微觀課件2007秋季l07版

1、中級微觀學課程簡介Chapter 11學習目的與要求n 本課程是一年級學院本科生的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課，是在學原理的基礎(chǔ)上對有關(guān)企業(yè)和消費者等微觀一步分析，并探討市場主體的行為作進的運行規(guī)律。n 作為專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課，首先要求學生準確地掌握微觀學的基本概念和基本原理，并對模的了型的基本假設(shè)和建模的技術(shù)解，在此基礎(chǔ)上學會運用基本能理論知識分析現(xiàn)實的問題。Chapter 12教科書n Walter Nicholson, Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extension, 8th Edition, Southwestern, 2002學(中級)，北京大，微觀2

2、007年版學Chapter 13參考書（高鴻業(yè)主編）西方學（上冊），大學Hal Varian, IntermediateMicroeconomics: A Modern Approach, 6th Edition, Norton, 2003（該書中文版1994年上海三聯(lián)平新喬，微觀2001年）學十八講，Chapter 14學習要求n 在每次上課之前要求提前閱讀課程所指定的上課內(nèi)容，并按時完成上一次課程布置的作業(yè)。本課程的期末采取閉。最后成績由如下3部分組成：，占70%；卷n 期末作業(yè)，占20%；n 案例和實驗，占10%。Chapter 15微觀學學習n 微觀習微觀n 在網(wǎng)上學學習是專為本科生學

3、。學而建立的學習性專業(yè)有關(guān)課件，案例和習題等內(nèi)容。:n 希望同學們支持該的建設(shè)Chapter 16Chapter OneIntroductionChapter 17Chapter one includes:Chapter 18Outline of This Chapter (本章概述)n This chapter mainly provide some background for the study of microeconomics.n What is microeconomicsn Teral approach used in microeconomics.How economists

4、devise and verify simple m economic activity.Positive Analysis and Normative Analysiss ofn The basic Supply-Demand Mn Several Mathematical Methods that can be used tosolveization (and minimization) problem.Chapter 19Readings about this chaptern Nicholson: Chapter 1,2, P1-61n Zhang(2007): Chapter 1Ch

5、apter 110Chapter one includes:Chapter 1111.1 Defining Microeconomicsn Economicsn The study of the allocation of scarce resources among alternative end usesScarcity (稀缺性)ChoiceEconomicsAlternative end uses可選擇的最終用途Chapter 112Defining Microeconomics (1)n Economics is composed of two branches:n Microeco

6、nomicsn MacroeconomicsChapter 113Defining Microeconomics (2)n Microeconomics deals with:n Behavior of individual unitsConsumersn When Consumingizing Utilityn How we choose what to buyn Behavior of individual unitsFirmsn When Producingizing Profitn How we choose what to produceChapter 114Defining Mic

7、roeconomics (3)n Microeconomics deals with:n Markets: The interaction of consumers and producersOutput Market (Product Market)（市場）Input Market (Factor Market)（要素市場）Chapter 115Defining Microeconomics(4)n Macroeconomics deals with:Analysis of aggregate issues（總量的問題） :Economic growth（Inflation（通貨膨脹）Une

8、mployment（失業(yè)）etc.增長）Chapter 116Defining Microeconomics(5)n The Linkage(關(guān)系) Between Micro and Macro-economicsn Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomic analysisChapter 117Chapter one includes:Chapter 1181.2 Theories and M（理論與模型）sChapter 119Theories and Ms(1)n Microeconomic AnalysisTheoriesn

9、Theories are used to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.n For examplen The Theory of the Firmn The Theory of Consumer BehaviorChapter 120Theories and Ms(2)n Microeconomic AnalysisMMss:n Simple theoretical descriptions that capture the essentials of how the ec

10、onomy worksChapter 121Theories and Ms（3）n General Features of Economic Mn 1. The Ceteris Paribus Assumption（其他條件均相同假設(shè)）n Other things equal:n 2. Optimization Assumption（最優(yōu)化假設(shè)）n Consumersn Firmsizing their own well-being.izing Profitsn Government regulatorizing public welfareChapter 122Theories and Ms

11、（4）n General Features of Economic Mn 3. Positive and Normative Distinction:n Positive Analysis(實證分析) is the use oftheories and ms to explain how resourcesactually are allocated in an economyn Try to answer: What is（是什么）n For example:n What will be the impact of an import quota（進） on foreign cars?口Ch

12、apter 123Theories and Ms（5）n Positive and Normative Distinctionn Normative analysis（規(guī)范分析） is theories that make value judgments about how the economic resource should be allocatedn Try to answer: “What ought to be?”（應(yīng)該是什么）n For example:n Whether should an import quota（be used on foreign cars or not?

13、Chapter 124The Positive-Normative Distinctionn Distinction between theories that seek to explain the world as it is and theories that postulate the way the world should ben To many economists, the correct role for theory is to explain the way the world is (positive) rather than the way it should be

14、(normative)n Positive economics is the primary approachof the textChapter 125How Economists VerifyTheoretical Msn Two methods are usedn Direct Approach（直接驗證法）: Testing Assumptions: Verifying economicms by examining validity of theassumptions on which they are basedn Indirect Approach(間接檢驗法) Testing

15、Predictions: Verifying economicms by asking if they can accuratelypredict real-world eventsChapter 126Testing Assumptionsn One approach would be to determine if the assumptions are reasonablen The obvious problem is that people have differing opinion regarding reasonablen Empirical evidence can also

16、 be usedn Results of such methods have had problems similar to those found in opinion pollsChapter 127Testing Predictionsn Economists, such as Milton Friedman argue that all theories require unrealistic assumptionsn The theory is only useful if it can be used to predict real-world eventsn Even if fi

17、rms state they dontizeprofits, if their behavior can be predicted by using this assumption, the theory is usefulChapter 128Chapter one includes:Chapter 129A Popular Economic Adage“Even your parrot can become an economistjust teach it to say supply and demand.”Chapter 1301.3 The Basic Supply-Demand M

18、n The Supply-Demand Mn A mdescribing how a goods price isdetermined by the behavior of theindividuals who buy the good and the firms that sell it.n Economists argue that market behavior cangenerally be explained by this mthatcaptures the relationship betweenconsumers preferences and firms costs.Chap

19、ter 131Basic Assumptions(基本假設(shè)) about the Supply-Demand Mn Rational Behavior Assumption（理性行為假設(shè)）n Eachtries to choose the best alternativeavailable to him or hern Scarce Resource Assumption（ 稀缺性假設(shè)）Chapter 132Marginalism（邊際） and MarshallsMof Supply and Demandn Ricardos mwas unable to explainthe fall in

20、 the relative prices of good during the nineteenth century so amore general mwas neededn Economists argued the willingness of people to pay for a good will decline as they have more of itChapter 133Marginalism and Marshalls M of Supply and Demandn People will be willing to consume more of a good onl

21、y if the price is lowern The focus of the mwas on the valueof the last, or marginal, unit purchasedn Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) showed how the forces of demand and supply simultaneously（同時） determined priceChapter 134FIGURE 1.3: The Marshall Supply-Demand CrossPriceSupplyDemand0Quantity per weekCha

22、pter 135Marginalism and Marshalls M of Supply and Demandn The demand curve shows the amount people want to buy at each price and is negatively sloped reflecting the marginalism principlen The upward sloping supply curve reflects the idea of increasing cost of making one more unit of a good as total

23、production increasesChapter 136Marginalism and Marshalls M of Supply and Demandn Supply reflects increasing marginal costs and demand reflects decreasing marginal usefulnessChapter 137Market Equilibrium（市場均衡）n In Figure 1.3, the demand and supply curve intersect at the market equilibrium point P*, Q

24、*n P* is the equilibrium price: The price at which the quantity demanded by buyers of a good is equal to the quantity supplied by sellers of the goodChapter 138FIGURE 1.3: The Marshall Supply-Demand CrossPricepointP*0Quantity per weekQ*Chapter 139DemandSupply.EquilibriumMarket Equilibriumn Both dema

25、nders and suppliers are satisfiedat this price, so there is no incentive for either to alter their behavior unless something else happensn Marshall compared the roles of supply and demand in establishing market equilibrium to the two blades of a pair of scissors working together in order to make a c

26、utChapter 140Nonequilibrium Outcomesn If something causes the price to be set above P*, demanders would wish to buy less than Q* while suppliers would produce more than Q*n If something causes the price to be set below P*, demanders would wish to buy more than Q* while suppliers would produce less t

27、han Q*Chapter 141Change in Market Equilibrium: Increased Demandn Figure 1.4 shows the case where peoples demand for the good increases as represented by the shift of the demand curve from D to Dn A new equilibrium is established where the equilibrium price has increased to P*Chapter 142FIGURE 1.4: A

28、n increase in Demand Alters Equilibrium Price and QuantityDPriceP*P*Q*Q*Quantity per week0Chapter 143SDChange in Market Equilibrium: decrease in Supplyn In Figure 1.5 the supply curve has shiftedleftward reflecting a decrease in supply brought about because of an increase in supplier costs (say an i

29、ncrease in wages)n At the new equilibrium price P* consumers respond by reducing quantity demanded along the Demand curve DChapter 144FIGURE 1.5: A shift in Supply Alters Equilibrium Price and QuantitySPriceP*Q*0Quantity per weekChapter 145DFIGURE 1.5: A shift in Supply Alters Equilibrium Price and

30、QuantitySPriceP*P*DQ* Q*0Quantity per weekChapter 146S*How We Verify the Supply-Demand Msn Two methods are usedn Testing Assumptions: Verifying economicms by examining validity of theassumptions on which they are basedn Testing Predictions: Verifying economicms by asking if they can accuratelypredic

31、t real-world eventsChapter 147An Experimental Economics ExampleChapter 148Double Auction（雙方拍賣） Buyers attributed marginal values Sellers attributed marginal costs Buyers only know own values Sellers only know own costs highest bidslowest asks trading prices.made publicChapter 149Double Auction: Exam

32、pleBuyers values:Buyer B1 B2 B3B4unit1 5.25.04.64.2unit2 4.8- 4.44.0Chapter 150Double Auction: ExampleSellers costs:Seller S1 S2 S3S4unit1 3.73.83.94.1unit2 4.44.24.0-Chapter 151Double Auction: ExampleAggregate Demand and Supply:(marginal values givedemand function &Marginal costs give supply function)price5.35.14.94.74.54.34.13.93.73.51234567Chapter 18unit52Double Auction: ExamplepriceB15.35.14.94.74.54.34.13.93.73.5B1 B2 B3B45.25.04.64.24.8- 4.44.0B2B1B3B3B4B412345678unitChapter 153Double Auction: ExamplepriceB15.35.14.9