高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法分類講解：句子成分

1、語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分；簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。（二）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞前面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American has become more and more popular.（名詞） often speak

2、English in class.（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）（主語(yǔ)從句）. （it 作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）（三）謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)說明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：He running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You the book for two weeks. He（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：We （

3、四）表語(yǔ)：表語(yǔ)用以說明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an （名詞）Is it ? （代詞）The weather has turned . （形容詞）The speech isThree times seven is ? （數(shù)詞）His job is （不定式）His hobby（愛好）is . （動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be （

4、介詞短語(yǔ)）Time is . The class is . （副詞）The truth is . （表語(yǔ)從句）（五）賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如： They went to see an （展覽）yesterday. （名詞）The heavy rain prevented form coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have （數(shù)詞）They helped with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended

5、 （不定式短語(yǔ)）I enjoy （動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）I think（賓語(yǔ)從句）賓語(yǔ)種類：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make 等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him . （名詞）They pain

6、ted their boat . （形容詞）Let the fresh air . （副詞）You mustnt force himWe saw her . （現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab（介詞短語(yǔ)）We will soon make our city（七）定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a （形容詞）China is a （分詞）There are thirty teachers is our school.（名詞）rapid progress in English made us surp

7、rised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first. （不定式短語(yǔ)）The plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article . （介詞短語(yǔ)）（八）狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆篖ight travels . （副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city . （介詞短語(yǔ)）He is proud （不定式短語(yǔ)） He is in the roomWait . （名詞）, you must

8、 continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)種類如下：How about meeting again ? （時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）Last night she didnt go to the dance party . （原因狀語(yǔ)）I shall go there . （條件狀語(yǔ)）Mr Smith lives （地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）She put the eggs into the basket （方式狀語(yǔ)）She came in （伴隨狀語(yǔ)）, I must work harder.（目的狀語(yǔ)）He was so tired （結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）She works very hard . （讓步狀語(yǔ)）I am taller .

9、（比較狀語(yǔ)）練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：二、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的主語(yǔ)（）、謂語(yǔ)（）、賓語(yǔ)（）：I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until

10、 dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more me

11、n for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的定語(yǔ)（）、狀語(yǔ)（）、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（）：Most

12、 Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In yo

13、ur letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your

14、 parents.四、選擇填空：( 1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold( 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet( 4. He

15、got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B . late C. latest D. latter( 5. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we( 6. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( 7.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its

16、 B. it C. that D. that is二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she?3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the b

17、oy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起 e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; th

18、e road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1、主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)：e.g. He is a student.2、主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g. We work.3、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主語(yǔ)

19、+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。（三）并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等

20、。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so e

21、very day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考點(diǎn)探討1、簡(jiǎn)單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書面表達(dá)中，沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語(yǔ)句子來表達(dá)清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個(gè)題目，幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。3、高考對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對(duì)連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)

22、詞。一、判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句： 練習(xí)二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there? 4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evenin

23、g. 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy count

24、ry music. 二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句： I hope you are very well（ ）. I'm fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） S

25、ometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ） Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him . （ ）. But he employs m

26、ore men for the harvest（ ） . My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ） . It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）. Most Sa

27、turday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. It's great（ ） ! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I don't, because I have to drive home after

28、the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. P

29、lease give my best regards to your parents（ ）. 三、選擇填空： 1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it. A. and B. or C. if D. so 3. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again! A. How B. What C. What a D. What an 7. Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition. A. then B. but C.

30、 and D. or 8. Im sorry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night. A. and B. but C. so D. because 6 9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _. A. Henry hasnt too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry 10. There

31、are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming. A. or B. for C. while D. so 11. - Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home? - Id like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so 12. - “_ is the temperature today?” -“Its 38 degrees.” A. Which B. Ho

32、w C. How hot D. How high 13. - Your uncle isnt an engineer, is he? - _. A. Yes, he isnt B. No, he isnt C. No, he is D. He is 14. _ friendly _ to everyone! A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is 15. Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired. A. or B. so C. for D. yet 16. Mo

33、ther _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made 17. He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library. A. but B. and C. or D. yet 18. - Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. - _ what you want and I can get it for you. A. Tell me B. If you wou

34、ld say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me 19. As he is strong, _ can lift one hundred pounds. A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he 20. - I thought you had an umbrella. - I had, _ Ive lost it. A. since B. but C. because D. so 21. _ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room. A. Turning B

35、. To turn C. Turned D. Turn 22. - I dont like chicken _ fish. - I dont like chicken _ I like fish very much. A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but 23. - Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - Id like to, _ Im too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 24. Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall

36、 we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise 25. She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later. A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived 26. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and an

37、grily pointed 27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A. whom B. where C. which D. while 28. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do. A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave 30. _ him and then try to copy what he does. A. Mind B. Glance

38、at C. Stare at D. Watch 7 語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分；簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句 練習(xí)一： 一、1、主語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)；2、間接賓語(yǔ)；3、謂語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)；4、定語(yǔ)；5、狀語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)；6、定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)； 7、賓語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)；8、謂語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)；9、謂語(yǔ)；10、主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)；11、謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)；12、狀語(yǔ)；13、 形式賓語(yǔ)，真正賓語(yǔ)；14、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)；15、插入語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)；16、賓語(yǔ)(間賓+直賓；17、狀語(yǔ)， 狀語(yǔ)；18、形式主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)；19、賓補(bǔ)；20、表語(yǔ) 二、略 三、略 四、15 CBDBB 610 ACBAB 練習(xí)二： 一、1、簡(jiǎn)單句；2、復(fù)合句；3、簡(jiǎn)單句；4、簡(jiǎn)單句；5、并列句；6、復(fù)合句；7

39、、并列句；8、 復(fù)合句；9、簡(jiǎn)單句；10、簡(jiǎn)單句 二、 I hope you are very well（復(fù)合句）. I'm fine, but tired（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（并列句）. August is the hottest month here（簡(jiǎn)單句）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（并列句）

40、 Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（簡(jiǎn)單句）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat 并列復(fù)合句） We have a lot of （ . machines on the farm （簡(jiǎn)單句）Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him . （復(fù)合句） But he employs more men for the harvest . （簡(jiǎn)單句） My brother takes care of the vegetable . garden （簡(jiǎn)單句） It doesn't often rain in the summer here . （簡(jiǎn)單句） As a result,