英語閱讀訓(xùn)練--歸納概括主題

1、英語閱讀訓(xùn)練-歸納概括主題 ( Title and Main Idea )歸納概括中心主旨的題目是高考必考題目，考查考生通過閱讀理解,總結(jié)歸納，找出文章中心意思的能力。  要做好這類題考生必須區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息；既看到樹木, 更看到森林；要跳出一詞一句，而俯瞰全文；要通讀全文，通篇理解。 找出主題句(topic sentence) 是一個(gè)有用的方法。 中心意思(main idea)通常是一個(gè)完整的句子，它應(yīng)能全面準(zhǔn)確地概括文章的中心主旨；最佳題目(the best title)可以是一個(gè)短語詞組，它除能概括文章的中心主旨外，還有吸引讀者，引發(fā)閱讀興趣的任務(wù)?？?/p>

2、察文章主題的提問方式常用的有：The subject of the passage is _.The main idea is _.The title is _.The passage mainly talks about _.What topic is treated in this passage _.The point of the passage is that _.Whats the topic of the first paragraph?The best headline for the passage would be _.Which title best gives the

3、idea of the passage?Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?1. 主題句位于段首其特點(diǎn)是演繹式，開門見山提出論點(diǎn)，再分別說明。例如：People have known about gold for a very long time(主題句). The early cave people knew of gold（論據(jù)）. Gold cups were used by people who lived more than 5,000 years ago（論據(jù)）. Gold

4、necklaces and other things made of gold have been found in Egypt. They are also more than 5,000 years old（論據(jù)）.Q: The main idea of the passage is _.A. gold is widely usedB. many things can be made of gold. C. gold was known by people long times ago. D. gold was found 5,000 years ago分析 第一句是文章的主題句，其后分3

5、個(gè)論據(jù)來論敘這一主題。答案C與文章主題同義。在閱讀中要注意，所有用語證明論點(diǎn)的根據(jù)和理由都應(yīng)具一定的邏輯關(guān)系。我們可以按照這種邏輯關(guān)系推斷出結(jié)論。 2. 主題句位于段尾其特點(diǎn)是歸納式，即細(xì)節(jié)在前，概括在后。例如：One of the most important uses of gold is for money. Gold can be used to make rings, earrings, and other things. Gold is also used to make gold leaf, a very flat ribbon （帶）of gold that is often

6、used on picture frames. Cups and dishes can also be made from gold. Gold has many uses.Q: The best title of this passage is _.A. the most important uses of goldB. wide uses of goldC. many things made of goldD. the importance of gold.分析 這一段是從金子最主要的用途談起，然后用also, often等詞列舉出其他用途，最后歸納出 “gold has many use

7、s”這一主題，與B選項(xiàng)一致。 3. 主題句位于段中其特點(diǎn)是：引題主題解釋或提問回答解釋。例如：A port is a place where ships stay when they are not sailing. Ships usually load or unload at a port. So, a spaceport is a place where “spaceships” stay when they are not flying. It has special buildings where the spaceships are kept. It also has suppli

8、es needed for space travel.Q: The passage mainly tells us _.A. what a spaceport isB. that a port is a place where ships stayC. that a spaceport is a special buildingD. what a port and a spaceport are分析 本段是由“港口是船不航行時(shí)停留的地方” 這一人人都明白的概念引出 “宇航港是宇宙飛船不飛行時(shí)停留的地方” 這一抽象難懂的概念，進(jìn)而加以解釋。其中心就是向人們介紹什么是宇航港，所以A選項(xiàng)是主題。 4

9、. 首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句通常是指文章開頭和結(jié)尾相互對應(yīng)。了解這一點(diǎn)有利于根據(jù)文章開頭和結(jié)尾進(jìn)行綜合推理。例如： Shu Pulong has helped at least 1,000 people bitten by snakes. “It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career.” he said. “The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.” Shu

10、said.Q: What do you think the writer talks about in the missing part of the article?A. The sad story of the people bitten by snakes.B. How did Shu help the people?C. Why did Shu help the people?D. How much did Shu like his career?分析 從文章開頭“看到被蛇咬傷的人們使我選擇了這一職業(yè)”和段末“這悲慘的故事使我如此震動(dòng)，因此我決定把一生獻(xiàn)給這些人們”可以看出本文的主題是

11、“蘇普龍如何成為蛇醫(yī)”。那么中間一段是說明“那悲慘的故事”的，答案是A。 5. 無主題句 依據(jù)文中事實(shí)，細(xì)節(jié)，觀點(diǎn)，綜合歸納成一般概念。例如： Good afternoon. This is your captain speaking. We have been warned of the danger of strong air turbulence ahead for the next forty miles or so. Passengers are therefore strongly asked to remain in their seats with their seatbelt

12、 on for their safety and not to use the restrooms during that dangerous period if at all possible. During the time young children should be firmly fastened into their seats. Please observe these precaution until the seatbelt warring sign has gone off. Lunch will be served after we have passed throug

13、h the air turbulence zone. Thank you.Q: The best title for this passage would be _. A. The Captain and the Passengers B. Something About the Strong Air Turbulence C. For your Own Safety D. Dont Move Around and Keep Still 分析此文是一篇廣播通知，告知旅客飛機(jī)可能遇到強(qiáng)氣流前的注意事項(xiàng)，完全出于安全考慮，由此可判斷此文的中心是選項(xiàng)C所給內(nèi)容。此問不是知識介紹，不選B。答案D中心不

14、突出，不明確，旅客一聽或許以為是飛機(jī)被劫持了。 Reading Training Course Paragraph 1 What are the tallest plants in the world? Many people would say that giant redwood trees of California. Actually, the tallest plants are in the oceans. These are seaweeds that grow almost seven hundred feet tall. Compared to this height, th

15、e giant redwoods are pygmies of only four hundred feet. To get some idea of these heights, consider the Statue of Liberty. This huge figure rises only three hundred feet. 1. The passage can be entitled _.A. Redwoods in California B. The Statue of LibertyC. Seaweed D. The Tallest PlantsParagraph 2We

16、think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster. To many of nature' s animals, however, the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans. When settlers came from the East to America' s great western plains, they killed millions of bison, poisoned the prairie dogs, and s

17、hot the coyotes. All this upset the area's balance of nature. For the animals, it was worse than a flood or earthquake.2. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Nature Balance Itself B. Floods and EarthquakesC. American Settlers D. Humans-a Disaster to Nature Paragraph 3When

18、 a piece of paper burns, it is completely changed. The ash that is left behind does not look like the original piece of paper. When dull-red rust appears on a piece of tinware (錫制品), it is quite different from the gleaming tin. The tarnish that forms on silverware is a new substance unlike the silve

19、r itself. Animal tissue (組織) is unlike the vegetable substance from which it is made. A change in which the original substance is turned into a different substance is called a chemical change.5. The author writes this passage to tell us _. A. how paper burns B. that dull-red on tinware is unlike tin

20、 itself C. that animal tissue is different from plant's D. what a chemical change isParagraph 4 One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease. The wartime use of penicillin saved thousands of lives.

21、 In the First World War, for example, pneumonia was responsible for eighteen percent of all the deaths in the United States army. In the Second World War, the rate went down to less than one percent. In addition, penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to s

22、peed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected. 1. which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. A Dangerous Weapon B. Guns in the Second World War C. A Terrible Pneumonia D. An Important DrugParagraph 5 It is possible to do many simple tricks with number

23、s. Here is one trick. It has several separate steps. First, write down your house number. For example, if your address is 73 Lemon Street, you would write down 73. After you write down your house address, next double it. Then add five to this doubled number. For example, if your address was 73 and y

24、ou doubled it, you would get 146. Then, if you added five, you'd get 151.       Then multiply this number by 50. In our example here, you'll get 7550. The next step is to add your age to this total. For example, if you're 26 years old, you should add 26 to this t

25、otal. In our example here, the result would be 7576. After that you have to add the number of days in a year, which is 365. In our example here, 365 added to 7576 is 7941. The final step is this: Subtract 615 from the number that you have. Take away 615 from the total, In our example, 7941 minus 615

26、 is 7326. The result here - 7326 - is the trick. The first part of the number is the address and the last part of the number is the age of the person. That is, 73 is the address that we started with, and 26 is the age that we used. 5. The best title of the passage is _. A. The number tricks B. A tri

27、ck with numbers C. An interesting problem D. How to work out a difficult trickPassage 6An Australian wildlife park attendant survived a crocodile attack after her father jumped on the huge crocodile's back and dugout its eyes as the horrified tourists looked on. Karla Bredl, 21, was in a fairly

28、good condition in good care in hospital with a broken bone, a broken leg and some injuries after the attack. The 4.5 - metre crocodile caught Karla Bredl around the leg and then the waist when she fell during a crocodile feeding show for tourists. Karla's father seized a long-handled tool and be

29、at the crocodile about the head to force it to let go of her, but the tool was doing nothing. So he jumped on its back and stuck his fingers in its eyes and the crocodile let go of her.1. The best title of the passage is _. A. The Hateful Crocodile B. Father Saved Daughter's Life C. A Terrible A

30、ccident D. The Dangerous Place猜詞法(Meanings Guess)該題型常見的設(shè)題方式有:n 1.The word_could best be replaced by_.n 2.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word_.n 3.By_the writer means_.n 4.In the _paragraph, the word"_" means (refers to )_.n 5.The underlined word_is closest in meaning t

31、o _.方法1：定義，解釋法(Definition)通過下定義的方法，來解釋說明某個(gè)生詞或短語的意義。信息詞：is, was, means, that is, that is to say, in other words, refer to .o 1. A biography is the story of a person's life written by another.o 2. To boycott a store means to refuse to shop in the store.No.1（NMET 1998 B篇）He was one of 80 middle sch

32、ool students from China attending a month-long "Youth Summit". .The Youth Summit was aimed at increasing understanding and friendship between young students of the two countries through visits and discussion. 55.The words "Youth Summit " refer to _. A.visits to the Nixon's Li

33、brary B.the Chinese students' visit to the US C.a meeting discussing relations between China and the USD.activities to strenghen the ties between China and the US.No.2（2005年廣東卷B篇）Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership sk

34、ills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.60.The underlined word” cultivated” roughly means _.A. developed B. compared C. examined D. encouraged No.3 (2005江西卷D篇）The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. Pruning is important because it en

35、courages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got.68.In the first paragraph, the word “pruning” means _.A. Regular cutting of the plantsB. Frequent wateringC. Regular use of chemicalsD. Growing the plants high in the mountain方法2：同義法(Synonym)在詞或短語

36、之間有并列連詞或它們所連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定生詞的詞義。n Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to people's health, They also regard drinking as harmful.n 例2.（2001年北京春季 B篇）He called to us that there was no one there, so we ran down to the bank, looking everywhere carefully. We could not understand where

37、the man had gone. When it got dark, we went back to our camp feeling bewildered.n 57.The word "bewildered" in the text probably means_. A. ashamed B. nervous C. unable to understand D. eager to know something方法3：反義法(Antonym)利用反義詞說明生詞的意義。n 信息詞：however, but, while, instead, unlike, on the ot

38、her hand.n 1.Jane was talking with others while Tom remained reticent all the time.n 2.His offices is a drab places, but her new office is a bright, cheerful place.n 例3（NMET 1999 B篇）Computer people talk a lot about the need for other people to become "computer-literate".The computer expert

39、s have to learn not to tell people about computers, but have to be able to answer all questions people ask, people don't have to learn computer terms (術(shù)語), but the experts have to explain in plain language. The computers are becoming "people-literate".n 57.We can infer from the text th

40、at "computer-literate" means_. A. being able to afford a computer B. being able to write computer programs C. working with the computer and finding out its value D. understanding the computer and knowing how to use it 方法4:上下文分析法(context)生詞上下文起解釋說明作用的句子，為我們猜測生詞提供了大量的信息。No.1（2004年江蘇卷D篇） but

41、his wife was always mad at him for his idleness(懶散). Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside if the house -the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband.70. The underlined words “henpecked husband” probably means a man

42、who _.A. likes hunting B. is afraid of hensC. loves his wife D. is afraid of his wife No.2（2003年北京卷B篇）The new planet moves around a star much like our sun, however. Scientists discovered the planet by using a new planet-searching method, called “transit technique”.59. The “transit technique” can .A.

43、 help dim(使暗淡) the light of a starB. help scientists with a searchlightC. help discover a bee on a planetD. help find a planet moving before its star No.3（NMET 1997A篇）The 20 gold medal winners are all primary and middle school students under the age of 14. "Many of the problems are of college l

44、evel and these pupils can figure them out . It is just unbelievable!" said a teacher from Guang-dong province.54.The underlined phrase "Figure out" in the text means_.A. guess B. add up C. work out D. study方法5：邏輯關(guān)系(Logical method)（對比，轉(zhuǎn)折，因果，讓步等）He is generous, though he is not rich.方法：

45、根據(jù)舉例(Examples)從所舉事例處分析:生詞的后面常常出現(xiàn) “for example, for instance, such as” 一類的詞，這是作者通過舉例來表述詞義，表達(dá)觀點(diǎn) No.1（2002年全國卷E篇） A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun , according to Beth Aneclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.74、What does the underlined word

46、 “hassle” probably mean?A. a party designed by pecialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guestsNo.2（2003年全國卷C篇）Fermat's Last Theorem(定理). First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century

47、, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds.65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word"baffle"as it is used in the text? A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding. C. To provide person with an explanation.

48、 D. To limit people's imagination. No.2I like to read some English periodicals like China Today, English Salon, Overseas, etc.方法7：同位重述(appositive)在文章中變換不同的詞句表達(dá)同一種意思的習(xí)作手法叫重述。原句和重述句之間是同位語的關(guān)系。No.1（2004的遼寧卷B篇）Take V8 for example. For many years, the bright red color of tomatoes and carrots on the th

49、in bottle makes you feel that it is very good for your body. And the word “green” today can keep food prices going up.63. It can be inferred from the passage that V8 is a kind of .A. vegetable dishB. healthy juiceC. iced drinkD. red vegetableNo.2（2002年上海卷D卷）The commonest problem was information “sto

50、rage failures”. For example, people forgot the names of people whose face they knew, went into a room and forgot why they were there, mislaid something, or smoked a cigarette without realizing it.85. According to the passage, the information “storage failures” refer to .A. the destruction of informa

51、tion collecting systemB. the elimination (除去) of ones total memoryC. the temporary ( 暫時(shí)的) loss of part of ones memoryD. the separation of ones action from consciousnessNo.3（2001年全國卷A篇）The largest player-Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices deluxe sedans, minivans

52、, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite.56. The words “deluxe sedans”, “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to .A. cars in the making B. car rental firmsC. cars for rent D. car makers方法8：如標(biāo)點(diǎn)(Punctuation)（冒號，破折號）構(gòu)詞法(Formation)【例1】 It will be very hard but also

53、 very brittle that is, it will break easily.【例2】 We are on the nightshift from midnight to 8 am this week.【例3】They are good diggers, and in Ranthambhore ( a wildlife park in Northern India) are nocturnal: they only come out at night.中學(xué)英語中常見的前綴和后綴super-（超）， inter-（在之間）， -able（能的）， mini-（極少的，微型的），micr

54、o-（極微小的）， re-（再，反復(fù)），sub-（分支的，底下），co-（共同），post- (后)， pre-（前）， trans-（超越；轉(zhuǎn)換）， under-（在之下；低于；不足）， -hood（狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)；時(shí)期）， -ish（如的；有點(diǎn)兒的）； -proof（防的；不能穿透的）， -scope（鏡）， -ship（身份；資格；權(quán)力；性質(zhì)）， -some（引起/易于的）， -wards（向）， mis-（誤；惡）， un-（不；非）， in-（不；非）， im-（不； 非）， dis-（不）， non- （不；非），-less（不； 無）， anti-（反；防）， sino-（中國）練習(xí)

55、：【例1】Don't listen to his nonsense.【例2】Jason is a language specialist. 【例3】She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 【例4】The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.【例5】You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.【例6】Apply (涂抹) an antiseptic, such as alcohol (酒精), on the skin. 【例7】 If you are riding a bike when a small child suddenly appears in front of you, you'll have to use the front