英語學(xué)習(xí)職稱英語面授講義

1、2012年王霞英語團隊職稱英語面授課程目錄1 考試應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)11.1答題順序及時間分配21.2 職稱英語核心語法知識32. 職稱英語六大題型出題特點， 復(fù)習(xí)重點及答題技巧72.1詞匯選項112.2閱讀理解252.3完型填空61 2.4補全短文63 2.5概括大意與完成句子74 2.6閱讀判斷831.1 考試應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)答題順序及時間分配建議答題順序建議答題時間特別提示1詞匯選項題15分鐘以內(nèi)借助詞典翻查答案+ 答題技巧（需要使用帶有近義詞注釋的詞典）2完型填空10分鐘以內(nèi)3閱讀理解60分鐘以內(nèi)先做來自教材中的閱讀理解。剩下兩篇閱讀理解用技巧答題+ 猜答案技巧4補全短文8分鐘以內(nèi)用技巧答題 + 猜答案

2、技巧5概括大意完成句子10分鐘以內(nèi)用技巧答題 + 猜答案技巧6閱讀判斷6分鐘以內(nèi)用技巧答題 + 猜答案技巧7填寫答題卡5分鐘一定要留出時間填寫答題卡重要提示：一定要在答題卡上填好“姓名”，“準(zhǔn)考證號”和“試卷代碼”。12 職稱英語核心語法知識l 名詞America, the United States, Europe, WHOThe researchersA researcherThe researchers report a book about history職稱英語閱讀材料中常見名詞詞尾1.-age名詞反綴，（1）表示“狀態(tài)，總稱”（2）表示“場所，物品”（3）表示“費用”2.-al名詞

3、后綴，表示“人，物，狀態(tài)”，常見的與連接字母搭配形式是ial3.-an、-ian名詞后綴，表示“某種人”4.-ance、-ence、-ancy、-ency名詞后綴，表示“性質(zhì)，狀況”5.-ant名詞后綴，表示“人”,表示“劑”6. -cy，-acy名詞后綴，表示“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)”7.-dom 名詞后綴，表示“狀態(tài)或領(lǐng)域”8.-ee 名詞后綴，表示“被-的人”，是er反義后綴9.-eer 名詞后綴，表示“人員”10.-er、-or、-ar、-eer、-ier、-ster、-ator（1）名詞后綴，表示“人”（2）名詞后綴，表示“物品，工具”11.-ess 名詞后綴，表示“女性，雌性”12 -hood

4、 名詞后綴，表示“時期，性質(zhì)等”13.-ics 名詞后綴，表示“學(xué)科，學(xué)術(shù)”14.-ing（1）名詞后綴，表示“狀態(tài)”（2）名詞后綴，表示“行業(yè)”15.-ion名詞后綴，表示“動作、狀態(tài)或物品”16.-ism、-asm名詞后綴（1）表示“各種主義，宗教”2表示“學(xué)術(shù)或?qū)W術(shù)流派”（3）表示“行為，現(xiàn)象，狀態(tài)”（4）表示“疾病”(（5）).表示“具備某種性質(zhì)”17.-ist名詞后綴，表示“人”18.-itude 表名詞，“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)等”19.-ment名詞后綴，表示“行為、結(jié)果或事物”20.-ness 名詞后綴，表示“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，”通常加在形容詞后面21.-ship名詞后綴，表示“某種關(guān)系或狀態(tài)”

5、、“某種技能”22.-ty、-ity、-ety 名詞后綴，表示“具備-性質(zhì)”23.-ure名詞后綴，表示“一般狀態(tài)，行為24.-ivity 名詞后綴，表示“有能力或特性” 25.-ability 名詞后綴，表示“能，性質(zhì)”例題1（用名詞定位相關(guān)句）：（2011年綜合A/綜合B考題） A. A good leader needs a variety of qualities. B. These techniques are used to train leaders. C. Training can make good leaders. D. Most of good leader are na

6、tural-born. E. It s important to have a good leader.24. Paragraph 2_. 2. In almost every situation where youre in a group， you will need a skilled leader. All groups need leaders and all successful groups have good leaders. Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down. Member

7、s of a leaderless group often begin to feel dissatisfied and frustrated. Time is wasted and the tasks are not achieved. There are often arguments and tensions between people as there is nobody to keep the goals clear. Some personalities dominate and other disappears. Often group members begin not to

8、 come to meetings in order to avoid more disharmony.l 動詞1與實義動詞相關(guān)的時態(tài)(8種時態(tài));He visits America.(一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)) He visitedAmerica. (一般過去時態(tài))He is visiting America. (現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài))He was visiting America.(過去進行時態(tài))He will visit America. (一般將來時態(tài))He would visit America. (過去將來時態(tài))He has visited America. (現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài))He had visite

9、d America. (過去完成時態(tài))例題2（利用時態(tài)精確定位相關(guān)句）：（2011年/理工A/理工B考題）28. The iPad will only run programs approved by Apple if not _ A. browsed(瀏覽) B. personalized（使個人化） C. distributed （分發(fā)， 分配 ）D. increased （增加）F. modified （更改， 修改） 2. The iPad runs the same operating system as the iPod Touch and iPhone. It can run i

10、ts own applications as well as ones developed for iPhone. Without modification, it will only run programs approved by Apple and distributed via its online store.l 語篇銜接詞the + exam/research (the + n. )this/that + exam/research (this/that + n. )these/those + exams/researches (these/those + n. )she/he/t

11、hey/ her/him/them/it/ (you? We? )her/his/their/its + n.)some/many/mostsuch + n. either/both/neither/none第5部分：補全短文（2010/A） I Know Just How You FeelDo you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal f

12、eelings can be classified, according to Mind Readingame, a DVD displaying every possible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel the first visual distionary of the human heart. Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emtions into six

13、 types-anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. _(46) Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwins small group. More complex expressions of emotions were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are

14、 shared worldwide. _(47) The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions. The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism (孤獨癥), who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader us

15、es. Actors and teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an emotion _(48) Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, fromafraid to wanting. Onc

16、e these emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. _(49) The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words,

17、 but we instantly recognise one when we see it on someones face. It was really clear when the actors had got it right, says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD. Although they were given some direstion, says Ms Collis, the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. _(50) For example,

18、when someone feel contempt, you cant say for certain that their eyebrows always go down. Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called action

19、 units. These can be combined into more than 10, 000 visible facial shapes. Ekmen has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion. A. He said that this expression of feeling is universal and recognizable by anyone from any culture . B. Any other method of showing the

20、 412 emotions whould have been far less effective. C. Research has also been done to find out which area of brain read the emotional expressions. D. These particular muscles are difficult to control, and few people can do it. E. They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by I fee

21、l he looks orshe sounds. F. We thought of trying to describe each emotion, but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules of this. 2. 職稱英語六大題型出題特點， 復(fù)習(xí)重點及答題技巧2.1詞匯選項出題特點：出題簡單， 主要考點為近義詞的識別；每年都有一部分詞匯選項考題“選編”自教材中的詞匯選項練習(xí)題。主要考形容詞和動詞， 也會涉及對名詞和副詞的考察。 復(fù)習(xí)重點：教材中詞匯選項練習(xí)題及歷年詞匯選項考題詞匯選項題復(fù)習(xí)范圍（教材內(nèi)容）：A級詞

22、匯選項復(fù)習(xí)范圍以教材中A級，B級難度詞匯選項題為主B級詞匯選項復(fù)習(xí)范圍教材中B級及C級難度詞匯選項題C級詞匯選項復(fù)習(xí)范圍教材中C級難度詞匯選項題重要提示：1 主要通過翻查詞典確認(rèn)答案；2 如果翻查詞典（查劃線詞）仍然不能確認(rèn)答案，則先把該題放一放先做其他題，繼續(xù)做其他題。完成用詞典能直接確認(rèn)答案的題后根據(jù)已做出題的答案出現(xiàn)情況及詞匯選項題通常答案分布特點(A， B， C和D都要作為選項出現(xiàn)，而每個選項成為答案的個數(shù)通常是3 5個)， 猜測剩下的題的可能答案。第1部分：詞匯選項（第1-15題，每題1分，共15分） （2011/A）1 For some obscure reason, the si

23、mple game is becoming very popular. A unclear B obvious C major(n. 主修課， 成年人 adj. 較大的，較多的，主要的 v. 主修 )D minor （n. 未成年人， 副修科目 adj. 較小的， 次要的， 未成年的 v. 副修）詞匯選項題答題基本思路：詞匯選項最簡單， 解題首先查詞典；詞典中尋找劃線詞，找到劃線詞（后），劃線詞的近義詞里找答案；（1）只有一個選項近義詞里出現(xiàn)， 該選項通常是答案；（2011/A）1. For some obscure(adj. 不清楚的)reason, the simple game is b

24、ecoming very popular. A unclear B obvious C major D minor 詞典近義詞注釋：近義詞 dim, dark, indistinct, unclear, vague（2）兩個選項近義詞里出現(xiàn)， 劃線詞詞義確定是關(guān)鍵， 劃線詞詞義和語境相關(guān)聯(lián)， 小語境用于確定詞義很方便；（2008/B）2. Jack consumes a pound of cheese a day. A. drinks B. eats C. buys D. produces近義詞eat, drink，use up（3）備選項近義詞里都不出現(xiàn)， 劃線詞義確定仍然是關(guān)鍵， 小語境確

25、定詞義很方便。劃線詞詞義確定后對比備選項詞義特征小心選：形容詞成為劃線詞，詞義色彩是詞義考慮的重點： 褒（義）對褒（義）， 貶（義）對貶（義）， 中性（詞）對中性（詞）；（2010/A）3. Her father was a quiet man with graceful(優(yōu)雅的/褒義詞)manners. A. bad(壞的， 糟糕的/貶義詞)B. polite（有禮貌的/褒義詞）C. similar（相似的/中性詞）D. usual（通常的/中性詞）詞典近義詞注釋：近義詞 pretty, polished, refined, decent, polite（2010/A）4. I want t

26、o provide my boys with a decent（adj. 得體的，令人滿意的/褒義詞）education. A. private（adj. 私人的， 私有的/中性詞）B. general (adj. 總的，普遍的/中性詞)C. good （adj. 好的， 合適的/褒義詞）D. special （adj. 特殊的，特別的/中性詞）動詞成為劃線詞，動作產(chǎn)生的直接結(jié)果是詞義考慮的重點： 劃線動詞，選項動詞產(chǎn)生的直接結(jié)果若一致，該選項通常是答案；（2010/B）5 We need to extract the relevant（adj. 相關(guān)的） financial（adj. 金融的

27、） data（n. 數(shù)據(jù)）. A store(v. 存儲， 儲備) B save(v. 節(jié)約， 解救)C review（v. 回顧， 復(fù)習(xí)） D obtain（v. 獲得， 得到）詞典近義詞注釋：近義詞 pull out, draw out, remove, take out, squeeze, concentratevt.拔出, 拉出 提取, 榨出, 蒸餾出 摘錄n. 提煉物, 精華 摘錄, 選萃劃線詞后搭配的介詞也是考慮的重點： 劃線詞若和它后面介詞組合成搭配， 則可依據(jù)該介詞來選答案： 哪個選項能與該介詞成搭配， 該選項往往是答案； e.g. occupy oneself in - en

28、gage oneself inv. 從事于., 忙于.v. 占，占據(jù)，擁有占領(lǐng)使忙碌近義詞 capture, conquer, possess, engage, use, utilize（4）劃線詞詞典里找不見， 劃線詞可能是派生， 解題需要“還原”出詞根（詞）： 劃線詞末尾是ly，去掉ly, 詞根詞通常就出現(xiàn)；去掉了ly, 詞根（詞）還是找不見，詞根末尾若是i， 把i變成y， 詞根詞自然就出現(xiàn)；詞根末尾如果不是i, 詞尾加上(l)e, 詞根詞也就被還原， 利用還原詞根詞確定答案很簡單。e.g. largely large + ly e.g. heavily heav(y - i) + lye

29、.g. considerably - considerabl(e) + ly （2011/A）7 The sea turtles natural habitat has been considerably（adv. 相當(dāng)?shù)?大大地）reduced. A greatly B suddenly C generally D slightly 還原詞根： considerably considerabl(e) + ly 詞典近義詞注釋：considerable - great, important, much, powerful, significant劃線詞末尾是ed，去掉ed, 詞根動詞通常就出現(xiàn)

30、；去掉了ed, 詞根（動詞）還是找不見，詞根末尾加上e，詞根詞可能就出現(xiàn)；去掉了ed, 詞根（動詞）仍然找不見，詞根末尾相同的輔音字母緊挨著出現(xiàn)，去掉一個輔音字母詞根詞自然就出現(xiàn)；劃線詞末尾若是ied, 去掉ied再加上字母y, 詞根詞必然被還原， 利用還原詞根詞確定答案很簡單。e.g. listened - listen + ed e.g. announced announce + (e)de.g. committed commit + t + ede.g. denied den(y - i) + ed（2010/A）6. He demolished（v. 推翻）my arguments（n

31、. 論點） in minutes. A. disproved （v. 反駁）B. disputed (v. 對進行質(zhì)疑)C. accepted （v. 接收，承認(rèn)）D. supported （v. 支持）v. 摧毀, 推翻, 拆毀(尤指大建筑物)近義詞 destroy, pull down, break down, destory, knock down shatter, wreck（2011/A）10 The decision to invade provoked（v. 引起）storms（n. 暴風(fēng)雨） of protest（n. 抗議）. A ignored(忽視)B organized

32、（組織， 安排）C caused（造成）D received（收到, 接受， 得到， 遭到）還原詞根： provoked provoke + (e)d詞典近義詞注釋：provoke - anger, annoy, arouse, disturb, enrage, excite, incense, irritate, stirv.激怒挑起（感情），引起（事件）劃線詞末尾是ing，去掉ing, 詞根動詞通常就出現(xiàn)；去掉了ing, 詞根（動詞）還是找不見，詞根末尾加上e，詞根詞可能就出現(xiàn)；去掉了ing, 詞根（動詞）仍然找不見，詞根末尾相同的輔音字母緊挨著出現(xiàn)，去掉一個輔音字母詞根詞自然就出現(xiàn)，利用

33、還原詞根詞確定答案很簡單。e.g. reading read + inge.g. urging urg(e) + inge.g. running run + n + ing（2011/A）8 I got a note from Moira urging（v. 力勸， 督促）me to get in touch. A instructing B notifying C pushing D inviting 還原詞根： urging urg(e) + ing詞典近義詞注釋：urge - advise, agitate, coax, drive, force, incite, plead, pres

34、s, pressure, prompt, provoke,push, spur（5）劃線若是個短語， 查短語就要查實詞（名詞， 動詞， 形容詞），查找短語中第一個實詞，千萬不要查介詞。 （2011/A）11 She alwaysfinds fault with（v. 批評）everything. A criticizes(批評) B simplifies C evaluates D examines 詞典短語注釋：find fault with v. 批評22閱讀理解l 出題特點：1 有一篇閱讀理解考題選編自教材中閱讀理解練習(xí)題， 另外兩篇來自教材以外。 2 文章后面的問題包括：主旨題細(xì)節(jié)題(

35、正誤判斷題， 未提及題， 推斷題， 因果邏輯題)詞匯題（實詞題， 篇章詞匯題）l 閱讀理解常見設(shè)問句：1. 轉(zhuǎn)折句（however, but, in fact, yet）2. 否定句（never, no, not, no longer, no more, notany longer, notany more, tooto, fail to do, seldom, hardly, rarely）；3. 觀點句(sb/researcher/team. say/suggest/propose/think/hold/maintain/argue/point out)4. 結(jié)論句（study/resea

36、rch discover/find/suggest/indicate/show） 5. 例子(含有數(shù)字的句子，含有地點名詞的句子)； 6. 段首句/段尾句；7. 獨立成段句；主旨題 （whats the best title of the passage? Whats the main idea of the passage？ Whats the writers attitude towards? Whats the theme of the passage? The authors purpose in writing this passage is _; The passage tells

37、 us _; The passage mainly discusses _; ）選自2011年綜合A/B閱讀理解考題: Cell phones: Hang up or keep talking45. The writers purpose of writing this article is to advise people_. A to buy mobile phones B to update regular phones C to use mobile phones less often D to stop using mobile phones 分析：主旨題答題口：主旨題找答案，文章標(biāo)

38、題先看一看，標(biāo)題中的文章主題詞可作第一判斷點：主題詞也可能并不直接在標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)， 文章中如有反復(fù)出現(xiàn)詞， 該詞也是主題詞；哪個選項含主題詞，含主題詞選項通常是答案；如果都含主題詞，主題詞個數(shù)要數(shù)數(shù)看，含主題詞個數(shù)最多選項通常是答案；主題詞法用上如果不能（判）斷答案，（文章）開頭前三句，（文章）結(jié)尾后三句可就需要看一看，先讀結(jié)尾后三句，再看開頭前三句，答案通常就出現(xiàn)。 有時還需結(jié)合各段段首句最終才能定答案。（最后一段）As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that its best to use mobile pho

39、nes less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So

40、 for now, its wise not to use your mobile phone too often.選自2011年衛(wèi)生 A/B閱讀理解考題: Immune Functions40 Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage? A The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself. B An antigen is any substance that triggers an

41、immune response. C One of the immune systems primary functions is the allergic（過敏原的） response. D The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes. 分析： The immune system is equal in complexity（n.復(fù)雜） to the combined intricacies(n. 復(fù)雜) of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune sys

42、tem in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory（adj.調(diào)整的） communication network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks

43、and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-omitting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign of nonself molecules, the immune troo

44、ps move quickly to eliminate the intruders (入侵者). Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The bodys immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-

45、tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to remember the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗體

46、)passed during lactation(授乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must learn from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes (微生物) in which we live, learning necessi

47、tates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader. Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen (抗原). Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (過敏原)，which are most often harmless substances that provoke the

48、immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium, or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical win, whose cells carry identical self makers act as antigens

49、; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricat

50、e and characteristic shapes called epitopes (抗原表位), which protrude (突出) from its surface. Most antigens（過敏原）, even the simplest microbes（微生物）, carry several different kinds of epitomes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitomes(抗原表位) will be more effective than others at st

51、imulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected(v. 誤導(dǎo)) immune attack. 選自2009年理工A閱讀理解考題: The robot man43The authors main purposeis to _Asupport the view that robots will play a major role in our life.Bdescribe

52、 the life of Hans Moravec.Cmake fun of the views of Hans Moravec.Dget people prepared for the threat of future robots.分析： According to Hans Moravec, universal robots will take over all the physical activities that we engage in, leaving us with little to do. Moravec sees four generations on the road

53、to true universal robots. The first generation will be here by 2010 and will consist of free-ranging robots that can navigate by building an internal mental map of their surroundings. In new situations theyll be able to adapt, unlike todays mobile industrial robots. These robots will have the comput

54、ing power,to cope with simple speech and text recognition, and will be used for tasks such as domestic cleaning.The second generation will arrive around 2020 and will be distinguished by the ability to learn. Second generation robots are programd with sets of primitive tasks and with feedback that p

55、rovide pleasure and pain stimuli. For example, a collision provokes a negative response, a completed task would be positive.Move forward another ten years to 2030 and you get to generation three. This robot can build internal simulations of the world around it. Before beginning a task, it can imagin

56、e what will happen in order to predict problems. If it has a free moment, it can replay past experiences and try variations in order to find a better way of doing things next time. It could even observe a person or-another robot performing a task and learn by imitation. For the first time, we have h

57、ere a robot that can think.By the time we get to generation four in 2040, Moravec predicts that robots will be able to: match human reasoning and behavior; generalize abstract ideas from specific experience; and, conversely, compile detailed plans of action from general commands such as earn a living or make more robots