研究生學術(shù)英語寫作教程Unit9referencing

1、Unit 9 ReferencingObjectives- Know significance of referencing- Understand different styles of referencingContents- Reading and discussion: Science and MLA reference styles?- Language focus: information order- Writing practice: Referencing as required.1. Reading Activity As a part of an academic com

2、munity, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone elses ideas or words. Failure to properly reference may make the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone elses work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very s

3、erious offence. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another students or experts work. Plagiarism also occurs when you re-word someone elses ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source. All of the sources you refer to in the main

4、body of your assignment need to be listed at the end of the assignment in a reference list. You need to list only those sources from which you have either quoted or paraphrased. For example, you do not have to list books you used for background reading purposes. 1.1 Pre-reading Task Answer the follo

5、wing questions:Why do we reference?How do we usually reference?How do we create a reference list?How many referencing styles do you know?1.2 Reading PassagePassage 1 ：Science Reference Style Science uses a numbering system for references and notes. This allows explanatory or more detailed notes to b

6、e included with the references. Journal names are abbreviated by using common abbreviations to save space.GENERAL NOTES Place citation numbers for references and notes within parentheses, italicized: (18, 19) (18-20) (18,20-22). Do not use superscript numbers. Citations are numbered sequentially, fi

7、rst in the text, then through the references and notes, then through the figure and table captions, and finally through the supporting online material. The acknowledgments follow as an unnumbered note. Each reference can be listed only once. Separate individual references from other references and f

8、rom any text notes. (This is a change from our previous style to simplify referencing and facilitate online linking of references.) Each reference should have its own number and not include other text. Any reference to a personal communication should be given a number in the text and placed, in corr

9、ect sequence, in the references and notes. It must be accompanied by a written letter of permission. At the time of publication, all cited references must be published. Papers that are "in press" can be cited in a submission, but the paper must be available to provide to reviewers, and an

10、accepted paper will be held until all references are published. Data supporting the results or conclusions should be included in the paper or Supporting Online Material or must be archived in an appropriate database at the time of publication and made available for reviewers. Notes should be used fo

11、r information aimed at the specialist (e.g., procedures) or to provide definitions or further information to the general reader that are not essential to the data or arguments. Notes can cite other references (by number). Please do not place tables within notes. If you are including materials and me

12、thods in supporting online material, please cite this (wherever appropriate) as a single numbered note in the text, in the same fashion as other notes. For the note, use a form such as this: "Information on materials and methods is available on Science Online." (The correct Web address wil

13、l be appended by Science staff.) For information on how to reference other supporting online material in the manuscript text, please see our specific guidelines on this material. There should be one reference list that includes papers cited in the main paper and then papers cited only within the sup

14、porting online material. Citations in the supporting online material can cite papers already cited in the main paper by number. We will include the full reference list online. For cited papers that have been published only electronically, please include the DOI.CREATING THE REFERENCE LISTFor journal

15、 articles, list initials first for all authors, separated by a space: A. B. Opus, B. C. Hobbs. Do not use "and". Use et al. (italics) for more than five authors. Titles of cited articles can now be included, with words in lower case except for proper nouns, followed by a period (see sample

16、s). Journal titles are in italics; volume numbers follow, in boldface. Do not place a comma before the volume number or before any parentheses. You may give the full inclusive pages of the article. Journal years are in parentheses: (1996). End each listing with a period. Do not use ibid. or op. cit.

17、 (these cannot be linked online).For whole books, monographs, memos, or reports, the style for author or editor names is as above; for edited books, insert "Ed.," or "Eds.," before the title. Italicize the book title and use initial caps. After the title, provide (in parentheses)

18、 the publisher name, publisher location, edition number (if any), and year. If these are unavailable, or if the work is unpublished, please provide all information needed for a reader to locate the work; this may include a URL or a Web or FTP address. For unpublished proceedings or symposia, supply

19、the title of meeting, location, inclusive dates, and sponsoring organization. There is no need to supply the total page count. If the book is part of a series, indicate this after the title (e.g., vol. 23 of Springer Series in Molecular Biology).For chapters in edited books, the style is as above, e

20、xcept that "in" appears before the title, and the names of the editors appear after the title. After the information in parentheses, provide the complete page number range (or chapter number) of the cited material.For research first published in Science Express, online journals, and prepri

21、nts available on the Internet, see the examples below. These are considered published work.STYLE EXAMPLESJournals1. N. Tang, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14, 819-834 (1980). one author2. William R. Harvey, Signe Nedergaard, Sodium-

22、independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.51, 731-735 (1964). two or more authorsBooks1. M. Lister, Fundamentals of Operating Systems (Springer-Verlag, New York, ed. 3, 1984), pp. 7-11. third edition2. J. B. Carroll, Ed.,

23、Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956).Published Online Only1. N. H. Sleep, Stagnant lid convection and carbonate metasomatism of the deep continental lithosphere. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q11010 (2009), doi:10.1029/2009GC002702

24、.Technical reports1. G. B. Shaw, "Practical uses of litmus paper in Möbius strips" (Tech. Rep. CUCS-29-82, Columbia Univ., New York, 1982).Paper presented at a meeting (not published)1. M. Konishi, paper presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA

25、, 10 October 1984. sponsoring organization should be mentioned if it is not part of the meeting nameTheses and personal communications1. B. Smith, thesis, Georgetown University (1973).Passage 2：Modern Language Association (MLA) style The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008) is t

26、he third edition of The MLA Style Manual, first published by the Modern Language Association of America in 1985. It is an academic style guide widely used in the United States, Canada, and other countries, providing guidelines for writing and documentation of research in the humanities, especially i

27、n English studies. The MLA's guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly and literary journals, newsletters, and magazines and by many university and commercial presses, and they are followed throughout North America and in Brazil, China, India, Japan, Taiwan, and other countries around the

28、 world. Book with one author Reference: Author last name, First name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Example: McDonagh, Sean. Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth. Dublin: Veritas, 2001. In-text citation :(Author Last name page No.) (Page No.) Example § In anoth

29、er study (McDonagh 80). § McDonagh has discussed (80). Book with two or three authors Reference : Author(s) last name, First name and last authors First name Last name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Example: McLean, Bethany and Peter Elkind. The Smartest Guys in t

30、he Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron. New York: Portfolio, 2004. In-text citation: (Author(s) last name and last author last name page No.)(Page No.) Example § Others highlight a different factor (McLean and Elkind 122). § Bethany and McLean (122) highlight. Book with an

31、editor Reference: Editors last name and first name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Example: Booth, David. Ed. Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice. Essex: Longman, 1994. In-text citation: §(Editors last name page No.) (Page No) Example §

32、; Another approach (Booth 55) shows. § Booth (55) argues. Chapter in an edited book Reference: Author(s) last name, First name and last authors First name Last name. "Title of chapter.” Title of Collection. Ed. Editor(s) First name last name and last editor First name Last name. Place of P

33、ublication: Publisher, Year of publication. Page range. Example: Jonson, Ben. "To the Memory of My Beloved, the Author Mr. William Shakespeare." The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Ed. Alexander Allison et al. New York: Norton, 1983. 239-40. In-text citation: § (Author(s) Last name page N

34、o.) § (Page No.) Example § Another approach (Jonson 239). § Jonson (239) writes. Print Journal article Reference : Author(s) last name, first name and last authors first name last name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume. Issue (year): pages. Example: Mann, Susan. &

35、quot;Myths of Asian Womanhood." Journal of Asian Studies. 59.1 (2000): 835-62. In-text citation: § (Author(s) last name page No.) § (Page No.) Example § Another author (Mann 850) argues. § Mann (850) argues. E-journal article Reference : Author(s) last name, first name and l

36、ast authors first name last name. "Title of Article." Journal title Volume. Issue (Year): Page numbers. Database. Web. Day Month Year accessed. Example: Faris, Marc. “That Chicago Sound: Playing with (Local) Identity in Underground Rock.” Popular Music & Society 27.4 (2004): 429-454. E

37、BSCOhost. Web. 5 April 2011. In-text citation: (Author(s) Last name page No.) (Page No.) Example § Exploring this topic (Faris 440). § Faris (440) highlights the role. Conferences Reference: Author(s) last name, first name and last authors first name last name. “Title of paper.” Title of c

38、onference proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Pages. Format. Example: OConnor, John. "Towards a Greener Ireland.” Discovering Our Natural Sustainable Resources: Future Proofing, University College Dublin, 1516 March 2009. Dublin: Irish Environmental Institute, 2009. 65 69. Print

39、. In-text citation: (Author(s) last name) Example: According to another source (OConnor 68). Theses Reference: Author Last name, First name. “Title.” Degree statement. Degree-awarding body, Year. Format. Example: Allen, Sean. "The Social and Moral Fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland." PhD thesis

40、. University College Dublin, 2009. Print. In-text citation: § (Author Last name page No.) § (Page No.) Example: § As argued elsewhere (Allen 55). § Allen (55) disagrees with this. 1.3 Reading Comprehension List the differences in book and journal references between Science and ML

41、A style.ScienceMLABook referenceJournal reference1.3.2 Please identify the sources of the following 10 references. 1. N. Tang, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14, 819-834 (1980). 2. Matarrita-Cascante, David. "Beyond Growth: Reac

42、hing Tourism-Led Development." Annals of Tourism Research 37.4 (2010): 1141-63. Print. 3. William R. Harvey, Signe Nedergaard, Sodium-independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.51, 731-735 (1964). 4. J. B. Carroll, Ed.

43、, Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956).5. M. Konishi, paper presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA, 10 October 1984.6. Ahmedi, Fauzia Erfan. "Welcoming Courtyards: Hospitality, Spiritua

44、lity, and Gender." Feminism and Hospitality: Gender in the Host/Guest Relationship. Ed. Maurice Hamington. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010. 109-24. Print.7. Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999. Print8. Francis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith. Destinies

45、: Canadian History since Confederation. Toronto: Harcourt, 2000. Print.9.Ferrer, Ada. "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." Radical History Review 73 (1999): 22-49. Print.10. S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period (Dawson, New York, 1978).Science styleMLA

46、style 2. Language Focus: Information orderOne of the significant differences between reference styles of different journals is the presentation order of cited work information. The following two exercises are designed to make sure that you know the presentation order of a reference entry of Science

47、and MLA.2.1 Please fill out the blanks of the omitted information of the Science reference entry.1) First author first name _, second author _last name, paper title. _.issue , _( _ ).2) _ _, book name ( _, New York, ed. 3, _), _.third edition3)_, thesis, _ (_).2.2 Please transform the following info

48、rmation of the cited works into MLA reference entry.1) The article "The Third Man: Pulp Fiction and Art Film." written by published in Literature Film Quarterly , volume 21 issue 3 in 1993 from page 171to 178 in Print form.2）Ada Ferrer had an article "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Natio

49、n, and Empire." published in Radical History Review volume73 in 1999 from page 22 to 49 in paper form.3) Lewis Mumford had The Culture of Cities in New York by Harcourt in 1938 in print form.4) A. H. Buss had the book Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety published in San Francisco by Freeman i

50、n 1991 in print form.5) Andrew Piper had“Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything” published in PMLA volume 121 issue 1 in 2006 printed on page 124-38. 3. Writing Practice3.1 Please correct the errors in the following references according to Science style.1) Allen, Sean. "

51、The Social and Moral Fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland." PhD thesis. University College Dublin, 2009. Print. _2) Wang, M. & Koda, K. (2005). Commonalities and differences in word identification skills among English second language learners. Language Learning, 55(1), 73-100._3) Zeelenberg, R., &

52、amp; Pecher, D. (2003). Evidence for long-term language repetition priming in conceptual implicit memory tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 8094._4) von Studnitz, R. E., & Green, D. (2002). Interlingual homograph interference in German-English bilinguals: Its modulation and locus of cont

53、rol. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 51, 123._3.2 Please create a reference list of the following work information according to the MLA style.1. The book Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth written by Sean McDonagh published in Dublin by Veritas in 2001. 2. The book Rethinking Social Devel

54、opment: Theory, Research and Practice edited by David Booth in Essex by Longman in 1994.3. The article Myths of Asian Womanhood written by Susan Mann published in Volume 59 issue1 on page 835-62 of Journal of Asian Studies in 2000.4. The conference paper Towards a Greener Ireland written by John OCo

55、nnor published at the conference Discovering Our Natural Sustainable Resources: Future Proofing, University College Dublin, 1516 March 2009 in Dublin by Irish Environmental Institute in 2009 on page 65 69 in Print format.References：4. Writing ProjectThe following passage is a part of Introduction of a research article ready to be published in Science. Please revise the in-text reference and reference list according to the Science style.When bilinguals read or listen to words in their second