新概念第一冊(cè)主要語(yǔ)法知識(shí).doc

1、精品資料新概念一主要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（一）時(shí)態(tài)主要涉及的時(shí)態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般性，經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或一般性事實(shí)。?含有be動(dòng)詞的句子例： He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.變疑問(wèn)句將be動(dòng)詞移到 句首例：Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?變否定句 在be動(dòng)詞后面 加not例： He is not

2、a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.?不含有動(dòng)詞的句子，即含有一般動(dòng)詞的句子第三人稱單數(shù)及單數(shù)名詞例：He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.變疑問(wèn)句在句首加does,動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵?例：Does he like books?Does she

3、like him?Does the dog like bones?變否定句在主語(yǔ)及動(dòng)詞之間 加doesn' t , 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵屠篐e doesn' t like books.She doesn' t like him.The dog doesn ' t like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：例：Yes, he does. No, he doesn ' t.Yes, she does. No, she doesnt.S,不要和名詞復(fù)數(shù)混淆，變否定句或疑問(wèn)句時(shí)Yes, it does. No, it doesn 注意：第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在動(dòng)詞后面加

4、 名詞復(fù)數(shù)沒(méi)有任何變化。12其他人稱及復(fù)數(shù)名詞例：I want to have a bath.We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.變疑問(wèn)句在句首加do例： Do you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?變否定句在主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞之間 力口 don' t .例：You don' t wa nt to have a bath.We don' t have any meat.The students

5、 don ' t like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I do. No, I don ' t.Yes, we do. No, we don ' tYes, they do. No, they don ' t.2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+ be動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞+其它成分例： We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.變疑問(wèn)句

6、 將be動(dòng)詞移到句首例： Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?變否定句 在be動(dòng)詞后面 加 not例： We are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑問(wèn)句 ： what,which, how, where,

7、who, etc.疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞例：What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?注：（必背！ ?。](méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞：表示狀態(tài)，思想，感情和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞不能表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作see, hear, like, love, want, have, has 當(dāng)“擁有,講時(shí)沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí)3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件，常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,?含有 be 動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式，am

8、, is 的過(guò)去式為 was, are 的過(guò)去式為 were例：I was at the butcher ' s.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten yearsago.變疑問(wèn)句 將be動(dòng)詞移動(dòng)到句首例：Were you at the butcher ' s?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten yearsago?變否定句 在be動(dòng)詞后面 加not例：I was not at the butche

9、r ' s.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful tenyears ago.肯定回答否定回答例：Yes, I was. No, I was not.Yes, you were. No, you were not.Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.特殊疑問(wèn)句：例：What did you do?不含有be動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式例：I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaura

10、nt.The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.變疑問(wèn)句在句首力口 did ,動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵屠?Did you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?變否定句在主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞之間 力口 didnot例：I did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers di

11、d not live at King Street a yearago.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I did. No, I didn ' t.Yes, he did. No, he didn ' t.Yes, they did. No, they did not.4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ) +助動(dòng)詞 have, has+ 過(guò)去分詞用法：1）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作， 常和 just, usually, already, since等時(shí)間副詞連用例：I have just had lunch.（ 飽了，不用再吃了 ）He has had a cup of tea

12、.（不渴了，不用再喝）They have already had their holiday.（不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book.（已經(jīng)知道書的內(nèi)容了，不用再看了）2）詢問(wèn)別人是否做過(guò)某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：例： Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3）表示開始于過(guò)去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作例：I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school

13、for 1 year.4）表示一種經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)：去過(guò)一地方，做過(guò)事情，經(jīng)歷過(guò)事情例：I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.注意： Have been to 表示去過(guò)， have gone to 表示去了試比較：I have been to London.（人已經(jīng)回來(lái)）He has gone to London.（人還在那里）5）表示一種結(jié)果，一般不和時(shí)間副詞聯(lián)用例：I have lost my pen.I have hurt my

14、self.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.變疑問(wèn)句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首,例： Have you lost your pen?變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后面 加not.例：I have notlost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑問(wèn)句：例：What have you done?What has he done?注意：一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：凡是有明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子為過(guò)去時(shí)注意：有些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作有一個(gè)終點(diǎn)，不能再延續(xù)，因此不能和表示一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用錯(cuò)：I &#

15、39; ve left Beijing for 3 days.對(duì)：I left Beijing 3 days ago. Ihave been away from being for 3 days.5. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常和 tomorrow, next year, the dayafter tomorrow, theyear after the next, in five hours' time, etc.表示將來(lái)的詞聯(lián)用結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞 will+例:I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japa

16、n the monthafter the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrowmorning.變疑問(wèn)句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首例： Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month afterthe next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrowmorning?變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后面 加not例：I will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly t

17、o Japan the monthafter the next.Jack will not move into his new housetomorrow morning肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.特殊疑問(wèn)句：例：What will you do?6. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：用法：在過(guò)去的時(shí)間里，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前的哪個(gè)動(dòng)作要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。結(jié)構(gòu)：had+過(guò)去分詞例： After she had finished her

18、 homework, shewent shopping.They had sold the car before I asked theprice.The train had left before I arrived at thestation.注意：After/before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首要在句子后面加逗號(hào)，如果放在主句后則不用加。變疑問(wèn)句將助動(dòng)詞移到句首例： Had she finished her homework?變否定句在助動(dòng)詞后面 加not例：She hadn' t finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, she had. N

19、o, she hadn ' t.特殊疑問(wèn)句：例：What had she done?7. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常用在 when, while, as引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中。結(jié)構(gòu)： was/were+doing例： Whenmy husband was going into the diningroom this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father waswatching TV.8. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：would do例： She said she w

20、ould go here the nextmorning.（二）特殊句型：therebe 句型，be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)1. Be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算，準(zhǔn)備，計(jì)劃做某事結(jié)構(gòu)： 主語(yǔ) +be 動(dòng)詞 +going to + 動(dòng)詞原型 例：I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase tohis daughter.變疑問(wèn)句將 be動(dòng)詞移到句首例： Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they goi

21、ng to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase tohis daughter?變否定句在 be動(dòng)詞后面加not例：I am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give thebookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I am. No, I am not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.Yes, he is. No, he is n

22、ot.特殊疑問(wèn)句例： What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?2. There be 句型表示哪里有什么東西（某處有某物）? There is +單數(shù)名詞+表示場(chǎng)所的詞（一般為介詞詞組） 例: There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the table? There are +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+表示場(chǎng)所的詞（一般為介詞詞組） 例：There are two pens on the table.There are three s

23、chools there. 變疑問(wèn)句將 be動(dòng)詞移到句首例:Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table? 變否定句在動(dòng)詞后面加not例： There is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table. 肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, there is. No, there is not.Yes, there are. No, there are not.（三）問(wèn)句主要類型有：一般疑問(wèn)句，特殊疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句，反意疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句，否定疑

24、問(wèn)句 1.一般疑問(wèn)句：助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)，通?？梢杂?Yes或者No來(lái)回答。例： Are you a teacher?Do you want to have a cup of tea?回答：Yes, I am./No, I am not.2.特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句? What: 表示什么 例： What is your name?Where:表示在哪里，對(duì)地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)例：Where is my book? Which:表示哪一個(gè)（在一定范圍內(nèi)特指一樣?xùn)|西或一個(gè)人）當(dāng)作為疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)，which通常單獨(dú)使用例： Which is your favorite cup?Which ar

25、e your favorite cups?當(dāng)作為疑問(wèn)形容詞時(shí)，which后面通常加上一個(gè)名詞，構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)名詞短語(yǔ)例： Which cup is your favorite?Which cups are your favorite? 對(duì)國(guó)籍的提問(wèn)你是哪國(guó)人？問(wèn)： What nationality are you?回答：I' m Chinese.注意：回答用“國(guó)籍”你來(lái)自哪里？問(wèn)： Where are you from?=Whre do you come from? 回答：I' m from China.=I come from China.注意：回答用“國(guó)家”對(duì)職業(yè)的提問(wèn)Wha

26、t is your job?=What are you?對(duì)近況的提問(wèn)問(wèn)： How are you today?回答：I'm very well,thank you.3. 選擇疑問(wèn)句關(guān)鍵詞：or例 "Do you want beef or lamb?4. 反意疑問(wèn)句肯定陳述句+否定疑問(wèn)部分，否定陳述部分+肯定疑問(wèn)部分例:The dog is lovely, isn't it?You don' t need that pen, do you?5. 否定疑問(wèn)句一般疑問(wèn)句+否定詞例：Aren' t you lucky?Don' t you want t

27、o have a rest?（四） some和 any、 many和 much的用法some, any共同點(diǎn)：1.都可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞2.都可以解釋為“一些”區(qū)別：通常情況下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句（此時(shí)，兩個(gè)詞都解釋為“一些”）例：I want some milk.I don't want any milk.Do you want any milk?特殊用法：1.當(dāng)表示建議、邀請(qǐng)，并期待得到對(duì)方白肯定回答時(shí)some也可以用在疑問(wèn)句中,以下為三種句型：1） Would you like.?例：Would you like some coffee?2） Do

28、 you want. ?（一般情況而言用any比較多，但是如果想要得到別人的肯定回答，可以用some來(lái)提問(wèn)）例：Do you want some juice?（ 回答為 Yes）3） What about. ?例： What about some bread?2.當(dāng)any表示“任何”的時(shí)候,也可以用在肯定句， 且后面如果加可數(shù)名詞，需要用單楚例： Any one with a ticket can get into the park.many, much共同點(diǎn)：都可以解釋為“很多”不同點(diǎn)：many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞例：I have many toy cars.She has

29、much money.注：在口語(yǔ)中表示"很多"一般不用many, much,而多用a lot of,而在否定句中表示“很多“用 many, much.例：I have a lot of money.I don ' t have muchmoney.I don't have many apples.（五）名詞分類：名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞1.不可數(shù)名詞含義：不可以分成個(gè)體的東西：water,tea, bread, milk, rice抽象的東西：love, beauty, coldness特點(diǎn)：不能用a, an修飾 不能加s 和單數(shù)be動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞搭配注：不

30、可數(shù)名詞表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)概念時(shí)，用量詞修飾。two bottles of milktwo bars of chocolate例：a bottle of milka bar of chocolate2.a loaf of breada pound of sugar可數(shù)名詞：two loaves of bread two pounds of sugar特點(diǎn)：?jiǎn)螖?shù)可數(shù)名詞要用冠詞修飾,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式變化規(guī)則： 一般情況+s例：shopfshopsbookfbooks 以 s, x, ch, sh, o 結(jié)尾 +es口訣：蛇(sh)吃(ch)象(x)是(sh)會(huì)死(s)的哦(0)例：foxffoxe

31、schurch f churches bus-buse s dish fdishespotato fpotatoes以 o 結(jié)尾，除了 Negro/hero /potato/tomato ,通常加 s 口訣：黑人英雄愛(ài)吃土豆和西紅柿，剩下一般加s, radio radios 以f, fe結(jié)尾的，變 f, fe 為ves例：life 一liveshalf fhakesshelf -shelves city fcities wife 一wives以輔音字母 +y 結(jié)尾，變 y為i+es例：skyfskiesfly flies注：以元音字母+y結(jié)尾的則直接加ed例：to yftoys boy-boy

32、s day-days不規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式例： mam men womaewomenfoot 一 feet goosefgeesetooth 一teethsheepfsheepchild 一childrendeer-deermouses mice國(guó)人復(fù)數(shù)變化：(部分)口訣：中日不變英法變，其余 s加后邊ChinesefChineseJapanesefJapaneseEnglishman fEnglishmenFrenchman Fre nchmenGerman GermansItalian 一 Italians（六）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用1. .情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can （能夠），must （必須），may

33、（可以） 結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ) +can/must/may+ 動(dòng)詞原型 例： He can make the tea.Sally may air the room.We must speak English.變疑問(wèn)句將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移到句首 例：Can he make the tea?May I open the door?Must we speak English?變否定句在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加not例： He cannot make the tea.Sally maynot air the room.You mustn't speak loudly here. = Don't speak lou

34、dly here.（這里 mustn't 解釋為不許、禁止的意思） 特殊疑問(wèn)句：What can you do?注意：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子沒(méi)有第三人稱單數(shù)的變化，不要在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞后面加S。2. Must/have to 的區(qū)別must表示必須，是主觀上覺(jué)得應(yīng)該做,have to是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫才做must只能用在表示現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的句子里,而 have to do 可以用在任何時(shí)態(tài)3. must, may, might表示猜測(cè)：must do表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的猜測(cè)must have done 表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的猜測(cè)must have been doing表示對(duì)過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行的事實(shí)的猜測(cè)

35、may/might do, may/might have done表示沒(méi)有任何事實(shí)依據(jù)的猜測(cè)，might的可能性更小。can' t/couldn ' t表示不可能4. need 用法：表示“需要”時(shí)為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,后面可以加名詞，也可以加不定式： 例：I need a pen.Do you need any beer? No, Idon ' t.I need to have a rest.注： Need doing=need to be done , 表示被動(dòng)例： The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be wat

36、ered.Need在否定時(shí)做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用例：You needn' t go so early. =You don ' t need togo so early.'t.（我一定要現(xiàn)在把桌子Must I clean the desk right now? No, youneedn 擦干凈么？不，你不需要 )語(yǔ)法（七）感嘆句、祈使句一.感嘆句1 .由what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。結(jié)構(gòu)：What+a（an）+ （形容詞）+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 +主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)！例:What a beautiful girl she is!What+（形容詞）+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞 +主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)！例： What

37、 kind women they are!What nice music it is!2 .由how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。結(jié)構(gòu)： How + 形容詞（副詞）+ 主語(yǔ) +謂語(yǔ)例:How beautiful the girl is!How quickly the boy is writing!3 . what與how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，一般情況下可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換，轉(zhuǎn)換后意義不變。例： What an interesting story it is!=How interesting the story is!what a beautiful building it is!=How beautiful the buil

38、ding is!注：在口語(yǔ)中，感嘆句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)常常省略。例：What a nice present! （省略 it is ） How disappointed! （省略 she is ）二.祈使句1 .含義：表達(dá)說(shuō)話人對(duì)對(duì)方的叮囑、勸告、請(qǐng)求或命令等，往往有表示請(qǐng)求、命令、希望、禁止、勸告等意思。2 .特點(diǎn)：一般沒(méi)有主語(yǔ),實(shí)際上是省略了主語(yǔ)“You”句末用感嘆號(hào)或句號(hào)，用降調(diào)朗讀?？隙ńY(jié)構(gòu)都以動(dòng)詞原形開頭。3 .句型：肯定句Do型（以行為動(dòng)詞原形開頭）例：Sit down 坐下！Stand up 起立！Be型（以be開頭）例：Be quiet安靜！Let型 （以let開頭）例：Let me

39、help you. 讓我來(lái)幫助你。注：三種句型中Do型是最常見(jiàn)、最簡(jiǎn)單的一種結(jié)構(gòu)。表示請(qǐng)求、勸告的祈使句還常常在句前或句末加上Please,成句式：Please .或.Please .以使語(yǔ)氣更加緩和或客氣。例：Please stand up . 或 Stand up,please . 請(qǐng)站起來(lái)。Please have a rest . 或 Have a rest,please . 請(qǐng)休息一下。否定句結(jié)構(gòu)：Don't +動(dòng)詞原形例：Don't go there,please . 請(qǐng)別去那兒。Don't be late . 不要遲到。精品資料Don't let h

40、im in . 不要讓他進(jìn)來(lái)。Don't let the water run into the room . 不要讓水流進(jìn)屋里。主要語(yǔ)法（八）"也”的用法1. so 、 neither 弓I導(dǎo)的簡(jiǎn)短回答 so/neither + be + 主語(yǔ) 例：I'm a student. So is he.我是一名學(xué)生，他也是。I'm not a teacher . Neither is she.我不是一名老師，她也（不）是。She is watching TV . So am I.她正在看電視，我也是。We are not doing our homework. Ne

41、ither are they.我們沒(méi)在做作業(yè)，他們也是。 so/neither + 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +主語(yǔ)例：I can swim. So can he.我會(huì)游泳，他也會(huì)。I can't fly. Neither can she.我不會(huì)飛，她也不會(huì)。 so/neither + 助動(dòng)詞 +主語(yǔ)一 注： 一般現(xiàn)在日助動(dòng)詞：do/does一般過(guò)去時(shí)助動(dòng)詞：did一般將來(lái)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞：will （過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞：would）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)助動(dòng)詞：have/has（過(guò)去完成時(shí)助動(dòng)詞：had ）例：She dances very well. So do I.她跳舞跳得很好，我也是。He went to school yesterday. So did I.他昨天去上學(xué)了，我也是。I will leave Shanghai tomorrow. So will he.我明天要離開上海了，他也She has read for 3 hours. So h