表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞

1、表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞。1） 根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為四類，分別是：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（Notional Verb）、系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb）、助動(dòng)詞（Auxiliary Verb）、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（Modal Verb）。 還可以分成及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞 說明：有些情況下，有些動(dòng)詞是兼類詞，例如： We are having a meeting.我們正在開會(huì)。（having是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。） He has gone to New York.他已去紐約。 （has是助動(dòng)詞。） 2） 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語分為兩類，分別是：及物動(dòng)詞（Transitive Verb）、不及物動(dòng)詞（Intransiti

2、ve Verb），縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。 說明：同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如： She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。） She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。） 3） 根據(jù)是否受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制分別是：限定動(dòng)詞（Finite Verb）、非限定動(dòng)詞（Non-finite Verb）例如： She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主語she的限制，故用第三人稱單數(shù)形式sings。） She want

3、s to learn English well. 她想學(xué)好英語。（to learn不受主語she的限制，沒有詞形變化，是非限定動(dòng)詞。 說明：英語中共有三種非限定動(dòng)詞，分別是：動(dòng)詞不定式（Infinitive）、動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）、分詞（Participle）。 4）根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的組成形式，可分為三類，分別是：單字詞（One-Word Verb）、短語動(dòng)詞（Phrasal Verb）、動(dòng)詞短語（Verbal Phrase）例如： The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英語里有許多短語動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語

4、。（contains是單字動(dòng)詞。） Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 學(xué)生們學(xué)會(huì)查字典。（look up是短語動(dòng)詞。） The young ought to take care of the old. 年輕人應(yīng)照料老人。（take care of是動(dòng)詞短語。） 5)動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形（Original Form）、第三人稱單數(shù)形式（Singular Form in Third Personal）、過去式（Past Form）、過去分詞（Past Participle）、現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Pa

5、rticiple）。 編輯本段動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞亦稱聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb），作為系動(dòng)詞。有些不具詞義；有些具有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語（亦稱補(bǔ)語），構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。 說明： 有些系動(dòng)詞又是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，該動(dòng)詞表達(dá)實(shí)義時(shí)，有詞義，可單獨(dú)作謂語，例如： He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系動(dòng)詞，后跟補(bǔ)足語，說明主語情況。） He fell off the ladder. 他從梯子上摔下來。fell是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，單獨(dú)作謂語。 1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞 用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is a teacher.他是一

6、名教師。（is與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。） 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞 用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting.他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一個(gè)謎。 3）表像系動(dòng)詞 用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired.他看起來很累。 He seems (to be) very sad.他看起來很傷心。 4）感官系動(dòng)

7、詞 感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。 This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來很香。 5）變化系動(dòng)詞 這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如： He became mad after that.自那之后，他瘋了。 She grew rich within a short time.她沒多長時(shí)間就富了。 6）終止系動(dòng)詞 表示主語

8、已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, trun out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意，例如： The rumor proved false.這謠言證實(shí)有假。 The search proved difficult.搜查證實(shí)很難。 His plan turned out a success.他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果） 助動(dòng)詞最常用的助動(dòng)詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 1）協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞（Auxiliary Verb）。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~（Main V

9、erb）。 助動(dòng)詞自身沒有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用，例如： He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。 （doesn't是助動(dòng)詞，無詞義；like是主要?jiǎng)釉~，有詞義) 2） 助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用，可以用來： a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)，例如： He is singing. 他在唱歌。 He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。 b. 表示語態(tài)，例如： He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。 c. 構(gòu)成疑問句，例如： Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎？ Did you study English b

10、efore you came here? 你來這兒之前學(xué)過英語嗎？ d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句，例如： I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。 e. 加強(qiáng)語氣，例如： Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會(huì)。 He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。 半助動(dòng)詞功能介紹 在功能上介乎主動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之間的一類結(jié)構(gòu)，稱為半助動(dòng)詞。常見的半助動(dòng)詞有be about to, be due to, be going to, be likely to, be meant to, be obliged t

11、o, be supposed to, be willing to, have to, seem to, be unable to, be unwilling to等。 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞 1.情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞包括will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better后接原形不定詞。 2.情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞不受主詞的人稱和數(shù)的限制。 3.兩個(gè)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞不能連用。 中文:他將能夠及時(shí)完成此事。 (誤)He will can finish it i. 基本助動(dòng)詞基本助動(dòng)

12、詞 基本助動(dòng)詞只有三個(gè)：be, do, have, 他們沒有詞匯意義，只有語法作用，如協(xié)助構(gòu)成進(jìn)行體，完成體，被動(dòng)態(tài)，否定句，疑問句等。 例如 He is giving a lecture. 他在作報(bào)告He has made a plan. 他已經(jīng)訂了計(jì)劃The small animals are kept in the cages. 小動(dòng)物都關(guān)在籠子里。He doesn't smoke. 短語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動(dòng)詞作用的短語叫短語動(dòng)詞（Phrasal Verb）。例如： Turn off the radio.把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。（turn off是短語動(dòng)詞） 短語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾

13、種： 1） 動(dòng)詞+副詞，如：black out； 2） 動(dòng)詞+介詞，如：look into； 3） 動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞，如：look forward to。構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞（Particle）。 非謂語動(dòng)詞在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式:不定式，動(dòng)名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。 1）不定式 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng) 一般式to doto be done 完成式to have doneto have been done 2）動(dòng)名詞 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng) 一般式doingbeing done 完成式having donehav

14、ing been done 3）分詞 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng) 一般式doingbeing done 完成式having donehaving been done 否定形式： not +不定式，not + 動(dòng)名詞，not + 現(xiàn)在分詞 一個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以在有的場合下及物，有的場合下又不及物。像“kick”這個(gè)動(dòng)詞，在“kick the ball”里，“kick”是“及物”動(dòng)詞，“及”什么“物”呢？這里的“物”就是“ball”；但是如果只說“kick”,就是“蹬，跺”，“我跺腳”就只是“I kick”2個(gè)詞就夠了，一個(gè)主語一個(gè)謂語，我跺腳的動(dòng)作不涉及賓語，不涉及我跺了什么，就是我跺腳這個(gè)動(dòng)作而已。 這就是一般

15、句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，再復(fù)雜的長句也只是往這個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu)里面添加豐富這個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾性的內(nèi)容了，像定語（修飾名詞），狀語（修飾形容詞和動(dòng)詞）。 以上是最最基本的句子結(jié)構(gòu)了，別的一些像起始句啊倒裝句啊強(qiáng)調(diào)句啊什么的，還有各種從句，都是在這個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu)上稍稍變化而來，先把這個(gè)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)掌握透徹，這些別的問題自然迎刃而解的。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞與系動(dòng)詞是相對的，系動(dòng)詞亦稱連系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb），作為系動(dòng)詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語（亦稱補(bǔ)語），構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞意思完全，能獨(dú)立用作謂語。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞（及物動(dòng)詞是指后面要求

16、有直接賓語的動(dòng)詞；不及物動(dòng)詞指后面不需要跟賓語的動(dòng)詞） 即行為動(dòng)詞,表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。它分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩種。如：can(could)、should、must等。 編輯本段動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí),過去將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),將來進(jìn)行時(shí),過去完成時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí). 時(shí)態(tài)一致1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實(shí)，則永遠(yuǎn)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. He told me last week that he is eighteen. 2) 賓語從句中的助動(dòng)

17、詞ought, need, must, dare 時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語時(shí)間狀語 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)every , sometimes,at+時(shí)間, on+時(shí)間 一般過去時(shí)yesterday, last+時(shí)間, 時(shí)間+ago, the other day, in+時(shí)間, just now 一般將來時(shí)next+時(shí)間, tomorrow, in+時(shí)間, 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in pa

18、st+時(shí)間, already, recently 過去完成時(shí)before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from+時(shí)間 to+時(shí)間 last +時(shí)間 when, while 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)soon, tomorrow, this evening, on+時(shí)間, by this time,in+時(shí)間, tomorrow evening,this coming Sunday 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)

19、間狀語連用。 時(shí)間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday, always, every day, usually, seldom I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　?注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 例：Col

20、umbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。 I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句

21、中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 一般過去時(shí)的用法1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they

22、were given a warm welcome. 3）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth"到時(shí)間了""該了" It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了""早該了" It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。 It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事' I'd rather you came to

23、morrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。 I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。 比較： 一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含義：她已不在人間。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯

24、塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去) 注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。 1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would. Could you lend me your bike? used to / be used to used to + do："過去常常&qu

25、ot;表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful. be used to + doing： 對已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。 He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步) 典型例題 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - It's 69568442. A. didn'tB. couldn'tC.

26、 don'tD. can't 答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看 出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。 一般將來時(shí)1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。 will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。 Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2)be going +不定式，表示將來。 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃，安排

27、要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3)be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4)be about +不定式，意為馬上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀

28、語連用。 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)， be going to表將來 will表意愿 If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主

29、觀的打算或計(jì)劃。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客觀安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。這主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.

30、 2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next w

31、eek. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I'm leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week? 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存

32、在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過去分詞。 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí). This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最

33、好的電影。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。 3）最基本句型 主語+have/has+（already/just）+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他 典型例題 (1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. wasB. have beenC. cameD. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。 (2) -Have you _ been

34、 to our town before? -No, it's the first time I _ here. A. even, comeB. even, have comeC. ever, comeD. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可

35、以持續(xù)的。 （錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month. （對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 比較since和for Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have

36、 been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years.

37、(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。) 小竅門：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。 1)(對) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting m

38、arried now. 顯然，第二句不對，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years. since的四種用法 1) since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +從句 Great changes have take

39、n place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 5）since和for 在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，since后面加時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for后面加時(shí)間段。 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。 He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。

40、 (表結(jié)果) I've known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷) 2)用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做直到" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到，才" He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。 典型例題 1. You don't need to describe her. I _ her several times. A

41、. had metB. have metC. metD. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 2.-I'm sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have beenB. had beenC. wasD. will be 答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 過去完成時(shí)1） 概念：表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，并在過去完成（即是常說的過去的過去）。

42、 用一示意圖表示如下： 動(dòng)作發(fā)生 -|-|-|-> 過去的過去 過去 現(xiàn)在 其基本構(gòu)成是：had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞。 2） 用法 a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 狀語從句 在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, inte

43、nd, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本，未能" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3)過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappoi

44、nted that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例題 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office. A. had written, leftB，were writing, has leftC. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left 答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動(dòng)作之前，因此&

45、quot;忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此 前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 注意：had no when還沒等 就 had no sooner than剛 就 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 將來完成時(shí)1) 構(gòu)成will / be going to do sth. 2) 概念 a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。 b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成

46、的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法： a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。 We are waiting for you. b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel. (說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。) She is learning piano unde

47、r Mr. Smith. c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. It's getting warmer and warmer. d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。 You are always changing your mind. 典型例題 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_

48、it. A. has lost, don't findB. is missing, don't findC. has lost, haven't foundD. is missing, haven't found. 答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I

49、 have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. He loves her very much. 3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow,

50、 decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4) 系動(dòng)詞 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1） 概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。 2） 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。 3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last e

51、vening, when, while My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. madeB. is makingC. was makingD. makes 答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同時(shí)，w

52、hen表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. read； was fallingB. was reading； fellC. was reading； was falling 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當(dāng)之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過去時(shí))，是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如

53、：fall sick。 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)1) 概念：表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測將來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。 She'll be coming soon. I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 注意：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her. 2）常用的時(shí)間狀語 Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By

54、 this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 編輯本段時(shí)態(tài)的相互代替與比較一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)時(shí)間狀語從句，條件句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí) When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。 典型例題 (1）He said he_me a present unless I_ in doing the experiment. A. had not given; had not succeededB. would not give; succeed C. will not give; succeedD. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在時(shí)間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時(shí)。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時(shí)，