城市規(guī)劃專業(yè)英語翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTION AND TRENDSARTICLE: The Evolution of Modern Urban PlanningIts very difficult to give a definition to modern urban planning, from origin to today, modern urban planning is more like an evolving and changing process, and it will continue evolving and changing

2、. Originally, modern urban planning was emerged to resolve the problems brought by Industrial Revolution; it was physical and technical with focus on land-use. Then with the economic, social, political and technical development for over one hundred years, todays city is a complex system which contai

3、ns many elements that are related to each other. And urban planning is not only required to concern with the build environment, but also relate more to economic, social and political conditions. 這是非常困難的給予定義，以現(xiàn)代城市規(guī)劃，從起源到今天，現(xiàn)代城市規(guī)劃更像是一個(gè)不斷發(fā)展和變化的過程，它會繼續(xù)發(fā)展和變化。本來，現(xiàn)代城市規(guī)劃的出現(xiàn)，以解決工業(yè)革命所帶來的問題，它是物理和與土地利用的重點(diǎn)技術(shù)。然后，

4、隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會，政治和技術(shù)超過百年的發(fā)展，今天的城市是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)包含哪些是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的許多內(nèi)容。而城市規(guī)劃不僅要關(guān)注與構(gòu)建環(huán)境，而且還涉及更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會和政治條件。In human history, Industrial Revolution is always viewed as a turning point because it brought tremendous changes to the world. At the beginning, it was just like a myth because machine could produce manufactured goo

5、ds more quickly than the human hand. Following that, a large number of factories appeared and a large amount of people left their agriculture land to the factories. This process is called industrialization. It brought with the rapid economic growth, the expansion of city and the immigration of popul

6、ation. Large scale population growth in city and without any planning caused many problems, especially in the living condition the industrial cities became drab, polluted, unsafe and unhealthy. 在人類歷史上，工業(yè)革命總是視為一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樗鼛淼木薮笞兓o世界。一開始，它簡直就像一個(gè)神話，因?yàn)闄C(jī)器可以生產(chǎn)制成品的速度比人的手。隨后，大量的工廠出現(xiàn)，大量的人離開了他們的農(nóng)業(yè)土地給工廠。這個(gè)過程被稱為產(chǎn)業(yè)

7、化。它帶來了經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長，城市擴(kuò)張和人口移民。大規(guī)模的城市，沒有任何規(guī)劃人口增長造成了許多問題，特別是在生活條件 - 工業(yè)城市成為單調(diào)，污染，不安全和不健康的。With social reform movement, early modern urban planning was concentrated on dealing with the problems of housing, sanitation and infrastructure, and the spread of cholera and other waterborne diseases. During that peri

8、od, the idea of planning was to create a pleasant, self-contained environment providing for work, settlement, and leisure, through careful and expert design. A famous example is Howards Garden City; it planned a beautiful city, which was divided into many districts including the center of city, indu

9、strial areas, residential areas, schools and greenbelt to allow people to live together in “harmony，health and happiness”. The theory contributed a lot to the practice of early modern urban planning in European. In a nutshell, the beginning of modern urban planning was more like blueprint approach;

10、it was seen as essentially “a technical process of design and drawing, unrelated in its operation to economic or political process”. Along with the urbanization, zoning was begun, and housing, subdivision, and public health codes were created. 隨著社會改革運(yùn)動(dòng)，早期現(xiàn)代城市規(guī)劃是集中在與住房，衛(wèi)生和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以及霍亂和其它水源性疾病的傳播問題的處理。在此

11、期間，規(guī)劃理念是創(chuàng)造一個(gè)愉快的，獨(dú)立的環(huán)境，提供工作，定居，休閑和專家通過精心設(shè)計(jì)。著名的例子是霍華德的花園城市，計(jì)劃一個(gè)美麗的城市，這是為包括城市中心，工業(yè)區(qū)，住宅區(qū)，學(xué)校和綠地，讓人們生活在了一起很多地區(qū)分為“和諧，健康和幸福?！痹摾碚撠暙I(xiàn)良多早期現(xiàn)代美國城市規(guī)劃的做法。概括地說，現(xiàn)代城市規(guī)劃的藍(lán)圖開始是想更多的辦法，它被看作是本質(zhì)“的設(shè)計(jì)和繪圖技術(shù)，在其運(yùn)作過程無關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)或政治進(jìn)程?！彪S著城市化，分區(qū)是開始，住房，細(xì)分和公共健康規(guī)范的創(chuàng)建。The development of modern urban planning depends largely on the development

12、 of social policy, economy and scientific technique. 現(xiàn)代城市規(guī)劃的發(fā)展在很大程度上取決于社會政策，經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展Facing with the urgent need of post-war reconstruction, 1950surban planning showed a pattern oriented toward recovery and economic development. Planning became primarily concerned with industrial development, job c

13、reation and housing provision. However, planners with no background of economic and social training couldnt be sensitive to the wider economic, political and social complexities of urban planning. So planning still emphasized more on physical land-use but to respond the demand of post-war reconstruc

14、tion.隨著戰(zhàn)后重建的迫切需要面對，規(guī)劃 1950surban顯示模式走向復(fù)蘇和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的導(dǎo)向。規(guī)劃 PRIMAR 成為與產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)和住房有關(guān)條文。然而，由于沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會培訓(xùn)背景規(guī)劃精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)者不能敏感的矛盾的經(jīng)濟(jì)，政治和社會的城市規(guī)劃的復(fù)雜性。所以仍計(jì)劃強(qiáng)調(diào)物理土地使用更多的響應(yīng)，但戰(zhàn)后重建的需求。Going through the post-war reconstruction, 1960s came with rapidly growing economy and advancing technology. Urban planners wer

15、e aware to the complex urban system of political, economic, technical and environmental problems. As a result, planning started to provide development strategies on socio-economic aspect and environmental protection. Regional Planning and National Planning were rapidly developed to provide general p

16、olicies and strategies, such as large-scale economic framework, population distribution, infrastructure growth, housing development, etc. to guide local planning. Because of the introduction of computers to urban planning process, there occurred planning models. Then urban planning became more scien

17、tific. Furthermore, due to the rapidly growing number of cars, the transportation planning became a more important part of planning. At the same time, environmentalist, by awareness of urban pollution and uncontrolled redevelopment, advocated that planning should pay more attention on environmental

18、protection and urban conservation. Furthermore, public participation was introduced to the planning process because they realized that urban planning was related to their benefits. 通過戰(zhàn)后重建會，20 世紀(jì) 60 年代迅速發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)和先進(jìn)技術(shù)來了。城市規(guī)劃者意識到在復(fù)雜的政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)，技術(shù)和環(huán)境問題的城鎮(zhèn)體系。因此，規(guī)劃開始提供有關(guān)社會經(jīng)濟(jì)方面和環(huán)保事業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。區(qū)域規(guī)劃和國家規(guī)劃提供了快速發(fā)展的大政方針和策略，如

19、大規(guī)模的經(jīng)濟(jì)框架，人口分布，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的發(fā)展，房屋開發(fā)等，引導(dǎo)地方規(guī)劃。由于計(jì)算機(jī)引入城市規(guī)劃過程中，發(fā)生規(guī)劃模型。然后，城市規(guī)劃更加科學(xué)。此外，由于汽車數(shù)量迅速增加，交通規(guī)劃成為規(guī)劃的重要組成部分。在 Sametime 的，環(huán)保的污染和無節(jié)制的城市重建的認(rèn)識，主張規(guī)劃應(yīng)更加環(huán)保和城市保護(hù)的重視。此外，被介紹給公眾參與規(guī)劃的過程，因?yàn)樗麄円庾R到城市規(guī)劃是關(guān)系到他們的利益。1970s capitalist economy began to recess, Traditional values were challenged and planning profession encountered c

20、risis. “Planning had not been able to fulfill its promise of balancing growth across the country and spreading its benefits widely with society”. During this period, planning was combined to implementation, not just design and reform. And planning was not just following the policy made by officials,

21、 but take part in policy-making, so planning was vested political implication. Most of radical planners wanted a redefinition of planning that would include the goals of social justice, equality, and redistribution of wealth and power. Planning was no longer a design process completed by expertise,

22、but a political process that involved citizens of every class to take part in. Related policies or ordinance were established to form an open and equal planning process. Thus, apart from the original land use allocation and socio-economic strategies, planning process，including planning-making, appli

23、cation and enforcement, was integrated into planning system. 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)開始休會，傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀念受到挑戰(zhàn)和策劃界遇到的危機(jī)。 “規(guī)劃沒有能夠 Fulfil 其平衡全國各地的傳播與社會發(fā)展和它的好處廣泛的諾言”。在此期間，其中合并計(jì)劃的實(shí)施，不僅是設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃什么改革，而不是由以下官員的政策，但參與決策的一部分，所以規(guī)劃是賦予政治含義。規(guī)劃師最想要的規(guī)劃激進(jìn)的重新定義，其中包括社會正義，平等，財(cái)富和權(quán)力再分配的目標(biāo)。規(guī)劃不再是一個(gè)由專家完成設(shè)計(jì)過程，而是一個(gè)政治過程，每類涉及公民參加英寸相關(guān)政策或法令的一部分，建立，

24、形成一個(gè)開放的規(guī)劃程序和平等。因此，除了原有的土地使用分配和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略，規(guī)劃的過程中，包括規(guī)劃，決策，實(shí)施和執(zhí)行，這將規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)集成When times came to 1980s, with the global economic restructuring, business played a vital role in economic system and planning encountered forgetting. Some people thought that market could allocate the resources and balance the demand

25、 and require in a more rational way, but planning restricted market. Actually, resources are limit, and city is composed of political, economic, cultural and environmental issues, market is not able to balance them all. Then 1990s is the resurgence of planning. Todays urban planning is a comprehensi

26、ve planning with concerns about the sustainable development of politics, economy and environment. It contains socio-economic development strategy, policies, regulations, decision-making process, environmental conservation as well as land-use planning, urban design and landscape. In addition, along w

27、ith the economic globalization, planning is going beyond the traditionally boundary of nation state. Planning cooperation in regions and all over the world is searched for a better socio-economic circumstance and a sustainable environment. Todays planning is required to put the city in world 精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-

28、傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)context, and then figures out promising strategies for its future development. 當(dāng)時(shí)間時(shí)間來到 20 世紀(jì)紀(jì) 80 年代全球經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)調(diào)整，企業(yè)業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)中發(fā)揮發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用和規(guī)規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)遇到遺遺忘。有些人認(rèn)為認(rèn)為市場場能增撥資撥資源，平衡需求和更理性的方式，市場規(guī)場規(guī)劃要求，但受到限制。其實(shí)實(shí)，資資源限制，城市是政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化和環(huán)環(huán)境問題組問題組成的，市場場是無法平衡所有這這些，然后是 20 世紀(jì)紀(jì) 90 年代規(guī)規(guī)劃的復(fù)蘇蘇。今天的城市規(guī)規(guī)劃是一個(gè)關(guān)于政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和

29、環(huán)環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)續(xù)發(fā)展問題問題的全面規(guī)規(guī)劃。它包括社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)略，政策，法規(guī)規(guī)，決策過過程，以及環(huán)環(huán)境保育土地利用總總體規(guī)規(guī)劃，城市設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)和景觀觀。此外，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化，規(guī)規(guī)劃是超越了民族國家的傳統(tǒng)邊傳統(tǒng)邊界。規(guī)規(guī)劃和世界各地的區(qū)域合作是尋尋找一種更好的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境和可持續(xù)發(fā)續(xù)發(fā)展的環(huán)環(huán)境。今天的規(guī)規(guī)劃范圍圍是需投入在世界上的城市，然后出其未來發(fā)發(fā)展前途的戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)略數(shù)字。FURTHER READING (2): Trends in Modern Urban Planning of USGrowth control is found most commonly in Sunbe

30、lt cities, resorts, coastal areas, mountainous regions, and other environmentally and climatically appealing places. A common situation is when long-term residents and recent in-migrants decide that growth is occurring too rapidly and destroying the quality of life that attracted development. They a

31、sk urban planners to control growth in order to preserve that quality of life as well as to relieve the pressures on the infrastructure, public services, and public costs created by new development. Urban planners use mechanisms that can slow, ameliorate, or redirect growth. While the practice remai

32、ns controversial in legal terms, many court decisions have upheld the right of state and local governments to plan and control the tempo, location, and extent of development. 生長控制，管理和衰落增長的控制是最常見于陽光地帶城市，度假村，沿海地區(qū)，山區(qū)和其他環(huán)境和氣候有吸引力的地方。一個(gè)常見的情況是長期居民和流動(dòng)人口增長的決定是最近發(fā)生的太迅速，破壞了生活質(zhì)量，吸引發(fā)展。他們要求城市規(guī)劃者，以控制增長，以維持該生活質(zhì)量以及

33、減輕壓力的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，公共服務(wù)，并通過新的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了公共成本。城市規(guī)劃人員使用機(jī)制，可以減緩，改善，或重定向增長。雖然這種做法在法律上仍然有爭議，許多法院判決維護(hù)了國家和地方政府有權(quán)計(jì)劃和控制節(jié)奏，位置和發(fā)展程度。Decline management is relatively new to urban planners, because the present redistribution of people, jobs, and development is without precedent in the United States. Until recently, urban plann

34、ers did not have to deal with declining urban populations. Many cities in the Snowbelt and Rustbelt, most heavy industrial centers that are obsolete, old transportation centers, and other areas subject to difficult climates and changing economic trends are experiencing declines. This does not mean d

35、ecay necessarily, since some places have redeveloped and improved their quality of life with fewer people living there. It does mean a far more difficult and risky approach to urban planning. This approach involves elements of preserving what is good about these cities while encouraging change and i

36、nnovation for things that do not seem to be viable any longer. It essentially means that urban planners can no longer rely upon principles and standards that evolved from planning practice during times of unlimited growth. Now planners must use methods that seek to improve cities while managing thei

37、r decline. 拒絕管理是比較新的城市規(guī)劃師，因?yàn)槿耍蜆I(yè)和再分配發(fā)展到今天，在美國沒有先例。直到最近，城市規(guī)劃師沒有處理減少城市人口。在 Rustbelt Snowbelt，最重的是過時(shí)的，舊的運(yùn)輸中心的工業(yè)中心，并受經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的氣候變化趨勢和其他地區(qū)的許多城市都面臨下降。這并不一定意味著腐爛，因?yàn)橛械牡胤街亟ê透纳迫嗣裆钶^少有他們的生活質(zhì)量。它意味著一個(gè)更為困難和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的方法，城市規(guī)劃。這種方法涉及到保護(hù)這些城市是什么樣的好內(nèi)容，同時(shí)鼓勵(lì)變化和事情，似乎并不可行再創(chuàng)新。本質(zhì)上，它意味著城市規(guī)劃者不能再根據(jù)原則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從規(guī)劃實(shí)踐發(fā)展過程中的無限增長時(shí)代依靠?，F(xiàn)在，規(guī)劃者必須使用的方法，設(shè)

38、法提高他們的城市，同時(shí)管理下降。Historic Preservation and Adaptive Reuse 精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)In both the decline management and growth control contexts, the preservation of significant historic areas and buildings is a major trend in urban planning. There has been a lamentable insensitivity to historic preservatio

39、n until fairly recent times, when Americans came to realize that historic areas and buildings were being destroyed and that a heritage was being lost forever, Most cities and states now have vital preservation programs that seek to preserve what is truly significant. A great number of programs and i

40、ncentives have arisen to control demolition and encourage conservation. 古跡保存與活化再利用在這兩個(gè)下降和增長管理控制的情況下，該地區(qū)的顯著歷史和建筑保存是一個(gè)城市規(guī)劃的大趨勢。有一種可悲的歷史保護(hù)不敏感，直到相當(dāng)最近，當(dāng)美國人認(rèn)識到，歷史悠久的地區(qū)和建筑物被摧毀，而遺產(chǎn)被永遠(yuǎn)失去了，大多數(shù)城市和國家現(xiàn)在有重要的保護(hù)方案，謀求保護(hù)什么是真正的顯著。一個(gè)偉大的計(jì)劃和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)數(shù)量已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)控制拆遷和鼓勵(lì)節(jié)能。An especially interesting part of this trend is the adaptive re

41、use of older buildings. This concept holds that attractive, sound; historically significant buildings that may have outlived their original functions can be reused for new purposes. Thus, urban planners might assist in reusing an abandoned schoolhouse for a technology office, in transforming an old

42、mansion into a cultural center, in turning an abandoned jail into a bar, and even in giving an unused gas station new life as a quality restaurant. In fact, these are real examples of recent projects that have been made possible by urban planning and the use of incentives for adaptive reuse. 這方面的一個(gè)趨

43、勢，特別是有趣的部分是舊建筑活化再利用。這一概念認(rèn)為，吸引力，聲音，歷史上顯著，可能已經(jīng)失去原有的功能，可重復(fù)使用的新用途的建筑物。因此，城市規(guī)劃者可能有助于重用被拋棄了改造成文化中心的老豪宅科技廳校舍，在轉(zhuǎn)變成一個(gè)欄廢棄監(jiān)獄，甚至給一個(gè)未使用的氣站的優(yōu)質(zhì)餐廳的新生活。事實(shí)上，這些都是已經(jīng)由城市規(guī)劃，并為可能的活化再利用的激勵(lì)最近的項(xiàng)目實(shí)際使用的例子。Neighborhood PlanningClosely related to the historic preservation and adaptive reuse trend in older cities is neighborhood

44、planning. Planning assistance is provided to neighborhood groups that are organized to preserve their neighborhoods and prevent decline. A planning department often supplies special staff and financial assistance to such groups. In some cases, planners themselves may actually be involved in organizi

45、ng such neighborhood groups. 鄰里規(guī)劃密切相關(guān)的古跡保存與活化再利用的舊城市的趨勢是鄰里的規(guī)劃。規(guī)劃援助提供給社區(qū)團(tuán)體 - 這是有組織的，以維護(hù)他們的居民區(qū)和預(yù)防的下降。一個(gè)規(guī)劃部門的工作人員經(jīng)常物資和財(cái)政援助，以這種特殊的群體。在某些情況下，自己實(shí)際上可能是在組織社區(qū)團(tuán)體參與規(guī)劃審查。Even in growing cities, there is a trend toward neighborhood planning. This has resulted both from neighborhood demands and from recognition b

46、y planners that the modern city is an organism composed of individual cells, or neighborhoods. The neighborhood offers an ideal unit in which to concentrate planning programs, which are especially effective when there is an overall urban planning strategy. 即使是在發(fā)展的城市，有一個(gè)對鄰里規(guī)劃的趨勢。這導(dǎo)致無論是從鄰里和規(guī)劃要求，從認(rèn)識到，現(xiàn)

47、代城市是單個(gè)細(xì)胞，或鄰里組成的有機(jī)體。鄰里提供了一個(gè)理想的單位中集中規(guī)劃方案，特別是有效的，當(dāng)有哪一個(gè)是城市總體規(guī)劃的戰(zhàn)略。DesignThe trend now is to incorporate the principles of urban design more fully into urban planning. This trend evolved in recent years when it became apparent that urban planning had been ignoring the appearance, design, and beauty of th

48、e built environment While few if any planners would argue that design can solve social and economic problems by itself, most would concur that the way cities look is vitally important. 設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)現(xiàn)在的趨勢是將其納入城市規(guī)劃對城市設(shè)計(jì)的原則更加充分。這種趨勢在最近幾年發(fā)展的時(shí)候，很明顯，城市規(guī)劃一直忽視了外觀，設(shè)計(jì)和現(xiàn)在的趨勢是將其納入城市規(guī)劃對城市設(shè)計(jì)的原則更加充分。這種趨勢在最近幾年發(fā)展的時(shí)候，很明顯，城市規(guī)劃

49、一直忽視了外觀，設(shè)計(jì)和精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)建筑環(huán)境規(guī)劃師美雖然幾乎沒有人認(rèn)為設(shè)計(jì)可以解決社會問題和自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)，大多數(shù)人會同意的這樣的城市看是非常重要的。建筑環(huán)境規(guī)劃師美雖然幾乎沒有人認(rèn)為設(shè)計(jì)可以解決社會問題和自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)，大多數(shù)人會同意的這樣的城市看是非常重要的。The San Francisco zoning regulations of the mid-1980s were a benchmark for the new trend to incorporate design into urban planning. These regulations not only

50、 dealt with the land use, height, bulk, and density of buildings, but also went beyond them to establish design standards. They thus went much further than the New York City ordinances of the 1920s, for they dealt with the spatial envelopes and design styles that give form to new buildings. This mea

51、nt that zoning and other planning controls could be used to require certain design configurations for building construction and for built areas, and it greatly increased the attention to design in urban planning. 舊金山分區(qū)的舊金山分區(qū)的 80 年代中期的規(guī)年代中期的規(guī)定是一個(gè)新趨勢，將其納入城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)。這些法規(guī)不僅涉及土地使用，高度，體積和建筑密度，但也超出他們?nèi)ソ⒃O(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

52、因此，定是一個(gè)新趨勢，將其納入城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)。這些法規(guī)不僅涉及土地使用，高度，體積和建筑密度，但也超出他們?nèi)ソ⒃O(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，他們就遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了他們就遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了 20 世紀(jì)世紀(jì) 20 年代紐約市的條例，因?yàn)樗麄兣c空間信封和設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格，讓新的建筑形式來處理。這意味著，分區(qū)和其他規(guī)劃控年代紐約市的條例，因?yàn)樗麄兣c空間信封和設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格，讓新的建筑形式來處理。這意味著，分區(qū)和其他規(guī)劃控制可用于要求對建筑施工和建成區(qū)一定的設(shè)計(jì)配置，并大大提高了重視城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)。制可用于要求對建筑施工和建成區(qū)一定的設(shè)計(jì)配置，并大大提高了重視城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)。NegotiationFor many years urban pla

53、nning played a regulatory role since it dealt with ways to ensure conformity to public master plans and zoning ordinances. This regulatory function often resulted in litigation when property owners objected to these requirements. There was little in the way of compromise, negotiation, and arbitratio

54、n. During the 1980s, the trend to use negotiation as an alternative to litigation and as a way to reach agreements on regulatory aspects of planning began to take hold. 協(xié)商多年來，城市規(guī)劃起到了調(diào)節(jié)作用，因?yàn)樗c方法，確保符合區(qū)劃條例和總體規(guī)劃的公共處理。這種調(diào)節(jié)功能往往導(dǎo)致訴訟時(shí)業(yè)主反對這些要求。有一點(diǎn)在妥協(xié)，談判和仲裁的方式。在 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代，這一趨勢以此作為談判和訴訟替代，以此來達(dá)到對規(guī)劃管理方面的協(xié)議開始占據(jù)

55、上風(fēng)。The negotiation approach for resolving conflicts in urban planning is an interesting trend because it arose primarily from universities, research centers, and private foundations and was then transferred to practice. This is unusual, because trends in urban planning usually start in practice and

56、then take on a theoretical and intellectual format. 為解決城市規(guī)劃沖突的談判方式是一個(gè)有趣的趨勢，因?yàn)樗?PRIMAR 源于大學(xué)，研究中心，私人基金會和然后轉(zhuǎn)移到實(shí)踐。這是不尋常，因?yàn)樵趯?shí)踐中通常從城市規(guī)劃的趨勢，然后在理論和智力格式服用。The breadth and depth of the use of negotiation in planning have not been tapped. It can be expected that the formal negotiation models and their applied

57、variants will be found increasingly effective for the future of urban planning. 的廣度和談判的深度利用規(guī)劃還沒有被挖掘。可以預(yù)計(jì)，正式談判模型及其變種，會發(fā)現(xiàn)越來越多的應(yīng)用為今后有效的城市規(guī)劃。ConclusionUrban planning has undergone a long evolution from ancient times and is taking on new directions and following interesting trends. While still evolving,

58、it is a well-established process. And in future it will go beyond the planning level to include implementation-the complete and effective carrying out of the plans by the public and private sectors. 結(jié)論城市規(guī)劃經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)漫長的演變，從遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代，并正在采取新的方向和以下有趣的趨勢。雖然悄然變化，這是一個(gè)完善的過程。而在未來將超越規(guī)劃的層面，包括實(shí)現(xiàn)的完整和有效的執(zhí)行該計(jì)劃由公共和私營部門。As ur

59、ban planning becomes increasingly concerned with implementation within the context of a federated, democratic system, the greater successes are expected. Implementation is now the cutting edge for advances in urban planning, and it will serve as the area for the most interesting new developments in

60、the years ahead. Urban 精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)planners are moving beyond planning to implementation with the support and encouragement of both business and government. These are exciting times for urban planning. 由于城市規(guī)劃日益與在一個(gè)聯(lián)合，民主制度方面的實(shí)施方面，取得更大的成績預(yù)期。實(shí)施現(xiàn)在是在城市規(guī)劃發(fā)展的最前沿，而且將作為對在未來數(shù)年最有趣的新的發(fā)展領(lǐng)域。城市規(guī)劃者正在超越規(guī)劃到實(shí)