閱讀猜詞題型

1、英語閱讀理解專題指導猜測詞義題在閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可以利用語境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。常見的題干有：1） Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？2） The word. could b

2、est be replaced by.3） In the. paragraph, the word. means （refers to）.4） According to the passage,. probably means.5） The author uses the word. to mean.猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下四個方面的線索：一是針對性的解釋針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。1. 根據(jù)定義（definition ）猜測詞義如果生

3、詞有一個句子（定語從句或是同位語同位語前常有or, similarly, that is tosay, in other words, namely, or other, say,i.g. 等 或是同位語從句）或段落來定義,或使用破折號，冒號，分號后的內(nèi)容和引號括號中的內(nèi)容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered,to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify等。例 1.Do you know what a territory

4、 is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims （聲稱）as its own. （ 2005 年湖北卷） 分析 由定義可推知，這里territory 指的是：動物的地盤。例 2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S.today （2005 年浙江卷） 分析 由同位語an endangered wild cat 我們很快猜出生詞ocelots 的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。例 3. Here is Th

5、e Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .（ 2004 年福建卷）According to the passage ,The Pines is a.A place in which you can see many mobile homesB mountain where you can get a good view of the valleyC town whic

6、h happens to be near the Banff National ParkD restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food 分析 通過 whose 引導的定語從句，我們可以推測到：The Pines 是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。例 4. There is no cure （治愈）for Alzheimer s. But a drug called ARICEPThas beenused by millions of people to help their symptoms（癥狀）.6

7、1. What is ARICEPT ？（ C）A. A medicine to cure AlzheimersB. A medicine to delay signs of aging. C. A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimers.D. A medicine to cure brain damage.例 5. Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar and re

8、indeer with surprising sauces.11) According to the passage, The Pines is a.( D)A. place in which you can see many mobile homesB. mountain where you can get a good view of the valleyC. town which happens to be near the Banff National ParkD. restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food2

9、.根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義某些閱讀文章為了證實或說明某一觀點，常會舉一些例子，而且時時會用一些標志性語 言或標點符號來引出，如：括號、破折號、冒號等或諸如for example, for instance, suchas, and so on, just as, like, similarity等連接詞或詞組。eg. 1. You may borrow from the library any periodicals: Nature, News Week, Times andThe listener. 期干 U2. Some artists plan their paintings around ge

10、ometric forms like squares, circles and triangles.(幾何)例 4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disa

11、greement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.(2004 年遼寧卷)分析根據(jù)such as后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應該能推斷出句中的issue是指議題。二是內(nèi)在邏輯關系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關系推測詞義是指應用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關 系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。1 .根據(jù)對比、比較關系猜測詞義在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反 義詞猜

12、測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite,in spite of, in contrast等。表示對比關系的句子結(jié)構：while 引導的并列句。同對比關系相反，比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as等。例 5.A childs birthday party doesnthave to be a hassle; it can be a basket offun.What does the underlined word h

13、assle (paragraph 1) probably mean? (2002 年 NMET A.a party designed by specialistsB.a plan requiring careful thoughtC.a situation causing difficulty or troubleD.a demand made by guests分析根據(jù)對比關系，這里 hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為Co例 6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquac

14、ious.該句中副詞similarly 表明短語loves to talk和loquacious之間的比較關系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是健談的。2 .根據(jù)因果關系猜測詞義。在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構成因果關系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。例 7.feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tellyou what to do .（ 2005 年上海卷）The word presumptuous in the middle of the passa

15、ge is closest in meaning to .A full of respect B too confident and rude C lacking in experience D too shy and quiet 分析 根據(jù) since 引導的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（既然你是我的上司），我們可以推斷這里 presumptuous 的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會是一種放肆 / 冒失的行為。對應的理解題答案為：B。例 8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender sh

16、oots,oryoung leaves. （ 2005 年江西卷）根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning 的意思是：修剪（樹枝等）的意思。3. 根據(jù)說明、并列、同等同義近義、反義等關系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表面的關系猜測詞義。例 9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together. （ 2005 年江蘇卷）The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph m

17、ost probably means.A simple B mixed C sadD happy 分析 句中 good and ill together 更具體地說明了a mingled yarn 的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled 的意思是：混合的，交織的。例 10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （ 2004

18、 年湖北卷） 分析 根據(jù) and three other medical centers 這種并列關系，我們很容易推斷出：JohnsHopkins 是一家醫(yī)療中心。例 11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him. 分析 根據(jù)與insult侮辱的同等關系猜測defame 為詆毀 ，中傷或誹謗例 12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football. 分析 運用與foot

19、ball 的同義關系推斷為足球。例 13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless. 分析 運用與 The house 近義關系可以推斷dwelling 與住所有關例 14.Most womenin China -educated and illiterated,urban and rural, the youngand old work to earn an income in addition to maintai

20、ning their roles as housewives and mothers. 分析 后面的 urban and rural, the young and old 之間都有反義關系，運用這個關系可以推斷illiterated 為未接受過教育的，即文盲三 . 是通過構詞法在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。4. 根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例 15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?精選資料，歡迎下載根據(jù)詞根educational （教育的），結(jié)合前綴co-

21、（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational 的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。（2005 年江西卷）5. 根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例 16. Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking （俯瞰 ） the bay in anuncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point（2005年廣東卷）后綴 -ise/ize 意思是使成為；使化，結(jié)合詞根commercial （商業(yè)的），不難猜出uncommercialized 的意思是：未被商業(yè)化的。6. 根據(jù)復

22、合詞的各部分猜測詞義例 17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward （別扭的）hand positions. （2005 年北京卷）Well-designed 或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構后，就能推測出其含義。它由 well（好，優(yōu)秀）和design （設計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是設計精巧的意思。例 1

23、8. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft （手藝 ） no longer exists.（ 2004 年浙江卷）根據(jù)合成詞中的mass （大量的）和produce （生產(chǎn)），我們可以推測mass-produce 的意思是：大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的意思。7. 猜測詞性變換新詞含義例 19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bu

24、s heading home.（ 2004 年山東卷）head本為名詞，表頭。由 the bus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷，該句head為動詞，表方向，結(jié)合全句可譯為開往、駛向。例 20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全國卷n ）cloud 本為名詞，表云。 分析語境邏輯可知，憂慮會影響一個人的判斷，因此該句clouded應譯為使難以。四 . 是根據(jù)生活常識運用自身的生活經(jīng)驗及生活常識，根據(jù)上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。下面文字中劃線單詞的詞義你能猜出來

25、嗎？例 21.Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.例 22.Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.句子的已知部分和我們的常識告訴我們：beaks 是喙； claws 是爪子；wither 表示枯萎。結(jié)合以上指導解下列

26、兩道閱讀理解題五利用反義關系或同義關系推測語義（ 1）利用反義關系推測語義有些生詞的后面往往會出現(xiàn)一個或幾個反義詞，或者表轉(zhuǎn)折意義的連詞，詞組等，抓住這些可以幫助我們推斷生詞語義。標志詞有although, but, however, whereas （反之） ,nevertheless （然而，不過），on the contrary, in contrast （相對）, on the onehand, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, instead（ of ） , rather than 等。（ 2）利用同義關系推測語義通常情況下

27、，英語忌諱實詞重復。避免重復的方法之一是利用同義詞或近義詞代替。同義詞 替換的修飾方法可以為我們推測詞義提供明顯的語境線索。標志詞有：or, like, similarly等。eg.1. 104 studies, involving 15,000 people is proving that optimism （樂觀主義） can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast（相反）,to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is

28、 linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. 悲觀主義 _2. Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly（相同地） loquacious.多話的，嘮叨的Exercises:1. Though Tom s face has been washed quite clean, his neck remains grubby. 月亢 臟的2. Unlike the United States, where many different nationalities make up

29、the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous. 同種的， 相似的 3. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.靜態(tài)的，穩(wěn)定的4. He replied（答復）quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully,he regretted （后悔） having made such a hasty decision. 匆忙的， 輕率的 5. Altho

30、ugh people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy （美味）, we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.生的, 未力口工的 Test 1 The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we knew that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony of dying can make nobody happ

31、y.（1） The underlined word agony in the last paragraph probably means（CCA. form B. condition C. pain D. sadnessTest 2 The hot-air balloon took off. It was buoyant in the air as a cork（軟木塞）in water.（2） The word buoyant in this sentence most probably means.（C）A. able to be usedB. able to move from one

32、place to anotherC. able to float or rise to the surfaceD. able to carry anything六.用語境猜測語義（1）利用 小”上下文推測詞義，即利用生詞附近的內(nèi)容推斷生詞詞義。如：I am a resoluteman. Once I set up a goal, I won t give up easily.堅決的， 果斷的（2）利用 大”上下文推測詞義，即利用距離生詞較遠的內(nèi)容，如整個段落、篇章等來推斷。eg. Zip was stopped during the war and only after the war did

33、 it become popular. What a difference it has made to our lives! It keepspeople at home much more. It has madethe remote parts of the world more real to us. Photographs show a country, but only zip makes feel that a foreign country is real. Also we can see scenes in the street.Big occasions are zippe

34、d, such as the coronation（力口冕典禮）in 1953 and the openingof Parliament. Perhaps the sufferers from zip are the notable people, who, as they step out of an airplane, have to face the battery of zip cameras and know that everymovement, every gesture will be seen by a zip personality : Perhaps we can sympathize when Members of Parliament say that they do not want debates to be zippedZip means A. cinema. B. photography. C. television. D. tele