北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的缺點(diǎn)

1、北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的缺點(diǎn) : 北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)有很多缺點(diǎn)。 首先和最重要的是，是，北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定使它可能為 許多美國廠家將作業(yè)移到成本較低的墨西哥。保持工資 下降，在這些行業(yè)中競爭的制造商。 第二個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是很多 墨西哥的 農(nóng)民提出了業(yè)務(wù)美國補(bǔ)貼農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。北美自由貿(mào) 易協(xié)定墨西哥勞動(dòng)和環(huán)境保護(hù)的規(guī)定沒有強(qiáng)大到足以阻 止那些工人被剝削。 美國的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)被丟失 : 在墨西哥， 勞動(dòng)是便宜的因?yàn)?許多制造業(yè) 從高成本的美國各州搬他 們生產(chǎn)的一部分。 1994 年至 2010 年，墨西哥與 美國的 貿(mào)易赤字 總額美元 972 億，取代 682,900 美國的就業(yè)機(jī) 會(huì)。 （然而， 116,400 2007 年

2、以后，發(fā)生的可能是金融危 機(jī)的結(jié)果 ） 近 80%的損失屬于制造業(yè)。加州，紐約，密 歇根州和德克薩斯州受災(zāi)因?yàn)樗麄冇懈邼舛鹊闹参锇岬?墨西哥的產(chǎn)業(yè)。這些行業(yè)包括汽車、 紡織品、 計(jì)算機(jī) 和電器。 （來源 : 經(jīng)濟(jì)政策研究所， "自由貿(mào)易的高成本 ， "2011 年 5 月 3 日） 美國工資被鎮(zhèn)壓 : 在這些行業(yè)中的并 不是所有公司都搬到墨西哥。那些使用移動(dòng)期間聯(lián)盟組 織驅(qū)動(dòng)器的威脅。當(dāng)它成為了選擇之間加入聯(lián)盟或失去 工廠時(shí)，工人選擇工廠。工人沒有工會(huì)的支持，小小的 議價(jià)能力。 這壓抑工資增長。 1993 年至 1995 年，搬到 墨西哥的行業(yè)的所有公司的 50%用于關(guān)閉工

3、廠的威脅。到 1999 年，那率已經(jīng)上升到 65% 。 墨西哥的農(nóng)民被關(guān) :由于北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定，墨西哥失去了 130 萬的農(nóng)場工 作。 2002 年農(nóng)業(yè)法案 資助美國農(nóng)業(yè)的凈農(nóng)業(yè)收入的 40%。 當(dāng)北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定取消了 關(guān)稅 時(shí)，玉米和其它谷物出 口到墨西哥低于成本的價(jià)格。墨西哥農(nóng)民無法競爭。同 時(shí)，墨西哥減少其 補(bǔ)貼 到農(nóng)民從農(nóng)業(yè)收入總額的 33.2% 在 1990 年至 13.2 %2001 年。大多數(shù)的這些補(bǔ)貼無論如 何去墨西哥的大農(nóng)場。 （來源 : 全球化，暴露的自由貿(mào)易， 2003 年 2 月 25 日; 神話國際論壇經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人 ， 關(guān)稅和玉 米餅，2008 年 1 月 24 日）

4、 女工被剝削 : 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié) 定擴(kuò)大 邊境加工程序 ，美國擁有的公司從事邊境附近要 便宜裝配產(chǎn)品出口到美國的墨西哥工人這增長到30%的墨西哥的勞動(dòng)力。這些工人有 "沒有勞動(dòng)權(quán)利或健康保護(hù)， 工作日伸出 12 小時(shí)或更多，如果你是一個(gè)女人，你可 能被迫采取驗(yàn)孕測試時(shí)申請一份工作， "根據(jù)大陸社會(huì)聯(lián) 盟。（來源:W、北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教 訓(xùn)，2001 年 4 月 20 日） 墨西哥的環(huán)境惡化 : 針對(duì)北美自 由貿(mào)易區(qū)的競爭壓力，墨西哥農(nóng)業(yè)綜合企業(yè)使用更多的 化肥和其他化學(xué)品，成本 $ 360 億每年在污染。農(nóng)村農(nóng) 民擴(kuò)大到更加貧瘠的土地，導(dǎo)致森

5、林砍伐速度每 630,000 年公頃。 （來源:卡內(nèi)基 ，北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的承 諾和現(xiàn)實(shí) ，2004 年） 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定，墨西哥卡車呼 吁免費(fèi)訪問 : 未在北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定內(nèi)的另一項(xiàng)協(xié)議。 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定將允許卡車從墨西哥旅行在美國超出 當(dāng)前20英里商業(yè)地帶限制內(nèi)。成立了由 運(yùn)輸部（DoT）的 示范項(xiàng)目審查這的實(shí)用性。在 2008 年， 眾議院終止這 一項(xiàng)目 ，并禁止點(diǎn)允許的北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定過未經(jīng)國會(huì) 批準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行這一規(guī)定。美國國會(huì)擔(dān)心墨西哥卡車將提出道路危險(xiǎn)。他們都不受 相同的 安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為美國卡 車。此外，北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié) 定的這一部分被反對(duì)美國卡車司機(jī)的組織和公司，他可 能已失去業(yè)務(wù)。目

6、前，墨西哥卡車必須停止在 20 英里 極限，有他們的貨物轉(zhuǎn)移到 美國卡車。 也是一個(gè)互惠的 問題。北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定，也就可以無限次的訪問整個(gè) 墨西哥美國卡車。一項(xiàng)類似協(xié)定工作井之間的其他北美 自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定伙伴，加拿大。然而，美 文章更新 國卡車 更大，攜帶更重的負(fù)荷。這違反了墨西哥政府的尺寸和 重量限制。 年月日 2014419 NAFTA has manydisadvantages.First and foremost, is that NAFTAmade it possible for many U.S. manufacturers to move jobs to lower-cost M

7、exico. The manufacturers that remained lowered wages to compete in those industries. The second disadvantagewas that many of Mexico's farmers were put out of business by U.S.-subsidized farm products. NAFTAprovisionsfor Mexican labor and environmental protection were not strong enough to prevent

8、 those workers from being exploited. U.S. Jobs Were Lost: Since labor is cheaper in Mexico, manymanufacturing industries moved part of their production from high-cost U.S. states. Between 1994 and 2010, the U.S. trade deficits with Mexico totaled $97.2 billion, displacing 682,900 U.S. jobs. (However

9、, 116,400 occurred after 2007, and could have been a result of the financial crisis.) Nearly 80% of the losses were in manufacturing. California, New York, Michigan and Texas were hit the hardest because they had high concentrations of the industries that moved plants to Mexico. These industries inc

10、luded motor vehicles, textiles, computers, and electrical appliances. (Source: Economic Policy Institute, "The High Cost of Free Trade," May 3, 2011) U.S. Wages Were Suppressed: Not all companies in these industries moved to Mexico. The ones that used the threat of moving during union orga

11、nizing drives. When it became a choice between joining the union or losing the factory, workers chose the factory. Without union support, the workers had little bargaining power. Mexico's Farmers Were Put Out of Business: Thanks to NAFTA, Mexico lost 1.3 million farm jobs. The 2002 Farm Bill sub

12、sidizedU.S.agribusiness by as much as 40% of net farm income. When NAFTA removed tariffs , corn and other grains were exported to Mexico below cost. Rural Mexican farmers could not compete. At the same time, Mexico reduced its subsidies to farmers from 33.2% of total farm income in 1990 to 13.2% in

13、2001. Most of those subsidies went to Mexico's large farms, anyway.(Source: International Forum on Globalization, Exposing the Myth of Free Trade, February 25, 2003; The Economist, Tariffs and Tortillas, January 24, 2008) Maquiladora Workers Were Exploited:NAFTA expanded the maquiladora program,

14、 in which U.S.- owned companies employed Mexican workers near the border to cheaply assemble products for export to the U.S. This grew to 30% of Mexico's labor force. These workers have "no labor rights or health protections, workdays stretch out 12 hours or more, and if you are a woman, yo

15、u could be forced to take a pregnancy test when applying for a job," according to Continental Social Alliance. (Source: W, Lessons of NAFTA, April 20, 2001)Mexico's Environment Deteriorated: In response to NAFTA competitive pressure, Mexico agribusiness used more fertilizers an

16、d other chemicals, costing $36 billion per year in pollution. Rural farmers expanded into more marginal land, resulting in deforestation at a rate of 630,000 hectares per year. (Source: Carnegie Endowment, NAFTA's Promise and Reality, 2004)NAFTA Called for Free Access for Mexican Trucks:Another

17、agreement within NAFTA has not been implemented. NAFTA would have allowed trucks from Mexico to travel within the United States beyond the current 20-mile commercial zone limit. A demonstration project by the Department of Transportation (DoT) was set up to review the practicality of this. In 2008,

18、theHouse of Representatives terminated this project, and prohibited the DoT from allowing this provision of NAFTA to ever be implemented without Congressional approval. Congress was concerned that Mexican trucks would have presented a road hazard. They are not subject to the same safety standards as

19、 U.S. trucks. In addition, this portion of NAFTA was opposed by the U.S. truckers' organizations and companies, who would have lost business. Currently, Mexican trucks must stop at the 20-mile limit and have their goods transferred to U.S. trucks. There was also a question of reciprocity. The NA

20、FTAagreement would also have allowed unlimited access for U.S. trucks throughoutMexico. A similar agreement works well between the other NAFTA partner, Canada. However, U.S. trucks are larger and carry heavier loads. This violates size and weight restrictions imposed by the Mexican government. Artic

21、le updated April 19, 2014 NAFTAis highly controversial. Do the pros of NAFTA outweigh the cons? Pros NAFTA, or the North American Free Trade Agreement, is the world's largest free trade area. The agreement between Canada, the U.S. and Mexico links 450 million people and the $19.24 trillion in go

22、ods and services produced by the three countries. Trade has increased from $297 billion in 1993, the year before NAFTA was enacted, to $1.2 trillion in 2012 (most recent estimates) . NAFTA US Free Trade Agreements Investment Agreement Global World Trade Agreement Estimates are that NAFTA increases e

23、conomic output in the U.S. by as much as .5% a year. Some service industries, such as health care and financial services, see an increase in exports. Farm products also reap the benefits of NAFTA's lower tariffs. U.S. consumers also benefit from NAFTA. Mexican oil can be imported for less, lower

24、ing the cost of gas in the U.S. and decreasing reliance on oil from the Middle East. Lower gas prices means food can be transported more cheaply, as well. For more, see NAFTA Advantages. Cons NAFTA led to the loss of 500,000-750,000 jobs in the U.S., thanks tocompanies moving across the border to Me

25、xico. As a result, workers in those industries affected by NAFTA could not bargain for higher wages. NAFTA created negative consequences for Mexico, too. NAFTA allowed government-subsidized U.S. farm products into Mexico, where local farmers could not compete with the artificially low prices. As Mex

26、icans lost their farms, they went to work in substandard conditions in the maquiladora program. Does NAFTA's Pros Outweigh Its Cons? NAFTA'sdisadvantages are significant. Can anything really justify the loss of entire industries in New York or Michigan, worker mistreatment for remaining work

27、ers in the U.S., or in the maquiladora program, and environmental damage along the border? However, from an economic perspective, NAFTA is a success. Without it, the U.S. could not compete as effectively against the European Union (now the world's largest economy) or China and its trade agreemen

28、ts. That $1.2 trillion in increased trade is really needed after the 2008 financial crisis. Even more people would be unemployed without it. Perhaps NAFTAshould have been designed with better protections. At the same time, free trade agreements are a necessity for the U.S. when competing in an everm

29、ore-globalized world. Article updated August 23, 2014北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定是高度爭議。北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的優(yōu)點(diǎn)大于缺點(diǎn)嗎 ? 優(yōu)點(diǎn) 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 ,或北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 ,是世界上最大的 自由貿(mào)易區(qū)。之間的協(xié)議 ,加拿大 ,美國和墨西哥鏈接 4.5 億人和 19.24 萬億美元的商品和服務(wù)產(chǎn)生的三個(gè)國家。貿(mào)易增加了從 2970 億年的 1993 美元 ,去年頒布了北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 ,到 1.2 萬億年的 2012 美元 （最近的估計(jì) ）。據(jù)估計(jì) ,北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定在美國經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)出增加了。每年5%。一些服務(wù)行業(yè) ,如醫(yī)療保健和金融服務(wù) ,看到出口的增

30、加。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品 也獲得北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的好處的低關(guān)稅。美國消費(fèi)者也受益 于北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定。墨西哥石油可以進(jìn)口少,降低天然氣的成本在美國和減少依賴石油來自中東。更低的油價(jià)意味著可以運(yùn) 送食品更便宜 ,。 ,北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的優(yōu)勢。 缺點(diǎn) 北美自由貿(mào) 易協(xié)定導(dǎo)致的損失 500000 - 750000 年在美國工作 ,由于公司搬到 墨西哥邊境。因此 ,這些行業(yè)的工人受到北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定為更 高的工資不能討價(jià)還價(jià)。 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定為墨西哥創(chuàng)造了負(fù) 面影響。北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定允許政府補(bǔ)貼的美國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品到墨西 哥,當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民無法與人為的低價(jià)格競爭。墨西哥人失去了他們的 農(nóng)場 ,他們?nèi)ド习嘣诹淤|(zhì)邊境加工程序的條件

31、。美國公司也退化墨西哥環(huán)境來保持低成本。 ,北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的缺點(diǎn)。 北美自 由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)多于缺點(diǎn)嗎 ? 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的缺點(diǎn) 明顯。什么真的能證明整個(gè)行業(yè)的損失在紐約或密歇根州,剩下的工人在美國工人虐待嗎、或在邊境加工程序和環(huán)境破壞邊境 嗎? 然而 ,從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度來看 ,北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定是一個(gè)成功。沒 有它 ,美國無法有效競爭與歐盟 （現(xiàn)在是世界上最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體 ）或中國及其貿(mào)易協(xié)定。 1.2 萬億美元的增加貿(mào)易 2008 年金融危機(jī)后真正需要的。更多的人將失業(yè)。 也許北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定應(yīng) 該設(shè)計(jì)有更好的保護(hù)。與此同時(shí) ,自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定是一個(gè)美國的必 要性時(shí)參加一個(gè) ever-more-

32、globalized 世界。文章更新的 2014ImpactObama, Pe?a Nieto and Harper at the IXNorthAmerican Leaders' Summit(informally known as the Three Amigos Summit) in Toluca. NAFTA's effects, both positive and negative, have been quantified by several economists, whose findings have been reported in publications

33、 such as the World Bank 's Lessons 16from NAFTA for Latin America and the Caribbean, NAFTA's Impact on North 1718 America, and NAFTA Revisited by the Institute for International Economics. CanadaLike Mexico and the U.S., Canada received a modest positive economic benefit as measured by GDP.

34、Many feared declines failed to materialize, and some industries, like the furniture industry, were expected to suffer but grew instead. Canadian manufacturing employment held steady despite an international downward trend in developed countries. One of NAFTA'sbiggest economic effects on U.S.-Can

35、adatrade has been to boost 19 bilateral agricultural flows. In the year 2008 alone, Canada exports to the United States 20 and Mexico were at $381.3 billion, and imports from NAFTA were at $245.1 billion. A book written by Mel Hurtig published in2002 called The Vanishing Country charged that since N

36、AFTA's ratification more than 10,000 Canadian companies had been taken over by foreigners, and that 98% of all foreign direct investments in Canada were for foreign 21 takeovers.Mexico Maquiladoras(Mexican factories that take in imported raw materials and produce goods for export) have become th

37、e landmark of trade in Mexico. These are plants that moved to this region from the United States, hence the debate over the loss of American jobs. Hufbauer's (2005) book shows that income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5% since the implementation of NAFTA in 1994. Other sectors now b

38、enefit from the free trade agreement, and the share of exports from non-border states has increased in the last five years while the share of exports from maquiladora-border states has decreased. This has allowed for the rapid growth of non-border metropolitan areas, such as Toluca, Le onand Puebla;

39、 all three larger in population than Tijuana, Ciudad Ju a ,reznd Reynosa The overall effect of the Mexico -U.S. agricultural agreement is a matter of dispute. Mexico did not invest in the infrastructure necessary for competition, such as efficient railroads and highways, which resulted in more diffi

40、cult living conditions for the country's poor.Mexico's agricultural exports increased 9.4 percent annually between 1994 and 2001, 22while imports increased by only 6.9 percent a year during the same period. One of the most affected agricultural sectors is the meat industry. Mexico has gone f

41、rom a small player in the pre-1994 U.S. export market to the 2nd largest importer of U.S. agricultural products in 2004, and NAFTA may be credited as a major catalyst for this change. The allowance of free trade removed the hurdles that impeded business between the two countries. As a result, Mexico

42、 has provided a growing market for meat for the U.S., leading to an increase in sales and profits for the U.S. meat industry. This coincides with a noticeable increase in Mexican per capita GDP that has created large changes in meat consumption patterns, implying that Mexicans can now afford to buy

43、more meat and thus 23 per capita meat consumption has grown. Production of corn in Mexico has increased since NAFTA's implementation. However, internal corn demand has increased beyond Mexico's sufficiency, and imports have 24become necessary, far beyond the quotas Mexico had originally nego

44、tiated. Zahniser &Coyle have also pointed out that corn prices in Mexico, adjusted for international prices, have drastically decreased, yet through a program of subsidies expanded by former 25 president Vicente Fox, production has remained stable since 2000. United States The U.S. Chamber of Co

45、mmerce credits NAFTAwith increasing USagriculturatrade in goods and services with Canada and Mexico from $337 billion in 1993 to $1.2 trillion in 2011, while the AFL-CIO blames the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to 26Mexico over that time. Trade balances The US goods trade

46、 deficit with NAFTA was $94.6 billion in 2010, a 36.4% increase ($25 3billion) over 2009. The US goods trade deficit with NAFTA accounted for 26.8% of the 3overall U.S. goods trade deficit in 2010. The US had a services trade surplus of $28.3 3billion with NAFTA countries in 2009 (the latest data av

47、ailable). In a study published in the August 2008 issue of the American Journal of Agricultural Economic,sNAFTA has increased U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico and Canada even though most of this increase occurred a decade after its ratification. The study focused on the effects that gradual "

48、;phase-in" periods in regional trade agreements, including NAFTA, have on trade flows. Most of the increase in members'trade, which was only recently brought under the purview of the World Trade Organization, was due to very high 27trade barriers before NAFTA or other regional trade agreeme

49、nts. Investment The US foreign direct investment (FDI) in NAFTAcountries (stock) was $327.5 billion in 32009 (latest data available), up 8.8% from 2008. The US direct investment in NAFTA countries is in nonbank holding companies, and in the manufacturing, finance/insurance, 3and mining sectors. The

50、foreign direct investment of Canada and Mexico in the United States (stock) was $237.2 billion in 2009 (the latest data available), up 16.5% from 32008.1 Jobs Many American small businesses depend on exporting their products to Canada or Mexico under NAFTA.According to the US Trade Representative, t

51、his trade supports over 140,000 small and medium-sized businesses in the US.2 According to the Economic Policy Institute, California, Texas, Michigan and other states with high concentrations of manufacturing jobs were most affected by job loss due to 28 NAFTA. EnvironmentFor more details on this to

52、pic, see NAFTA's Impact on the Environment . citation needed Overall, none of the initial hypotheses were confirmed. NAFTA did not inherently present a systemic threat to the North American environment, as was originally feared. NAFTA- related environmental threats instead occurred in specific a

53、reas where government environmental policy, infrastructure, or mechanisms were unprepared for the citation needed increasing scale of production under trade liberalization. In some cases, environmental policy was neglected in the wake of trade liberalization; in other cases, NAFTA's measures for

54、 investment protection, such as Chapter 11, and measures against non-tariff trade barriers threatened to discourage more vigorous environmental 29policy.The most serious overall increases in pollution due to NAFTA were found in the base metals sector, the Mexican petroleum sector, and the transporta

55、tion equipment 30sector in the United States and Mexico, but not in Canada. Mobility of persons According to the Department of Homeland Security Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, during fiscal year 2006 (i.e., October 2005 through September 2006), 73,880 foreign professionals (64,633 Canadians and

56、 9,247 Mexicans) were admitted into the United States for temporary employment under NAFTA (i.e., in the TN status). Additionally, 17,321 of their family members (13,136 Canadians, 2,904 Mexicans, as well as a number of third-country nationals married to Canadians and Mexicans) entered the U.S. in the 31treaty national's dependent (TD) status. Because DHS counts the number of the new I-94 arrival records filled at the border, and the TN-1 admission is valid for three years, the number of