英語時態(tài)中的一般過去時以及現(xiàn)在完成時講解與練習精品適用于初中水平較好以及高中水平較差的同學

1、英語時態(tài)講解與練習（二）一、一般過去時一般過去時是由動詞的過去式來表示的。一般過去時表示過去某一具體時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。動詞的過去式的構(gòu)成分為規(guī)則與不規(guī)則兩類。一般過去時的基本構(gòu)成：規(guī)則動詞后+ed1. 表示過去發(fā)生的動作，與現(xiàn)在毫無聯(lián)系，與確定的時間狀語詞連用，如：then,at that time,just now,yesterday,last year,in 1998,ago2. 表示過去習慣動作，只適用于動態(tài)動詞Eg.When she was in Beijing,she often came to see me.二、現(xiàn)在完成時(重點及難點)構(gòu)成：助動詞have/has+過去分

2、詞表示過去發(fā)生的動作，對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響。常與already, just, yet, in the last few years, so far, -Have you had your lunch yet?-yes, I have. I have just had it.（現(xiàn)在我不餓了）I have already posted the photos.(這些照片已不在這里了) 表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛結(jié)束，也可能繼續(xù)下去。常與for, since引導的時間狀語連用（For+一段時間 ，Since+某一點時間），可以用how long提問。其中“for+一段

3、時間”用在肯定句中，動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞；在否定句中，延續(xù)性動詞或短暫性動詞均可。Since連接的從句中，常用短暫性動詞的一般過去時。I have known Li Ming for three years.They have lived here since 1996.They have lived here since they graduated from university.She has taught us since I came to this school.How long have you worked in this factory?現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時

4、表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如yesterday, last night, three days ago, in 1990等。而一般過去時只表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系。它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。I have seen the film.我已經(jīng)看過這部電影（我了解這部電影的內(nèi)容）I saw the film last week.我上一周看了這部電影。（只說明上星期看了這部電影，不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況。He has lived here since 1992. 1992你年以來他一直住在這里。（他現(xiàn)在還住在這里）

5、He lived here in 1992. 1992年他住在這里。（不涉及現(xiàn)在他是否還住在這里）have bee to和have gone tohave been to 表示曾經(jīng)去過某地 have gone to 表示已經(jīng)去某地了。have bee in a place在某地待了有多久。現(xiàn)在完成時的口訣:發(fā)生在過去，影響在現(xiàn)在。延續(xù)性動詞與終止性動詞講解動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過程的長短可分為延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞。延續(xù)性動詞（或稱為持續(xù)性動詞）終止性動詞（或稱為瞬間動詞、非延續(xù)性動詞、非延續(xù)性動詞、界限性動詞）表示動作一發(fā)生即告結(jié)束的動詞叫終止性動詞，表示持續(xù)一段時間的動詞叫延續(xù)性動

6、詞。 一、英語中常見的終止性動詞有：leave， go，come，arrive，begin，buy，borrow，die，join， become，marry，graduate，become等。由于終止性動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生與結(jié)束在一瞬間完成，所以終止性動詞的完成體的肯定式既不能與表示一段時間的狀語“for 時間段”或“ since 時間點”連用，也不能用在how long引導的特殊疑問句之中。例句： 我哥哥參軍兩年了。My brother has joined the army for two years（誤） 我哥哥自1999年就參軍了。My brother has joined the

7、army since 1999（誤） 你哥哥參軍多久了？How long has your brother joined the army ？（誤） 如用延續(xù)性動詞表示瞬間的行為，則必須借助come（表示動作的漸進過程），begin， get（表示動作的變化過程）等動詞。例句： I studied English thirteen years ago（誤） I began to study English thirteen years ago（正） When did you know him？（誤） When did you get to know him ？（正） 二、終止性動詞肯定形式的完

8、成時不能與一段時間狀語連用。可用以下三種方法替換： 時態(tài)替換法 就是把非延續(xù)性動詞的完成時態(tài)，改為過去時態(tài)，然后再把“for+一段時間”改為“一段時間段ago”，句中謂語動詞用一般過去時。例句： My brother joined the army two years ago The old man died ten years ago He left his hometown thirty years ago 句型替換法 (2).since法用“ It is（或has been）一段時間 since”改寫，該句型中since后面的謂語動詞多為終止性動詞，且常用一般過去時。例句： It is（

9、或has been）two years since my brother joined the army It is ten years since the old man died It is（或has been）thirty years since he left his hometown 注：It ishas beensince句型中的動詞若為延續(xù)性動詞，計時的起點是since句中動詞結(jié)束之點。不然應將since句中的動詞改為begin to do sth。例句： It's five years since he studied English他不學英語已五年了。 It'

10、s five years since he began to study English他學英語已五年了。 (3).一段時間法“用一段時間has have passed since SV-ed”句型改寫。例句： Two years has have passed since my brother joined the army Thirty years has have passed since he left his hometown (4).動詞替換法 若保留for 時間段，since 時間點或用在how long句型中，需將終止性動詞改為相應的延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞。例句： My brot

11、her has been in the army for two years Jack has been a postman for about six years When he came home，I had been asleep for three hours Of course I know him very well because we have been friends for ages How long have you been here？ About two months 三、常見終止性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞（或狀態(tài)動詞）的對應關(guān)系如下： leave be away（from）

12、 borrow keep finish end stop be over join the army be serve in the army be a soldier open be openjoin the Party be in the Party be a Party member catch get a cold have a cold fall asleep be asleep go to school be in schoolbe a student begin be on put on（上演）be on buy have become be marry be married（t

13、o） wake up be awake make friends with be friends with open sth keep sth openlose be lost be missing be gone lose one's job work be out of work a job 例句：When he got to the station，the train had been away for a long time My brother has had a bad cold for a week My father joined the Party in 1945He

14、 has been a Party member for about fifty-five years Tom's brother had been in the army for three years before he became a teacher The film had been on for fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema Excuse meHow long may I keep the book？ Two weeks Kate was wearing that red coat from Monday to Satur

15、day Kate has been married to John for nearly ten years Joe told his friends that he had been a lawyer for ten years The factory has been open since 1990 四、since從句中兩種時態(tài)的不同含義 我們再來分析一下since從句中使用終止性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的區(qū)別。 在since從句中我們往往使用終止性動詞的過去時，從句表示的時間是“從那一時刻起”，如： Mr Brown has made quite a few Chinese friends si

16、nce he came to China. 布朗先生自從來中國以后已交了相當多的中國朋友。He has studied very hard since he came to our school他自從來到我們學校學習一直非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自從他們離開這兒，我們一直非常想念他們。 注意：since從句中不可以使用終止性動詞的完成時since從句中的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞的一般過去時，從句表示的時間是“從那延續(xù)性動詞動作結(jié)束時算起”，如：Its three weeks since my aunt stayed he

17、re. (=My aunt hasnt stayed here for three weeks.) 我阿姨不在這兒已有三周了。 I havent heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 自從我離開上海以來，一直沒有收到他的來信。) 但是如果在since從句中的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時，則意味著該狀態(tài)延續(xù)至今，和一般過去時的含義完全相反。試比較： I have been at school since I have been ill. （我生病以來一直在學校里。） I have been at school since I was ill. （

18、我病愈以來一直在學校里。） 弄清since從句中兩種時態(tài)的不同含義，對于以下例句的理解就不會感到困難了。如： Its 4 years since Mr Li smoked. （李先生戒煙已有四年了。）They asked me to have a drink with themI said that it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink他們叫我去喝一杯，我說我至少有十年沒痛痛快快地喝一杯了。 I haven't heard from him since I lived in Shanghai從我離開上海就沒

19、收到過他的來信。 I haven't heard any noise since I slept我醒后沒聽到任何噪音。 He has lived with my uncle since he has returned from abroad（誤） He has lived with my uncle since he returned from abroad（正） 五、終止性在否定句中，因為動作的否定就是一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此，可以和for或since引導的時間狀語連用，也可用在how long？句型中。例句：I haven't received his letter for

20、 two weeks我兩周沒收到他的來信了。 He hasn't come here for 7days他七天沒來這兒了。 She didn't marry ten years when her husband died她結(jié)婚還不到十年，丈夫就去世了。 六、“in數(shù)（時間）名詞”的譯法，主要以句中動詞是延續(xù)性還是終止性而定。一般說來，如果句中動詞是終止性，則譯為“多久之后”。這時若要表達“在多久之內(nèi)”，則需將 in改為within。如果句中動詞是延續(xù)性，則譯為“多久之內(nèi)”。例句： Jack will go to Shanghai in two weeks杰克兩周后就能抵達上海。

21、 Tom will reach New York in a few days湯姆幾天后就能到達紐約。 I'll finish reading this novel within three days三天內(nèi)我就能讀完這本小說。 They will learn Japanese in four or five years他們四五年內(nèi)就能學會日語。 七、as so long as 從句 從句中只可用延續(xù)性動詞或連系動詞，不可用終止性動詞。 if only 從句，則可用終止性動詞。例句： As So long as you insist on studying English for a lo

22、ng time，you'll master it只要你長期堅持學習英語，你就能掌握它。 As So long as you promise our conditions， we can satisfy your request（誤） If only you promise our conditions，we can satisfy your request（正）只要你答應我們的條件，我們就能滿足你的要求。小練一下：section A 一般過去時專練( )1. The mother asked the boy _ down the ladder, but he went on _ ins

23、tead.A. come; climbingB. to come; to climb C. to come; climbing D. coming; climbing( )2. The teacher asked the students to close the windows _ the wind from _ the papers away.A. to stop; blowingB. stopping; blowingC. to stop; blow D. stopped; blow( )3. The sick man stayed in bed, _ very terrible.A.

24、felt B. feeling C. is feeling D. was feeling( )4. Yesterday I heard a story _ by my friend.A. told B. telling C. to tell D. tell( )5. The boy was made _ there for an hour by his father.A. standing B. stand C. to stand D. stands( )6. I saw him _ into the small store.A. went B. going C. to go D. has g

25、one( )7. He raised his voice to make everybody in the room _ him clearly.A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard( )8. Our geography teacher told us yesterday that the earth _ around the sun.A. was moving B. moved C. has moved D. moves( )9. Oh, its you. Im sorry I _ know you _ here.A. dont; are B. did

26、nt; are C. didnt; were D. dont; were( )10. Mr LuXun died in 1936. He _ a lot of famous novels.A. wrote B. was writing C. has written D. would writeSection BI. Fill in the blanks with the proper form.1. I_ already _ (see) the film. I _ (see) it last week.2. _ he _ (finish) his work today? Not yet.3.

27、My father _ just _ (come) back from work. He is tired now.4. Wheres Li Ming ? He _ (go) to the teachers office.5. I _ (work) here since I _ (move) here in 1999.6. So far I _(make) quite a few friends here.7. How long _ the Wangs _(stay) here ? For two weeks.8. I _ just _ (finish) my homework. 9. He _ (go) to school on foot every day. 10._ you _ (find) your science book yet? II. Choose the best answer. 1. How long have you _ here?A. come B. got C. arrived D. been2. My grandpa died _.A. at the age of my