高中非謂語動詞講解

1、 非謂語動詞在句中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式：不定式、動名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.不定式主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)與謂語動詞的關(guān)系一般式To doTo be done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之后進行式To be doing與謂語動作同時發(fā)生完成式To have doneTo have been done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前動名詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)與謂語動詞的關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done與謂語動作同時發(fā)生完成式Having doingHaving been done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前現(xiàn)在分詞

2、主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)與謂語動詞的關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done與謂語動作同時發(fā)生完成式Having doneHaving been done動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前不定式一、 不定式的作用1、 作主語 不定式作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。往往用it 作形式主語，把不定式放在謂語后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系動詞如look, appear等也可用于此句型。 （2）當不定

3、式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is to的句型。試比較： It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（錯） To believe him is to negate my own idea .（對） （3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)中，當不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時，用of, 否則用 for.2、 作賓語（1） 動詞+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with

4、 him.（it 作形式賓語）注：下列動詞通常用不定式作賓語：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等（2） 動詞+疑問詞+to , “特殊疑問句+不定式”相當于名詞，作賓語。如：I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.I cant decide when to go there.注意：不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補足

5、語之后，用it 作形式賓語。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、 作賓語補足語（1） 動詞+賓語+不定式（to do ）。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不帶to的不定式） 注：可以用動詞不定式做賓補的動詞有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, p

6、refer, encourage（2） 表見解、看法的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動詞+賓語+ to be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被動語態(tài)） (3) There +不定式。如：We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些動詞需用 as 短語作補語，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。

7、如：We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father. 瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。（2）在動詞feel （一感），hear, listen to（二聽），have, let, make（三讓），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺)等后面的補足語中，不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后，必須帶to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off

8、 the tree. (3)help后面作賓語補足語的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to. I often help him （to）clean the room. I helped him (to) find his things.4、 作定語不定式作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（動賓關(guān)系）He is looking for a room to live in.（動狀關(guān)系）He is the first person to think

9、 of the idea.（主謂關(guān)系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）注意：1.不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時，不定式用主動形式表被動。如： Do you have anything else to say? 2.如果作定語的不定式是一個短語，則要保留不定時短語中的副詞或介詞。如： I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直鋼筆寫字) I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little

10、 baby ) (我有一個嬰兒要照看)作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等，有時還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語，如in order to , so as to, soas to, such as to, .enough to, tooto等。（1） 做目的狀語，to, only to （僅僅為了）, in order to, so as to, so(such).as to（如此···以便···）如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。He came to the s

11、chool to see his son.（2） 作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.（3） 做原因狀語。如：We were very excited to hear the news.Im glad to see you.（4） 做條件狀語。如：To turn to the left , you could find a post office.5、 作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面

12、，構(gòu)成表語。如：The question is how to put it into practice.My question is when to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表語時，對應(yīng)的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 2.當助于是不定式時，表語不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。 如：To see is to believe. （眼見為實）6、 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。如：To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.To make mat

13、ters worse, it began to rain.一、 不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1、 不定式的時態(tài)（1） 現(xiàn)在時：有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. （2） 完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3） 進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。如：He seems to be eating

14、something.（4） 完成進行時：表示動作從過去某個時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、 不定式的語態(tài)當不定式的邏輯主語是其動作的承受者時，就用被動式。如：He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.二、 省to 的動詞不定式1、 情態(tài)動詞（除ought 外，ought to）2、 Would rather, had better.3、 感官動詞 see,

15、 watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作賓補，省略 to.注意：在被動語態(tài)中 to 不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.4、 使役動詞 let, have, make.5、 由 and, or 和 than 連接的兩個不定式，第二個 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to

16、 France and marry the girl.6、 Help 可帶 to ,也可不帶to, help sb. (to) do sth.7、 Why/Why not8、 But 和 except 前是動詞 do 時，后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶 to 的動詞不定式。試比較： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等詞后，可以省去 to be .如：He i

17、s supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個好人。I usually go there by train.Why not _ by boat for a change?A to try going B trying to go C to try and go D try goingPaul doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard.A learn B to learn C learned D learning四、 動詞不定式的否定式。如：Tell him not to shut the window. She pretend

18、ed not to see me when I passed by. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never drive The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A not to B not to do C not do it D do not do The patient was warned _ food

19、before the operation. A to eat no B eating not C not to eat D not eating動名詞（動名詞具有動詞和名詞的特征，在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語）一、 動名詞的作用1、 作主語謂語用單數(shù)。It代替動名詞作主語，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：Its no good/use doing···如：Seeing is believing.Playing with fire is dangerous.Its no good waiting here.2、 作賓語I enjoy listening to music.He o

20、ften practices playing the piano in the evening.He is fond of playing basketball.He has given up smoking.Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?(1) 只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞：admit，advise建議，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，consider考慮，delay延遲，deny否認，dislike不喜歡，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原諒、寬恕，finish完成，for

21、give原諒，understand理解，give up放棄，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss未達到，practise訓(xùn)練，put off推遲，resist抵抗，suggest建議、暗示cant help 禁不住，cant stand無法忍受，devote to(to為介詞)致力于···，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to堅持，be used to習(xí)慣于，object to反對，be busy忙于···，fee like想要···be surprise

22、d at 對感到驚訝 be proud of 以為驕傲 succeed in 在某方面成功 be afraid of害怕 give up 放棄(2) 只能接不定式作賓語的動詞：happen 碰巧，offer 主動提出，promise 答應(yīng)，agree 同意，refuse拒絕，decide 決定，determine 決定、決心，pretend 假裝，fail 未能夠，learn，wish希望，hope，expect，afford 負擔得起。 (3) 接動名詞、不定式均可，意義相同的動詞：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，cant

23、bear/endure 無法忍受，cease停止(4) 下列詞接動名詞和不定式均可，但意義不同的動詞：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等Stop to do 停下來去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘記要做 forget doing 忘記做過Remember to do 記得要做 remember doing 記得做過Regret to do 遺憾要做 regret doing 后悔做過Try to do 企圖做，盡力做 try doing 試著做Go on to do 繼續(xù)做（另一件事） go on doing 繼

24、續(xù)做（同一件事）Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting答案：A(5) Need, require, want作“需要”講，其后用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義，be worth也有類似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.3、 作表語此時的動名詞可以

25、和主語調(diào)換位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child.4、 作定語動名詞作定語，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hallthere are a lot of swimming pools in the city.注：（1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表動作，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可改寫成一個定語從句。如果為單詞，放在被修飾n之前，為短語，放在被修飾n之后。

26、如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping a developing country =a country which is developing （2）動名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì)，可改寫成一個for的短語，兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 二、 動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，通常要用完成式，否則都用一般式。如：We are interested in

27、 playing chess.He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.Im sorry for not having kept my promise.若主語是動名詞所表示的動作的對象，動名詞用被動語態(tài)。如：We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.I remember having been told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物動詞不及物動詞主動被動主動一般時d

28、oingbeing donedoing完成時having donehaving been donehaving done分詞（分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。在句中作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。）現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞表示被動意義；在時間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作往往正在進行或者與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，過去分詞表示的動作已經(jīng)完成或沒有一定的時間性。如：falling leaves 正在下落的樹葉 fallen leaves 已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉一、 分詞的作用1、 作定語（1） 單個分詞作定語，分詞前置。如：The sleeping boy is my son.

29、The excited people rushed into the building.A lost opportunity never returns.He is a retired worker.（2） 分詞短語作定語，分詞后置；分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置；個別分詞如give，left等作定語也后置。如：The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The building built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing inte

30、resting.（3） 過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關(guān)系，相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientistsThe first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have written B to be written C being written D written答案：DWhats the language _ in Germany?A spe

31、aking B spoken C be spoken D to speak答案：BPrices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.答案：BWhen I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”A read B reads C to read D reading答案：D解析：

32、reading 與 pinned to the door 一樣作message 的后置定語，相當于which read, pinned 和 reading的邏輯主語都是 message，它與pin是被動關(guān)系，用ed 形式，與 read 是主動關(guān)系，用ing 形式2、 作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中可以作時間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more atten

33、tion, the trees could have grown better.If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(條件)Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).Though defeated, he didnt lose heart.(讓步)He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴隨)He ca

34、me running to tell me the good news.(方式)_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed答案：B There was a terrible noise_ the sudden burst of light. A followed B following C to be followed D being followed 答案：B _ , liquids can be changed i

35、nto gases. A Heating B To be heated C Heated D Heat 答案：C 注意：（1） 選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是由主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。試比較：（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊。Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。（2） 分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致，如果不一致，就用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，即在分詞前加上它的邏輯主語?，F(xiàn)在分

36、詞的完成式主要用于作狀語，一般不用作定語。When_, the museum will be open to the public next year.A completed B completing C being completed D to be completed答案：A_ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A Having suffered B Suffering C To suffer D Suffered答案：A3、 作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語具有的特征，過去分

37、詞作表語多指主語所處的狀態(tài)。如：The film is touching.The glass is broken.She looked tired with cooking.He remained standing beside the table.Im very_ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.Mm, it does have a _ smell.A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant答案：D4、 作賓語補足語分詞和不定式一樣，在一些感官動詞或使役動詞后作賓語補足語。如：I smell something burning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my name called.I cant make myself understood in English.I found my car missing.Ill have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。The managers d