自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)參考

1、自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component whichcan transformthe physicalquantity,chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal、 The output signalhas the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, thepulse andso on, which cansati

2、sfythesignaltransmission, processing,recording,and demonstrationand controldemands、 So itis theautomaticdetectionsystem and in the automaticcontrolindustry、 IfautomaticTechnology is used wider, then sensor is more important、Several key words of the sensor:1 Sensor ElementsAlthoughthere are exception

3、 ,most sensor consist ofa sensing element and aconversion or control element、 For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement、 This disp

4、lacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance、 Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor、 Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal、 Ph

5、oto, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical sensor respectively、2 Sensor SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity K1= ou

6、tput-signal increment / measured increment、 In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1、3 Characteristics of an Ideal SensorThe high sensor should exhibit the following characteri

7、stics、(a)high fidelity-the sensor output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion、(b)There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the sensor should not alter the measured in any way、(c)Size、 The sensor mus

8、t be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed、自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)(d)There should be a linear relationship between the measured and the sensor signal、 (e)The sensor should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure sensor,for example,are often subjected to external effects such vibration

9、and temperature、(f)The natural frequency of the sensor should be well separated from the frequency and harmonics of the measurand、Sensors can be divided into the following categories:1 Electrical SensorElectrical sensor exhibit many of the ideal characteristics、 In addition they offerhigh sensitivit

10、y as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or mesdurement、Electrical sensor can be divided into two distinct groups: (a)variable-control-parameter types,which include: (i)resistance(ii)capacitance(iii)inductance (iv)mutual-inductance typesThese sensor all rely on external excitation vo

11、ltage for their operation、 (b)self-generating types,which include(i)electromagnetic(ii)thermoelectric(iii)photoemissive (iv)piezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand inputand their effects are reversible、 For example, a piezo-electric sensor norm

12、allyproduces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material;however, if an alternating voltage isapplied across the material, the sensor exhibitsthe reversible effect by deformingor vibrating at the frequency of the alternatingvoltage、2 Resistance SensorResistance sensor

13、may be divided into two groups, as follows:(i)Thosewhichexperience a large resistance change, measured by usingpotential-divider methods、 Potentiometers are in this group、(ii)Thosewhichexperience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuitmethods、 Examples of this group include strain gaug

14、es and resistance thermometers、自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)3 Capacitive SensorThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either the relative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates、 The characteristic curves indicate that variations of area and relative permittivity give a linear

15、 relationship only over a small range of spacings、 Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d、 Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive sensor has an infinite resolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement or quantities which may be chang

16、ed to produce a displacement、4 Inductive SensorThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctance of the inductive circuit 、Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive sensor: (a)A、C、 excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors、 (b)A 、C、 potentiometer circuits

17、 for dynamic measurements、(c)D、C、 circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor、 (d)Frequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit 、Important features of capacitive and inductive sensor are as follows: (i)resolution infin

18、ite(ii)accuracy 0、±1% of full scale is quoted (iii)displacement ranges 25*10-6 m to 10-3m (iv)rise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level、5 Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer6 Piezo-electric Sensor7 Electromagnetic Se

19、nsor8 Thermoelectric Sensor9 Photoelectric Cells10 Mechanical Sensor and Sensing ElementsIn information age, the information industry includes information gathering,transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology,communication,computer technology 、Because of ultra large scale integrated

20、circuit s rapiddevelopment after having been developed Modern computer technologyandcommunication,notonlyrequestssensorprecisionreliability,speed of自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)response and gaininformationcontentrequest more and morehigh but alsorequestsitscosttobe inexpensive 、 Theobvioustraditionalsensoriseliminatedg

21、raduallybecause of the function,the characteristic,the volume,the cost and so on 、 As world develop many countries are speeding up to thesensor new technologyresearch and the development,and allhas obtainedthe enormous breakthrough 、 Nowthe sensor new technologydevelopmentmainly has following severa

22、l aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effectas the sensor principlethereforetheresearcheswhichdiscovered the newphenomenonandtheneweffectarethesensortechnologicalimprovingways 、 it is importantstudiestodevelopednew sensor thes foundation 、Japanese Sharp Corpo

23、ration uses the superconductivity technology to developsuccessfullythe hightemperaturesuperconductivitymagnetic sensor and getthe sensor technology significant breakthrough、 Its sensitivity is so high andonly inferior in the superconductivity quantum interferencecomponent 、 Itsmanufacturecraftisfars

24、implerthanthesuperconductivityquantuminterference component、 May use in magnetism image formation technology、So it has the widespread promoted value、Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound whenthe electrode surface 、 It can cause the electrode potential change and use thisph

25、enomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor、 The immunitysensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whetherhas thiskindofant originalwork inspection 、 Likemay inspect somebodywith the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays tois fast, th

26、e accurate role、 The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind ofsensor、The sensormaterialis the important foundationforsensortechnology,because the materialsscience isprogressiveand the people maymake eachkind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the highpolymerthinfilm; Th

27、e opticalfibercanmakethepressure,the currentcapacity, the temperature, the displacement and soon the many kinds ofsensors;Makingthepressuretransmitterwiththeceramics 、 The highpolymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen alongwith theenvironmentrelativehumiditysize 、 The hig

28、hpolymerelectricity自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)lies between the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymerthe coefficientofdialecticalloss、 Makingthecapacitorthe highpolymerdielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, thenobtains the relativehumidity 、 Makingthe plasmausing

29、thisprincipletogatherthelegitimatepolystyrenefilmtemperaturesensor below, ithas thecharacteristic 、Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach-400 +1,500 ; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; Thesize is small,may use in thesmallspace measuringwet;Thetempe

30、raturecoefficient is small、The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does nothavetheintermediaryfluidthedrytypepressure transmitter 、 Usestheadvancedceramictechnology,theheavyfilmelectronictechnology,itstechnical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller

31、than 0 、1%F 、 S, warm floats is smaller than0、 15%/10K,±anti- overloads strongly,may reach the measuring range several hundred times、 The survey scope mayfrom0 to 60mpa 、 GermanE+HCorporationandtheAmericanKahloCorporation product is at the leading position、The opticalfiber application is send t

32、he material significantbreakthrough,its uses in most earlythe opticalcommunication techniques、 In the opticalcommunication use discovered works asenvironmental condition change andso on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiberoptic transmission light wave intensit

33、y, thephase, the frequency,change andso on thepolarizationcondition, the survey lightwave quantitychange, mayknowcauses these lightwavephysicalquantitytheandso onquantitativechange temperature,pressure ,electricfield,magneticfieldsize, uses theseprinciples to be possible to develop the optical fiber

34、 sensor、 The optical fibersensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivityhigh,thestructuresimple,thevolumesmall,anti-corrosive,theelectricinsulationgood, thepath of rays may be curving,be advantageousfortherealization telemeter and so on、 Optical fiber sensor Japan is

35、 in the advancedlevel 、 Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation、 The optical fibersend receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates theoptical fiber sensor technology development、 Will integrate the path of ray s自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)component to replace the original optics pa

36、rt and the passive light component;enablethe optical fibersensor tohave thehighbandwidth,thelowsignalprocessing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low、In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etchang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craf

37、t, various guidescorrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have allintroduced to the sensor manufacture、 Thus has produced each kind of newsensor,like makesthesiliconmicrosensorusingthesemiconductortechnology,makes the fastresponse usingthe thinfilmcraftthe gas tobesensi

38、tive, thewet sensitivesensor, theuse sputteringthinfilmcraftsystempressure transmitter and so on、TheJapanese hor izontalrivercompanyusesvariousguides corrosiontechnologytocarry on the high accuracy three dimensionalprocessing;thesystemhelpsthe siliconresonancetypepressuretransmitter、 The corepartial

39、lypresses tworesonant Liangbythefeelingwhichabove thesilicondiaphragmand the silicondiaphragmmanufacturestoform,tworesonantLiang'sfrequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures thepressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error whichfactor andso on ambien

40、ttemperaturebrings 、 Whenambient temperaturechange, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same,after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalancemutually 、 It s survey most high accuracy mayreach 0 、 01%FS 、American Silicon Microstructure Inc、 (SMI)

41、 the company develops a seriesof lowends,linear in0、 1%to0、 In 65% scopesiliconmicropressuretransmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0、 15psi (1KPa), it makes takethe silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the lightslight machine-finishing,makes the wheatstone br

42、idgemanytimeswiththeetchingon the silicondiaphragm,whenabove siliconchipstress, ithas thedistortion,theresistance produces presses the anti-effectbut tolosethebridgebalance, the output and thepressure becomes theproportiontheelectrical signal、Such siliconmicrosensoristhe fronttechnologywhichnowthese

43、nsordevelops,Itsessentialfeatureisthesensitiveunitvolumeisamicronmagnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%、 In aspect and自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, likeon the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the en

44、ergy、Another characteristiciscanbe sensitiveissmallsurveyed,may maketheblood pressure pressure transmitter、TheChineseaviationmaincorporationBeijingobservationandcontroltechnicalresearch institute,the developmentCYJseries splashes thanksthemembrane pressure transmitteris uses the ion sputteringcraftt

45、oprocess themetalstraingauge, ithas overcome the nonmetallicstraingauge easilythetemperature influenceinsufficiency, has thehigh stability, is suitable in eachkind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame thetraditionlowlytogluetheprecisionwhichthetypebrought,sluggish big

46、,shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability ishigh,thevolumesmallcharacteristic,widelyusedindomainandsoonaviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service、Integratesthe sensorthesuperiorityis thetraditionalsensoris unabletoachieve, it isa simple sensor not mere

47、ly, itin at the same time theauxiliarycircuit part and send the part will integrate on together the chip, will cause itto have thecalibration,to compensate,fromthe diagnosisandthe networkcorrespondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kindofbloodpressuresensorwhichAmerican

48、LUCAS,NOVASENSORCorporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000、Theintellectualizedsensor isonekindofbeltmicroprocessorsensor, isachievementwhichthemicrocomputerand thesensor unifies,ithas atthesame timetheexamination,thejudgmentandtheinformationprocessingfunction, compares with t

49、he traditional sensor has very many characteristics:Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on therevision,the error to the observed valuecompensates,thusenhancementmeasuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensormultiparameterssurvey;Hasfromthediagnosisandfromthecalibrat

50、ionfunction,enhancesthereliability;The survey data may depositand withdraw, easy to operate; Hasthedatacommunicationinterface,canandthemicrocomputerdirectcommunication 、The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integratedcircuitintegrationformsultralarge-scaleintegratedonach

51、ipthesenior自動(dòng)化專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)intelligencesensor 、AmericanHONYWELL Corporation ST-3000intelligencesensor,the chipsizeonlythen has 3×4×2mm 3 , uses thesemiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differentialpressure, the temperature on the identicalchipand soonthreekindofsensitive

52、 units 、Theintellectualizedsensorresearch andthedevelopment,USis attheleadingposition 、 AmericanSpaceAgencywhendevelopmentspaceshipcalledthiskindofsensor forthecleversensor(SmartSensor),onthespaceship this kind ofsensor isextremelyimportant 、 Our country inthisaspect research and developmentalso verybackward mainlyis because ourcountry semiconductor integrated circuit technological level i