修改后的唐財(cái)富外文翻譯

1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯題目陜西商州糧油倉庫基礎(chǔ)工程設(shè)計(jì)專班學(xué)業(yè)土木工程巖土級(jí)土木 101 班生唐指導(dǎo)教師儒 2014年譯文：軟土路基處理方法概述摘要：軟土路基的加固有很多種方法，本文對常用的幾種方法從加以解釋對其加固機(jī)理,作用,作用范圍以及個(gè)別的工程實(shí)例的闡述.新型的加固材料以及新工藝的開發(fā)和利用對提高軟土路基的加固技術(shù)水平所起的重要作用等做以簡單的闡述.在道路工經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到軟土路基，由于高速公路、高速鐵路的發(fā)展，對地基的承載能力要求越來越高，天然的軟土地基遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足這些高檔次的構(gòu)造物對地基承載力的要求。20 世紀(jì) 8090 年代，由于人口膨脹土地日益緊張，同時(shí)軟土路基加固的技術(shù)也有了長足的發(fā)展，條

2、件有所，各種軟土加固理論得到了充分的應(yīng)用與驗(yàn)證，軟基加固技術(shù)也得到長足發(fā)展，在不同的領(lǐng)域里均有涉獵；到 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以后,各種各樣的軟基處理技術(shù)已廣泛地應(yīng)用在各種道路工。地基中常見的軟土，一般是指處于軟朔或者狀態(tài)下的粘性土。其特點(diǎn)是天然含水量大、孔隙比大、壓縮系數(shù)高、強(qiáng)度低，并具有蠕變性、觸變性等特殊的工程地質(zhì)性質(zhì)，工程地質(zhì)條件較差。選用軟土作為路基應(yīng)用，必須提出切實(shí)可行的技術(shù)措施。這種土質(zhì)如在施工中出現(xiàn)在路基填土或橋涵構(gòu)造物基礎(chǔ)中，最佳含水量不易把握，極難達(dá)到規(guī)定的壓實(shí)度值，滿足不了相應(yīng)的密實(shí)度要求，在通車后，往往會(huì)發(fā)生路基失穩(wěn)或過量沉陷。其危害性顯而易見,故采用。在軟土地基上修筑

3、路堤，特別是橋頭引道，如不采取有效的加固措施，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同程度的坍滑或沉陷，導(dǎo)致公路破壞或不能正常使用即所說的橋頭跳車。一般地，除要確保新填筑路基的密實(shí)度以減少沉降外，包括原地面的地基總沉降必須達(dá)到基本穩(wěn)定，沉降量大致達(dá)到總沉降量的 80%以上時(shí)，才容許鋪路面。軟土地基沉降嚴(yán)重時(shí)，不僅增加填方數(shù)量，而且沉降或水平位移對填土的橋臺(tái)、擋土墻、涵洞，甚至對附近的住宅、農(nóng)田以及路線的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的影響。為此，根據(jù)地基土的工程特性，選用適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚泶胧?。?jīng)過長期的實(shí)踐，在公路、鐵路中形成了多種形式的軟土地基處理方法，結(jié)合很多的施工企業(yè)多年施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)及有關(guān)學(xué)者的論述進(jìn)行總結(jié)歸納如下：1 換填墊層法當(dāng)軟

4、弱土層厚度不很大時(shí)，可將路基面以下處理范圍內(nèi)的軟弱土層部分或全部挖除，然后換填強(qiáng)度較大的土或其它穩(wěn)定性能好、無侵蝕性的材料(通常是滲水性好的中粗砂)稱為換填或墊層法。此法處理的實(shí)用高度為 23m，如果軟弱土層厚度過大，則采用換填增加棄方與取土方量而增大工程成本。通過換填具有較高抗剪強(qiáng)度的地基土，從而達(dá)到增強(qiáng)地基承載力的目的，滿足構(gòu)筑物對地基的要求。主要加固方法有換填、拋石擠淤、墊層、強(qiáng)夯擠淤幾種。墊層法根據(jù)材料的不同可分為砂(礫石)墊層、碎石墊層、粉煤灰墊層、干渣墊層、土(灰土、二灰)墊層。代表方法有砂墊層法及換填法。砂礫墊層：當(dāng)路堤高度小于極限高度的 2 倍，軟土層較薄，填筑材料比較困難，或

5、雨季施工時(shí)，采用砂礫(砂)墊層，在填土與基底之間設(shè)一排水面，從而使地基在受到填土荷載后，迅速地將地基土中的孔隙水排出，加快固結(jié)速度，提高地基的承載力，減少沉降，防止地基局部剪切變形。要注意填土速度，所用的材料為含泥量不大于 5%的潔凈中粗砂，或最大粒徑小于 5cm 的天然級(jí)配砂礫。換填法：在軟土厚度不大于 2m 時(shí)，利用滲水性材料(砂礫或碎石)進(jìn)行置換填土，可以降低壓縮性，提高承載力，提高抗剪強(qiáng)度，減少沉降量，動(dòng)力特性，土層的排水固結(jié)。它的特點(diǎn)是施工工藝簡單，但費(fèi)用比較高。拋石擠淤：當(dāng)軟土或沼澤土位于水下，更換土施工，且厚度小于 3m，表層無硬殼、基底含水量超過液限、路堤自重可以擠出的軟土之上

6、，排水比較困難時(shí)，采用拋片石(直徑一般不小于 30cm)擠淤的方法。從中部開始拋石，逐漸向兩邊延伸，擠出淤泥，提高路基強(qiáng)度。2密實(shí)法采用、夯擊、擠壓和振動(dòng)及加入抗剪強(qiáng)度高的材料等方法，對地基的軟弱土體進(jìn)行振密和擠密的地基加固方法稱為密實(shí)法。適用于軟土厚度>3m 的中厚軟土的加固，分布面積廣的軟基加固處理，其加固深度可達(dá)到 30m。通過振動(dòng)、擠壓使地基中土體密實(shí)、固結(jié)，并利用加入的具有高抗剪強(qiáng)度的樁體材料置換部分軟弱土體中的三相(氣相、液相與固相)部分，形成復(fù)合地基，達(dá)到提高抗剪強(qiáng)度的目的。主要加固方法：強(qiáng)夯法、土(或灰土、粉煤灰加法、砂樁法、法、碎石樁法(振沖置換法)、法、水泥粉煤灰碎石

7、樁(CFG 樁法)、粉噴樁法、旋噴樁法。代表方法有碎石樁法、強(qiáng)夯法、水泥粉煤灰碎石樁法、粉噴樁法。強(qiáng)夯法：對于砂土地基及含水量在一定范圍內(nèi)的軟弱粘性土地基，可采用重錘夯實(shí)或強(qiáng)夯。它的基本原理是：土層在巨大的沖擊能作用下，土中產(chǎn)生很大的和沖擊波，致使土體局部壓縮，夯擊點(diǎn)周圍一定深度內(nèi)產(chǎn)生裂隙良好的排水通道，使土中的孔隙水(氣)順利排出，土體迅速固結(jié)。強(qiáng)夯后地基承載力可提高34 倍，壓縮性可降低 200%1000%。其佳夯擊能：從理論上講，在最佳夯擊能作用下，地基土中出現(xiàn)的孔隙水達(dá)到土的自重，這樣的夯擊能稱最佳夯擊能。因此可根據(jù)孔隙水的疊加值來確定最佳夯擊能。在砂性土中，孔隙水增長及消散過程僅為幾

8、分鐘，因此孔隙水不能隨夯擊能增加而疊加，可根據(jù)最大孔隙水增量與夯擊次數(shù)關(guān)系來確定最佳夯擊能。蘭海高速公路某滑坡體的堆積破碎泥巖堆積物厚度 412M.從的土工試驗(yàn)報(bào)告可知為低液限黏土含水量 29.820.2,凝聚力 13.812.2KPA,內(nèi)摩擦角 13.820.2.擠樁、碎石樁加固法：屬于復(fù)合地基的一種，當(dāng)軟土層較厚，換填處理比較，地基土屬于非飽和粘性土或砂土?xí)r，采用擠樁或碎石樁加固法，可以使地基土密實(shí)，容重增加，孔隙比減少，防止砂土在或受時(shí)液化，提高地基土的抗剪強(qiáng)度和水平抵抗力，減少固結(jié)沉降，使地基變均勻，起到置換、擠密、排水作用，防止地基產(chǎn)生滑動(dòng)破壞，提前完成沉降，減少沉降差。3 排水固結(jié)

9、法在軟土地基上加壓并配合內(nèi)部排水，軟土地基的排水，加快軟土固結(jié)的處理方法稱為排水固結(jié)法。適用于處理各類淤泥、淤泥質(zhì)粘土及沖填等飽和粘性土地基。軟土地基在附加荷載的作用下，逐漸排出孔隙水，使孔隙比減小，產(chǎn)生固結(jié)變形。在這個(gè)過，隨著土體超靜孔隙水的逐漸擴(kuò)散，土的有效應(yīng)力增加，并使沉降提前完成或提高沉降速度。主要加固方法：堆載預(yù)壓法、砂井法、袋井、真空預(yù)壓法、電滲排水法、降低水位法、排水板法。預(yù)壓處理：分為超載預(yù)壓、等載預(yù)壓和欠載預(yù)壓等，其施工工藝簡單，但工期較長，超載預(yù)壓的時(shí)間一般為 6，通常與排水處理地基相結(jié)合使用。廣州市新窯南路道路工程就是利用堆載法加固軟土路基的.新窯南路道路工程起點(diǎn)為廣州大

10、道 K4+600,終點(diǎn)為北山村 K11+700,全長約 7KM.道路沿線地層結(jié)構(gòu)自上而下分別為:地殼硬殼包括松散狀雜填土,素填土和軟塑狀耕土,厚度為 0.402.20;軟土層包括狀淤泥和淤泥,厚度為 1.519.39,沿線厚度變化大;下伏層包括粘性土和砂層.堆載預(yù)壓時(shí)間從 1995 年到 2003 年,大約 78 年.袋井：對于軟土厚度大、路堤穩(wěn)定、填土高的軟土路基，采用袋井，可增加軟土豎直方向的排水能力，縮短水平方向的排水距離，軟土的強(qiáng)度。砂袋灌入砂后，采用錘擊法或振動(dòng)法施工。它的施工工藝復(fù)雜，費(fèi)用相對較高，所用的時(shí)間較長，可采用矩形或布樁。 珠江地區(qū)某市公路的地質(zhì)勘探表明，地基土質(zhì)分布比較

11、均勻，除表層 1。0m 左右耕植土外，接著為 8.6m厚的水量、高壓縮性、低強(qiáng)度，粘性的超軟弱淤泥。第三層為1.0m的貝殼粉砂土；第四層又為 7.6m 厚的淤泥質(zhì)粘土；以下分別是 0.5m 厚粘土和3.0m 厚粉細(xì)砂。往下為擊數(shù)（SPT）大于 19 擊的含礫粗砂層，再往下土質(zhì)更好。地基土質(zhì)為 20m 左右深厚的淤泥，含水量高達(dá) 85.7%，十字板剪切強(qiáng)度僅 4Kpa，且淤泥分布深度大致由前方向后方傾斜，前淺后深，前方相對有利。在這樣大面積超軟弱的淤泥地基上筑路需作軟基處理，以防止施工期軟基沉降緩慢，引起工程完工后仍有較大剩余沉降量，同時(shí)不致因加載引起地基失穩(wěn)破壞。這一帶因軟基不當(dāng)而出現(xiàn)工程質(zhì)量

12、或安全事故是較常見的，就設(shè)計(jì)采用7cm 袋井加砂墊層堆載預(yù)壓排水固結(jié)進(jìn)行軟基加固，目的是通過打井使第二、四層淤泥土排水固結(jié)后，土質(zhì)強(qiáng)度獲得提高、減少工程投產(chǎn)后的沉降，保證工程的正常使用，滿足工程設(shè)計(jì)要求。排水板：排與袋井相同，由于是工廠制作，它的質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定、重量輕、保管方便，施工工藝比較簡單，投入勞力少，費(fèi)用相對較低，并且滲濾吸水性好，具有一定的強(qiáng)度和延伸率，對土的擾動(dòng)小，預(yù)壓時(shí)間較長，在工得到廣泛應(yīng)用，但對于提高土層的抗剪能力不如袋井。原文：Overview of Soft Subgrade TreatmentAbstract: The reinforcement of soft soil r

13、oadbed There are many ways, several to explain the reinforcement mechanism of the role, scope, and individual project example elaboration. New reinforcement materials and new technology development and utilization of soft subgrade reinforcement played an important role to do with the simple descript

14、ion.When road works are often encountered in soft soil subgrade, the carrying capacity of the foundation have become increasingly demanding due to the development of highway, railway, natural soft ground is far from meeting these high-grade structures are the foundation bearing force requirements. 1

15、980s and 1990s, due to population expansion of land resources are becoming increasingly tense, soft soil subgrade reinforcement technology has made great progress, and economic conditions have improved, a variety of soft soil reinforcement theory has been fully Application and verification of soft b

16、ase reinforcement technology has made rapid progress in different areas are covered; to the 1990s, a variety of soft foundation treatment technology has been widely used in various road projects.Foundation in soft soil,usually in soft new moon or under the state of the flow of new moon of the clay.

17、Which is characterized by the natural water content, void ratio, compressibility factor, low strength and creep, thixotropy, and other special engineering geological properties, poor engineering geological conditions. Selection of soft soil roadbed application must be put forward practical measures.

18、Soil, such as in the construction of the base of the embankment or bridge and culvert structures, optimum moisture content is not easy to grasp, is extremely difficult to achieve the required degree ofcompaction can not meet the density requirements after the opening, often a roadbedinstability or e

19、xcessive settlement. Its obvious dangers, therefore prohibiting the use. Construction of embankment on soft ground, especially Bridge Approach, if not take effective measures for the reinforcement, it will have varying degrees of collapse slip or subsidence, resulting in road damage or is not workin

20、g is known as the Bump. In general, in addition to ensure that the new subgrade Using density to reduce the settlement In addition, the total settlements of the foundations of the original ground must meet the basic stability of the settlement roughly more than 80% of the total settlement amount, to

21、 allow resurfacing. Serious settlement of soft ground, not only to increase the amount of fill, and subsidence or horizontal displacement of the bridge near the filling, retaining walls, culverts, and even the technical standards of the nearby residential, farmland, and the route will have a huge im

22、pact .To this end, according to the engineering properties of foundation soil, the selection of appropriate measures to deal with. After a long practice, the formation of roads, railways, various forms of soft ground, combined with a lot of construction companies many years of experience in construc

23、tion and related experts and scholars discussed summarized as follows:1 replacement cushion methodWhen the thickness of the soft soil, soft soil below the subgrade surface within part or all of the excavation, then change to fill the greater intensity of soil or other stability, non-erosive material

24、s (usually good water permeability in coarse sand) called Replacement Cushioning. This economical and practical method to deal with the height of 2 to 3m, if the thickness of the soft soil is too large, then using the replacement method will increase the disposable side and dug side content and incr

25、ease the cost of the project.Replacement higher shear strength of soil, so as to achieve the goal of enhanced foundation bearing capacity to meet the requirements of the structures on the foundation.Reinforcement Method Replacement, Stone Fill, cushion, COMPACTED silt several. Cushioning according t

26、o the different materials can be divided into the sand(gravel) cushion, gravel pads, fly ash cushion, the cushion of dry residue, soil (dust,ash) cushion. Representatives of sand cushion method and replacement method.Gravel cushion: when the embankment height is less than 2 times the limit height,so

27、ft soil layer is thin, the filling material is more difficult, or rainy season, construction, gravel (sand) cushion between the fill and the basement to set up a drainage face, so that the foundation by filling load in the foundation soil pore water discharge speed to accelerate the consolidation to

28、 improve the bearing capacity of foundations, reduce sedimentation, to prevent the foundation of local sheardeformation. Pay attention to controlling the filling speed, the materials used to cleancoarse sand with mud is not more than 5%, ornatural gradation gravel.um particle size less than 5cmRepla

29、cement Method: water permeability material (gravel or crushed stone) in the soft soil thickness is not greater than 2m, filling replacement can reduce the compression to increase bearing capacity, shear strength, and reduce the settlement to improve the dynamic characteristics accelerate soil consol

30、idation by drainage. It is characterized by the construction process is simple, but the cost is relatively high.Stone Fill: When the soft soil or marsh soil located underwater, replace the soil construction difficulties, and the thickness is less than 3m, the surface without a hard shell, the substr

31、ate water content over liquid limit, embankment above the weight of the soft soil that can be squeezed out, drainage more difficult when using cast stone tablets (diameter generally less than 30cm) to squeeze the deposition method. Start from the middle of the rubble, gradually extending to the side

32、s, out of mud, to improve the subgrade strength.2 deep compaction，The use of blasting, compacting, extrusion and vibration and join the high shear strength of materials, etc., the foundation of deep soft soil density vibration and compaction of the foundation reinforcement method is called deep comp

33、action. For soft soil thickness> 3m thick soft soil reinforcement, distribution of a wide area of soft Reinforcement processing, has consolidated its depth is up to 30m.Vibration,squeezing ground Turkey body dense consolidation, and added with high shearstrength of the pile material replacement o

34、f part of the soft soil of the three-phase (gas,liquid and solid phase) portion to form a composite foundation, to improve the shear strength of purpose.Main reinforcement methods: dynamic compaction, soil (or dust, fly ash plus lime) piles, sand piles, blasting, gravel pile (vibration and substitut

35、ion method), lime piles, cement, fly ash gravel pile pile (CFG), the DJM France, jet grouting piles. On behalf of rubble piles, dynamic compaction, cement and fly ash gravel piles, DJM France.The dynamic compaction method can be used to hammer compaction or dynamic compaction: sand foundation and th

36、e water content in a range of soft clay foundation. Its basic principle is: the soil under the huge impact in the soil to produce a lot of pressure and shock wave, resulting in the soil of local compression, tamping points around within a certain depth to produce the fissures good drainage channel,

37、so that the soil pore water (gas) discharged smoothly, the rapid consolidation of soil. Dynamic compaction, foundation bearing capacity can be increased 3-4 times, compression can be reduced from 200% to 1000%.Good ram is able to hit: In theory, the best tamping can function in the foundation soil p

38、ore water pressure reaches the soil weight pressure, such tamping energy known as the best tamping energy. Therefore, according to the superposition of the pore water pressure value to determine the best tamping energy. In sandy soil,the growth and dissipation of pore water pressure of only a few mi

39、nutes, the porewater pressure can not be with the tamping can increase and overlay, theumpore water pressure increment and the number of tamping relations to determine the best tamping can. Sea highway landslide accumulation of broken mudstone deposits thickness of 4 12M from the soil samples of the

40、 soil test report shows that for low liquid limit clay containing.Water 29.8 to 20.2, the cohesiveness 13.8 12.2KPA internal friction angle of 13.8 20.2.Sand compaction piles, rubble pile reinforcement method: a kind of composite foundation, thick soft soil replacement to handle the more difficult,

41、the foundation soil is unsaturated cohesive soil or sand, sand compaction piles or broken Shizhuangreinforcement method, the foundation soil compacting bulk density increased, poresless than to prevent liquefaction of sand in the earthquake or by vibration and improvethe foundation soil shear streng

42、th and the level of, reducing theconsolidation settlement, so that the foundation to change uniform , play replacement, compaction, drainage and to prevent the foundation to produce sliding failure, completed ahead of the settlement to reduce the differential settlement.3 drainage consolidation meth

43、odPressure on the soft ground and in line with internal drainage, accelerate the drainage of the soft ground, speed up the processing of soft soil consolidation known as drainage consolidation method. For saturated cohesive soil foundation in handling all types of mud, silt clay and red fill.Soft gr

44、ound in the role of the additional load is gradually passed to the pore water, the void ratio decreases, resulting in consolidation deformation. In this process, with the gradual diffusion of excess pore water pressure in soil, soil effective stress, andsettlement in advance or improve the settling

45、velocity.Reinforcement methods: heap preloading method sand wells France, packed sand,vacuum preloading method, electro-osmosis water method, dewatering method, plastic drainage plate method.Preloading: divided into the surcharge preloading, set Preloading and less preloading, the construction proce

46、ss is simple, but a longer duration, surcharge preloading time is generally six months, usually used in conjunction with wastewater treatment foundation . New kiln South Road, Guangzhou City, road works is to use a heap load reinforcement of soft soil roadbed. New kiln South Road road works starting

47、 point for Guangzhou Avenue K4, +600, and finish at North Village K11, to+700, total length of about 7KM road along the stratigraphic architecture were as follows: the crust hard shell loose, miscellaneous fill, fill factors, and soft plastic like cultivated soil, thickness of 0.40 to 2.20; soft lay

48、ers including the flow of plastic-like silt and silty soil, thickness of 1.51 9.39, along thickness variation; underlying layer of cohesive soil and sand heap preloading time from 1995 to 2003, about 7 to 8 years.Packed sand: soft soil subgrade for soft soil thickness, embankment stability,high fill

49、ing, packed sand, increase the soft soil the vertical drainage capacity, shortenthe horizontal direction of the drainage distance, accelerate the soft soil strength. Sand bags poured into the sand, sand wells can be used to hammering or vibration method of construction. Complexity of its constructio

50、n process, the relatively high cost, used for a long time, can be rectangular or plum-shaped cloth pile. Geological Survey of the Pearl River area of a city road show that the foundation soil is more evenly distributed, surface 0m about Cultivate soil, then a 8.6m thick high water content, high comp

51、ression, low-intensity, high content of viscous super-weak sludge. The third layer is thick and 1.0m shell powder sand; the fourth floor and 7.6m thick silty clay; 0.5m thick clay and 3.0m thick silty sand. Down for the blow count (SPT) is greater than 19 hit pebbly coarse sand layer, and then down

52、the soil better. The foundationsoil is about 20m deep mud, up to 85.7% moisture content, vane shear strength is only4Kpa and siistribution depth of roughly inclined by the former direction of the rearland, the former light after the dark, in front of a relatively favorable. Roads need such a large a

53、rea of very soft silt foundations for the deep processing of soft foundation to prevent the construction of soft foundation settlement is slow, cause there is still a large residual settlement after the completion of the project, at the same time not cause damage to the foundation instability due to

54、 load . This area due to improper soft foundation engineering quality or safety incidents is more common, the design 7cm packed sand plus sand cushion heap load Preload soft Reinforcement by playing set the sand well Second, after the consolidation of the four-story mud soil drainage, the soil strength improved, reducing the settlement after the project put into operation, toensure the normal use of the project to meet project design requirements.Plastic Drainag: Drainage Principles and packed sand factory production,its quality is stable, light weight, easy transportation an