likely D merely13. A dirt B water C germs D oil14.

14、A compareB connect C conduct D command15. A arms B hands Cface D clothes答案與題解:1.B 冒號(hào)后面說的是各國使用錢幣的名稱:“yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom ，dollars in the United States，Aus往'alia and New Zealand” ，所以填人的詞必 定與這些錢幣有關(guān)，而且應(yīng)該是錢幣的總括詞。因此選 money 最為恰當(dāng)。coins 是“硬幣”，cheques 是“支票” ，loans是“

15、貸款”，它們都不會(huì)是答案。2.A 本題的句子說的是:雖然各國使用的紙幣各不相同，它們有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，那就是紙幣上 有病菌。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中 different 是答案。3.D 選century 最合理。選 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合邏輯。4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本題的線索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究與以前的科學(xué)家的研究不同，他比較了各國錢幣上的病菌數(shù)量， 在他之前的科學(xué)家的研究范圍局限于一個(gè)國家的紙幣。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 within 表達(dá)“在(一個(gè)國家)里”的意思。5. A 經(jīng)過第四題選詞的思索過程，本題的形容詞很自然會(huì)在 different

16、 之后用 countries，指不同的國家。6. C 上一句說 Vriesekoop 比較不同國家紙幣攜帶病菌的數(shù)量。本題的句子明確指出他對比 的紙幣涉及十個(gè)國家。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 gathered (收集)與上下文的意思相匹配。7. A填詞所在的句子與前面的主句存在因果關(guān)系。為什么要從食品店和食品攤收集紙幣呢?因?yàn)檫@些地方常要用現(xiàn)金支付。本題答案是 because。8. C fabric 是“織物”，其制作原料不會(huì)是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡膠)。選 paper 也不對， 因?yàn)楸揪涫钦f明紙幣的制作原料通常不是紙。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton( 棉花)，這是合乎

17、常理的。而且該段倒數(shù)第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。9.D 本段說紙幣的材料一般不是紙，通常是用棉花織物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以選擇materials( 材料、原料)是正確的。10. B 本題應(yīng)當(dāng)選 team。與 family (家庭成員)，advisor (顧問)或 boss (老板)合作研究不是 沒有可能，但總有些離譜。與團(tuán)隊(duì)合作研究比較合理。11. D 本段第二句提供了線索，它列出三種紙幣，即 the Australian dollar ，the New Zealanddollar 和 some Mexican pesos。選 currencies 是最合理的。另外三個(gè)選

18、項(xiàng)都不合適; expenses是“支出”，banks 是“銀行” ，statements 是“賬單”。12. B 本題只有選 mostly，上下文意思才連貫。13. C 前一句說用高分子聚合物制作的錢幣含菌數(shù)量較少。本題的句子接著分析說，在高分子聚合物上存活較難。誰存活較難？當(dāng)然是病菌。本題答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是非生物，不存在生存的問題。14.A 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)填入句子后，句子成了： “compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different ty

19、pes of bills”, 很明顯；connect （連接）/conduct （實(shí)施）/command（控制）amounts of time是無法成立的。只有compare(比較）不同紙幣上病菌存活的時(shí)間才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新課題。15. B人們通常是用手接觸紙幣的。所以接觸紙幣后要洗手。答案是hands。第十篇  Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness   Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad

20、for your arteries 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, theyre good for your heart and 2 The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel "For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, a

21、nd lead author on the studyThe study came out of the research program of his coauthor Shira GabrielIt has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotionsSome people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of lo

22、ved onesTroisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to themOthers were given an emotionally

23、 neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food 9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelyBut

24、 people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us"says Troisi"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those

25、close others"In 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodThis was a question they h

26、ad been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember it. Throughout everyones daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others," Troisi says"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness 詞匯：mashed /mæt

27、/ adj被搗成糊漿的macaroni/ macaroni/ n通心粉cheese / ti:z / n奶酪artery/ artery / n動(dòng)脈assignment / 'sainmnt / n指定作業(yè)reminder / reminder/ n起提醒作用的東西remedy /remedy/ n治療方法，藥物virtual/'v:tul/ adj虛擬的注釋：fort food：爽心食品2. graduate student：研究生3. The University of Buffalo：布法羅大學(xué)，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（ Buffalo City) ，屬于紐約州立

28、大學(xué)，因此稱為紐約州立大學(xué)水牛城分校。4. lead author：首席作者5. their nearest and dearest：他們最接近和最親愛的人6. levels of loneliness：孤獨(dú)程度7. only if: 只有（在情況下）8. Throughout everyone's daily lives：在每一個(gè)人的日常生活中。through 有“貫穿”的意思。練習(xí)：1A  but    B if    C though  D while2A

29、60; personality    B movement    C emotions  D  will3A  privately    B usefully    C awfully  D personally4A  looked for    B looked at 

30、0;  C  looked after  D  looked up5A  favorite    B trustful    C boring  D annoying6A  with    B on    C by    D at7A  p

31、rofessors    B participants    C assistants  D  scientists8A  group    B class    C section D part9A  Previously    B Formally    C Initiall

32、y  D Finally10A  remember    B explain    C  rewrite  D  complete11A  sad    B secure    C shy  D angry12A  your    B ou

33、r    C his  D their13A  accident    B harm    C experience  D  model14A  eating    B exchanging    C buying  D keepingl 5A  expres

34、sions    B estimation    C cooperation D  connections答案與題解：l. A本句前半句說土豆泥、通心粉等對血管有害（ bad) ，后半句說這些食物對心臟有利(good) 。很明顯，前半句與后半句意思相反，所以要選轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞but加以連接。2. C 根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷，吃土豆泥不會(huì)對personality （性格） .movement （移動(dòng)）或will （意志力）產(chǎn)生有利影響。隨后的文章，多處提到吃爽心食品（ favorite food ）有助于排解孤

35、獨(dú)感。所以選emotions 是正確的。3.D本題的答案是personally0 For me personally （就我個(gè)人而言）與下文的意思很連貫。privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）與下文的意思搭不上，所以不會(huì)是答案。4. B 本題的答案是looked at0?！發(fā)ooked at non-human things” 相當(dāng)于“studied （研究） nonhuman things”，與上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（尋找）、looked after （照顧）和lookedup（查找）與下文的意思搭配不上。5.A本句的意思是

36、：人們?yōu)榱伺沤夤陋?dú)感，常常把自己和電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等聯(lián)系起來。選項(xiàng)中有四個(gè)形容詞，應(yīng)該選哪一個(gè)形容詞去修飾TV shows 呢？應(yīng)該選褒義的形容詞： favorite （喜愛的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但對電視劇來說談不上信任的問題。favorite最合理，是本題答案。6. C 上一句說到，人們?yōu)榱伺沤夤陋?dú)感，常常把自己和喜愛的電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等聯(lián)系起來。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通過吃爽心食品讓他們想起親近的人，是不是也能產(chǎn)生同樣的排解孤獨(dú)感的效果呢？四個(gè)介詞中只有by的詞義是“通過”。其余三個(gè)介詞在含義上都不合適。7.B 選professors（教授）

37、、assistants（助手）或scientists（科學(xué)家）不合常理，科學(xué)家選實(shí)驗(yàn)對象時(shí)不會(huì)選他們。participants ( 參與者）是本題的答案。8.A本題應(yīng)該選group，指每一組的參與者。用class （班級）, section （部門）或part （部分）在意義上顯然都不合適。9. D 本段敘述試驗(yàn)的幾個(gè)步驟。第一步要一部分受試者描寫與親人的爭斗，其他受試者寫情感上中性的話題。第二步（文中用then 加以連接）將上述兩組受試者中的每一組再一分為二，一些人描寫吃爽心食品的經(jīng)歷，另一些人描寫吃新食品的經(jīng)歷。接下來應(yīng)該是第三步了。從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中尋找，只有Finally 最合適，原來第三步

38、就是最后一步了。1O.D 實(shí)驗(yàn)的最后一步是受試者被要求書面回答10個(gè)問題。complete 是答案。要求他們r(jià)emember（記?。?、delete （刪除）或rewrite （重寫） questions 都不合乎邏輯。11. B 與親近的人爭吵會(huì)引發(fā)孤獨(dú)感，但是，一般說來，人們的關(guān)系若是通常處于什么狀態(tài)，通過寫出他們吃爽心食物的經(jīng)歷會(huì)降低他們的孤獨(dú)感呢？一定不會(huì)是sad、shy或angry ，答案應(yīng)該是secure （穩(wěn)定的）。12.D 修飾essays 的所有格代詞在人稱與數(shù)上要與they 一致，所以their 是答案。13. C “eating food with family and f

39、riends” 是一種experience （經(jīng)歷），不會(huì)是一個(gè)accident （事故）、harm （危害）或model （樣式）。很明顯， experience 是本題的答案。14.A 文章中幾次提到吃爽心食物有助于緩解孤獨(dú)感。所以本題選eating 是很自然的。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)， exchanging （交換）、buying （買）或keeping （保留）若填入句子中，與后面的賓語chicken soup in the lab 連用，意思上說不通。15.D 本題的答案是connections。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在意思上都不合適。*第十一篇  Climate Change Po

40、ses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities     A new examination of urban policies has been     1    recently by Patricia Romero LankaoShe is a sociologist specializing in climate change and    2    developmentShe warns

41、that many of the worlds fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countrieswill likely suffer from the impacts of changing climateHer work also concludes that most cities are failing to   3    emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse  

42、;  4   These  gases are known to affect the atmosphere”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to    5   &

43、#160;their residents."    Cities are      6    sources of greenhouse gasesAnd urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankaos findings  highlight ways in which city-resi

44、dents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term     7        The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disaste

45、rs. Potential    8    associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat     9  paved cities more than surrounding areasThe imp

46、acts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environmentFor example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing  widespread health problemsPoorer neighborhoods that  may  10  basic facilities such as drinking

47、 water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disastersMany residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing   11     access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.      Local governments

48、,     12    ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric     13    meaningful responses,  Romero Lankao writes, ” They dont impose construction standards that could r

49、educe heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce      14      use. In fact, many local  governments  are taking  a handsoff  approach.” Thus, she urges them to cha

50、nge their      15     policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.詞匯：vulnerable / 'vlnrbl / adj 易受傷害的infrastructure / 'infr,strkt / n 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施sociologist /,susi'ldist /n社會(huì)學(xué)家substandard / ,sb

51、9;stændd / adj標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以下的dioxide / dai'ksaid / 二氧化物floodplain /'fldplein / n 泛濫平原注釋：1. likely：很可能，或許。在本句中用作副詞。2. be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容詞，用作表語。3. findings：調(diào)查結(jié)果4. storm surges：風(fēng)暴潮5. paved cities：鋪上瀝青路面的城市6. spring up：涌現(xiàn)7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辭反應(yīng)。這個(gè)詞的意思是：（地方政府）話講得很漂亮，但內(nèi)容空洞。8. a ha

52、nds-off approach：一種不插手的政策練習(xí)： 1A carry along    B carried away    C carried out  D carried back 2A economic    B industrial    C  rural  D urban 3A reduce   

53、0;B increase    C study  D measure4A crops    B gases    C fruits  D Plant5 5A educate    B evaluate    C protect  D identify 6A doubtful    

54、;B possible    C repeatable  D major 7A uses    B chances    C cures  D benefits 8A threats    B interests    C functions  D differences 9A locally &#

55、160;  B heavily    C suddenly  D mildlyl0A provide    B improve    C lack  D update11A without    B with    C in  D on12A  moreover   &

56、#160;B therefore    C however  D though13A other than    B more than    C less than  D rather than14A train    B  automobile    C  bus  D  b

57、ike15A idle    B smart    C busy  D secure答案與題解：1. C 本題的答案是carried out（執(zhí)行；完成）?！癆 new examination of urban policies has beencarried out” 意思上配得上。carried along（攜帶）、carried away（運(yùn)走）和carried back（運(yùn)回）與下文的意思搭配不上。2.D通篇文章討論的是氣候變化對城市的影響及其應(yīng)對措施，并沒有涉及economic （經(jīng)濟(jì)

58、的）、industrial （工業(yè)的）和rural （農(nóng)村的）的話題。所以，這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不可能是答案，urban才是答案。3.A前面一句談到，發(fā)展中國家的飛速成長的城市備受氣候變化的折磨。本句緊接上一句的意思，大多數(shù)城市沒有做到減少二氧化碳的排放量。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，要選reduce。4. B 減少的不僅是二氧化碳，還有g(shù)reenhouse gases （溫室氣體）。gases 是答案。5. C 城市應(yīng)該采取有效的措施應(yīng)對氣候變化。采取措施的目的當(dāng)然是為了保護(hù)城市居民?？墒荓ankao 發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣做的城市太少了。本題選protect 最合適。6.D前面說到大多數(shù)城市沒有做到減少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。這

59、說明“Cities are majorsources of greenhouse gases”（城市是溫室氣體的主要來源），不會(huì)是doubtful sources （不能確定的來源）, possible sources（可能的來源），更不會(huì)是repeatable sources（不斷重復(fù)的來源）。7.D城市居民最易受氣候變化的傷害，所以 Lankao 建議地方政府要進(jìn)行政策介入以降低居民因氣候變化受到的傷害，而這會(huì)帶來立即的和長期的益處。因此，uses 、 chances 和cures可以排除。benefits（益處）才是答案。8.A 由climate change 引發(fā)的storm surg

60、es 和prolonged hot weather 給城市居民造成傷害。interests 、functions 和differences 這三個(gè)詞與storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的傷害掛不上號(hào)，不會(huì)是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 對城市居民會(huì)構(gòu)成威脅。因此threats 才是答案。9. B 為什么prolonged hot weather 對城市居民造成的傷害超過對其周邊地區(qū)居民造成的傷害？因?yàn)槌鞘械缆肥谴罅夸佋O(shè)瀝青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不符合上述意思。10.C 貧窮社區(qū)更易受

61、到傷害，句子給出有關(guān)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的各個(gè)方面。貧窮社區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施一定是不盡如人意的。所以要選lack。1LA貧窮國家許多人住在不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和basic services 這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，從上下文判斷，貧窮居民不會(huì)享有這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。所以選without 比較合理。12.B 本題的答案是therefore。上文說的是氣候變化給城鎮(zhèn)居民帶來的種種問題。下文說的是地方政府應(yīng)該采取相應(yīng)的對策以保護(hù)城鎮(zhèn)居民。兩部分的敘述是一種因果關(guān)系，所以要選therefore。13.D rhetoric responses （言辭反應(yīng)，即用言語予以搪塞

62、的反應(yīng)）和meaningful responses （有意義的反應(yīng)）是兩種截然不同的反應(yīng)。地方政府的反應(yīng)是前者還是后者？隨后的句子，特別是a hands-off approach，說明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningfulresponses 。所以本題要選rather than（而不是）。14.B 句中的“emphasize mass transit”提示，要減少的運(yùn)輸工具不會(huì)是大眾交通工具，因此選項(xiàng)中的train 和bus便可排除。bike 是人力驅(qū)動(dòng)，不會(huì)釋放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是automobile 。私人汽車排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的

63、污染源之一。15. A “. . many local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的a hands-off approach 提示， Lankao 敦促地方政府改變的一定是他們無所作為（ idle) 的政策。idle 是正確的選擇。*第十二篇  Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk    Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of

64、60;    1     so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London     2     in a newstudy    Statins reduce the     3 

65、   of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack     4     .    In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiol

66、ogy，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is     5     to offset the increase in heart attack risk from     6     a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake