虛擬語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

1、.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在英語(yǔ)文法中有三種語(yǔ)氣，即直述式語(yǔ)氣(Indicative Mood) 、祈使語(yǔ)氣(Imperative Mood) 和虛擬語(yǔ)氣 (Subjective Mood) ，其中前兩種我們?cè)缫咽煜ち?，這里則不多談了，如： How beautiful she is!則是直述式語(yǔ)氣，而 Hurry up! Don'thurry up則是祈使語(yǔ)氣。我們主要來(lái)看看虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主要用法。虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要是用來(lái)表達(dá)一種無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望， 一種與事實(shí)相反的情況， 或者將不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的，或可能性很小的事實(shí)， 假想為事實(shí)予以表述。 這樣的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為虛擬語(yǔ)氣。它主要有三種形式， 即與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)， 與過(guò)

2、去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)， 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。它們具體結(jié)構(gòu)如表。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成種類條件句結(jié)構(gòu)主句結(jié)構(gòu)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式Should/could 動(dòng)詞原形反be 動(dòng)詞用 werewould/might 動(dòng)詞原形Should/could have過(guò)去分與過(guò)去事實(shí)相用 had過(guò)去分詞詞反的would/might have過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式與將來(lái)事實(shí)相were to 加動(dòng)詞原形should動(dòng)詞原形反would 動(dòng)詞原形should 加動(dòng)詞原形虛擬語(yǔ)氣其他習(xí)慣用法簡(jiǎn)表.種.功用類句型主句謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在過(guò)去式had+ 過(guò)過(guò)去例句I wish we could go to the seasid

3、etoday.I wish I had gone to the basketball表示主觀愿望虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示虛擬比較或方式去分詞match.should+動(dòng)詞原形wishwould+I wished I could fly to the moon.動(dòng)詞原形將來(lái)I wish you would stay here a little could+ 動(dòng)longer.詞原形might+動(dòng)詞原形wouldI would rather you came to my現(xiàn)在過(guò)去式ratherparty tomorrow.從句動(dòng)詞狀語(yǔ)從句形式She looked after the orphan as if he

4、as if, as與現(xiàn)實(shí)相were here own child.過(guò)去式though,反even if從 與過(guò)去相had+ 過(guò)They're talking as if they had been.句反去分詞 friends for many years.should+動(dòng)詞原形would+與將來(lái)相動(dòng)詞原形 The man looked worried, as though反could+ 動(dòng) something would happen to him.詞原形might+動(dòng)詞原形may+ 動(dòng)詞原形might+Turn on the light so that I could seethat

5、, so that, in order動(dòng)詞原形 it clearly. I warned him in order thatthat 從句can+ 動(dòng)he might keep away from the詞原形danger.could+ 動(dòng)詞原形用于表示間suggest,They required that I (should) go at接的命(should)+賓語(yǔ)從句propose,once. He suggested that the令、建議動(dòng)詞原形insist,meeting (should) start earlier.或請(qǐng)求desire,.demand,request,order,

6、command等之后主句中的主語(yǔ)常是：My suggestion is that we should tellsuggestion,him. Our only request is that this表語(yǔ)從句idea,proposal,problem(should) be settled as soonas possible.order,request 等They received an order that the同位語(yǔ)從句work be stopped.It is在主語(yǔ)necessaryIt is necessary that every member從句中(important,主語(yǔ)從句中

7、的動(dòng)詞形remember these rules.表示驚natural,式：It is a great pity that he should be奇、惋strangeso careless.惜、理應(yīng) 等) thatIt is suggested that we should get如此等It is a pityeverything ready by tonight.should+動(dòng)詞原形(a shame,.no wonder等) thatIt issuggested(requested,proposed等) that表示祝may+ 動(dòng)詞原形May you succeed!愿或愿Long li

8、ve the People's Republic of動(dòng)詞原形 + 賓語(yǔ)望China!It is time that+ 主語(yǔ) +should+ 動(dòng) It's time that you should go home其他詞原形now.It is time that+主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 It is high time that we left.1 語(yǔ)法辨析Incorrect: If I was a girl ， I would marry youCorrect: If I were a girl ， I would marry you表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，if 條件句中

9、的 be 動(dòng)詞一律用 were，這句話應(yīng)譯為我要是個(gè)女孩，我就嫁給你。實(shí)際上不可能是個(gè)女孩。Incorrect: If I were you I will not worryCorrect: If I were you I shouldn't worry.現(xiàn)在時(shí)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣主句要用should 或 would加動(dòng)詞原形，這句話應(yīng)譯為我要是你的話，就沒(méi)有必要煩惱。 要注意這種語(yǔ)態(tài)用在這里實(shí)際上是想把要講出的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得婉轉(zhuǎn)些，有禮貌些。Incorrect: God forgives you!Correct: God forgive you!這里的主語(yǔ)God 是第三人稱單數(shù)，之所以動(dòng)詞不加s

10、是因?yàn)橐磉_(dá)一種祝愿，即人力所不能及的事情， 實(shí)際上是forgive 前有一助動(dòng)詞 should ， May 等，但在口語(yǔ)中將其省略了。如：May you be happy祝你幸福。Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday,we would have gone to the zooCorrect: If the weather had been nice yesterday ， we would have gone to the zoo因句中有yesterday 一詞即表示的是與過(guò)去相反的事實(shí)，即昨天天氣很不好，我們也未去動(dòng)物園，所以if 條件句

11、應(yīng)用had過(guò)去分詞。Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walkCorrect: If it was (were) not snowing right now， I would go for a walk虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)be 動(dòng)詞作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，則可用was 來(lái)取代 were， 如 was to。虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞如果是表示正在進(jìn)行之中也要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Incorrect: If you had taken my advice,you would have been better nowCorrect: If you ha

12、d taken my advice,.you would be better now這句話的意思是如果你以前要是能聽(tīng)我的忠告的話，你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好多了。 其條件句是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬句，而主句是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬句，這在語(yǔ)法書(shū)中叫做混合虛擬條件句。例如：If I had caught that plane ， I would be deadnow 即： The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killedIncorrect: He were you ， he would go home at onceCorrect: Wer

13、e he you ， he would go home at onceCorrect: If he were you ， he would go home at once在虛擬條件句中的if 可以省略，但 if 省略后其句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要采用倒裝語(yǔ)序。Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think?Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me， what might she think?這句話中沒(méi)有 if 條件句，但仍要用作虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)。 這里因?yàn)橛行┓衷~或介詞短

14、語(yǔ)，起到了從句的作用。這些短語(yǔ)有：without ， providing, supposing ， butfor(you)Incorrect: To see the girl ， you will like herCorrect: To see the girl ， you would like her這里的條件句是用不定式取代了。Incorrect: I'm sorry I did have come here by carCorrect: I'm sorry I should have come here bycar這里的條件句被省略了， 其意為我真應(yīng)該坐小車來(lái)。 同樣在句

15、意不會(huì)混淆的情.況下，主句也有時(shí)可以被省略， 如：What if we should fail! ( 我們?nèi)f一失敗了如何 )。If he could do it, why not? ( 如果他能做，他怎么會(huì)不干呢?)Incorrect: If the earth were (was) to turn from east to west， I willgive you this car as a giftCorrect: If the earth were(was) to turn from east to west I would give you this caras a gift條件句中也

16、常用 were to 來(lái)表示說(shuō)話者認(rèn)為可能性極小或根本不可能的事。Incorrect: If you'd have told him early， he would have passed the examCorrect: If you had told him early ， he would have passed the exam非正式口語(yǔ)中往往聽(tīng)見(jiàn)外國(guó)人講： 'd have pp (過(guò)去分詞 )但仍沒(méi)有人認(rèn)為它是正確的句子，不易為我們效仿。Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghost

17、Correct: The little girl looked as if she had seen a ghost要注意的是as if 從句中如果用虛擬語(yǔ)氣， 它的用法要與if 條件句的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)相同，即與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，be 動(dòng)詞用 were，而與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的動(dòng)詞用 hadpp ( 過(guò)去分詞 )。另外更要注意的是，并非所有as if 從句都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：Itlooks as if it is going to snow ( 看天好像要下雪 )即是真實(shí)條件句。Incorrect: I should have come here early ， but I had beenbus

18、yCorrect: I should have come here early but I wasbusybut 是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，其后的句子是真實(shí)句，而不是虛擬句。.Incorrect: To tell the truth ， I wish I know her address nowCorrect: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress nowwish 的賓語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的條件動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式，be 動(dòng)詞用 were，與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件動(dòng)詞要用had過(guò)去分詞。如： I wishedI had passed that exam

19、Incorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he will do it better tomorrowCorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he would do it better tomorrowwish 要用來(lái)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿，希望將來(lái)有所改進(jìn)，則要用would 加動(dòng)詞原形。并非 wish 不能表達(dá)真正的祝愿，但是不能接從句，而要用雙賓語(yǔ)，或不定式，如： I wish you luck ( 雙賓語(yǔ) )I wish you to be a good studentI wish to se

20、e her at onceIncorrect: I wish it will not be another failureCorrect: I hope it will not be another failureCorrect: I wish it would not be another failure要注意 hope 與 wish 的不同用法。2 例題解析.例 1If heon tourists for his business ， he would have to close his shopA dependsB will dependC dependedDhas depended答案

21、 C這是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。應(yīng)譯為：如果他僅靠旅游來(lái)做生意的話，他早就要關(guān)門(mén)了。例 2Had she been younger ， shemore beautifulA had beenB might have beenC might beD would be答案 B因其條件句是省去if 的與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。例 3If youthatTV play last night ， you wouldn't be sleepyA haven't watchedB didn't watchC hadn't watchedD wouldn't have wat

22、ched答案 C因是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。應(yīng)譯為：昨晚你要是不看那個(gè)電視劇，你現(xiàn)在也不會(huì)這么困倦了。 這是混合虛擬句，主句是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬。例 4If ittomorrow ， we will not go for the picnicA will rainB had rainedC rainedD rains答案 D因其主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，所以條件句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。所以要注意的是有些真實(shí)條件句并沒(méi)有虛擬的含意，不要亂用虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)。例 5We had hoped that wego home at onceA didB willC /D would答案 Dhad hoped用來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)過(guò)去

23、未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，其賓語(yǔ)從句要用would 加動(dòng)詞原形。.例 6I want to see her todayI'd rather youA didn'tB do notC don'tD do答案 A'd rather 其后如直接接動(dòng)詞則用動(dòng)詞原形。如加賓語(yǔ)從句則從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式。例 7It is very late ， It's timeA we have leftB we will leaveC we leftD we leave答案 C要注意 It is (high/about) time其后可接for something,如： It ist

24、ime for supper.或 for somebody to do something也可接從句，但從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式，有時(shí)也可用should 加動(dòng)詞原形，但should 不可省略。例 8These typewritten papers are very neatI wish Itype too ， but I don't know howA canB mayC couldD will答案C 因 wish 在從句中表示與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬， 所以要用 would 或 could 。例 9It is important that hethis work at onceA doB

25、doesC didD will do答案 A虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以用來(lái)表示要求、建議、提議、命令、意愿等。在Itis形容詞 (過(guò)去分詞 ) 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should 加動(dòng)詞原形，其 should 在美語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常省略。這樣的形容詞有：important ， necessary，.strange， natural 。這樣的過(guò)去分詞有：demanded, requested, suggested ，required ， recommended 。例 10 The teacher ordered that the studentsherA obeysB obeyedC obeyingD ob

26、ey答案 D因帶有命令要求口氣的動(dòng)詞其賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用should 加動(dòng)詞原形。其 should 在美語(yǔ)中則被省略。 這樣的動(dòng)詞有： ask， advise，demand ， desire， insist， order ， recommend, require ， request ， suggest例 11 She rejected my suggestion that sheher son the next weekA metB will meetC meetD would meet答案 C因同位語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should 加動(dòng)詞原形。 這是因?yàn)槠淝懊娴拿~是由例10中的那些

27、表示愿望、命令、建議的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的。例 12 What's the matter with her?I don't know but she looksshe'd lost her boy friendA thatB so thatC asD as if答案 D其意為她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一樣臉色不好看。例 13 You finally passed the examYes，your help. I would have not succeededA but thatB but forC but ifD thanks to答案 B由 but for ， without ， supposing等短語(yǔ)或連接詞也可以引出虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)。.例 14 today ， hewould get there by the weekendA Would he leaveB Was he leavingC Were he to leaveD If he leaves答案 C如果條件句中 if 被省去，則要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。be to 在虛擬條件句中應(yīng)用we