英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

1、.英語句子成分和英語英語句子成分和英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)講解及練習(xí)句子結(jié)構(gòu)講解及練習(xí).v簡單句的五個基本句型v主語 不及物動詞 She came. v主語 及物動詞 賓語 She likes English.v主語 系動詞 主語補(bǔ)語 vShe is happyv主語 動詞 間接賓語 直接賓語vShe gave John a bookvShe bought a book for me.v主語 動詞 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)語 vShe makes her mother angry vThe teacher asked me to read the passage.v（ There +be There lies a b

2、ook on the desk. .v主謂賓 v名代動詞名代 vwe- saw -you. vwe- did -the work. v主系表 v名代系動詞形容次名詞代詞vyou are beautiful vyou seems worried. vyou are a stufent. v相同點(diǎn)都三部分，主語也一樣 不同動詞和系動詞，時態(tài)一樣，否定式不同動詞加助動詞，系動詞不用 表語可以是形容詞，賓語不行 只有賓語有補(bǔ)足語.v2、句子成分：英語句子成分分為七種：、句子成分：英語句子成分分為七種：v主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。v1、主語主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或

3、者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。v如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)v2、謂語謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔(dān)任。v如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)v3、表語表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。v如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) .v4、賓語賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。v如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個詞)v有些及物動詞帶有兩

4、個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。v如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)v有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信).5、定語、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如：v Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個大城市)6、狀語狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。v如：He works hard .(他工作努力).7、賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語用

5、來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當(dāng)。v如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) /v He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / vThe teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語)8同位語同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。v如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？).1. 主語（主語（subject）：句子說明的人或事物。 The

6、 sun rises in the east （名詞） He likes dancing. （代詞） Twenty years is a short time in history. (數(shù)詞) Seeing is believing. （動名詞） To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主語從句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）.(一）指出下列句中主語的中心詞 The teacher with t

7、wo of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.謂語謂語（predicate）：是對主語加以陳述，表示主語的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動詞或者動詞詞組擔(dān)任，放在主語的后面。We study English. He is asleep.(二). 選出

8、句中謂語的中心詞 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B.

9、meeting C. the library D. afternoon.3. 表語（表語（predicative）：系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。He is a teacher. （名詞） You dont look it. （代詞）Five and five is ten. （數(shù)詞） He is asleep. （形容詞）His father is in. （副詞） The picture is on the wall. (介詞短語)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容詞化的分詞）The question is whether they

10、 will come. （表語從句）.常見連系動詞常見連系動詞v“存在存在”類類:表示存在或具有某種特征或狀態(tài)表示存在或具有某種特征或狀態(tài).這類連系動詞強(qiáng)調(diào)這類連系動詞強(qiáng)調(diào)“存在存在”。常見的。常見的有有:be(是是),look(看起來看起來),feel(摸上去摸上去),seem(似似乎是乎是),appear(似乎、顯得似乎、顯得),prove(證明證明是是),smell(聞起來聞起來),taste(嘗起來嘗起來),sound(聽起聽起來來)等。等。v例如例如: The story sounds true. 1.Those oranges taste good star. .2. “持續(xù)持續(xù)”

11、類類:表示某種情況或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)。表示某種情況或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)。這類連系動詞強(qiáng)調(diào)這類連系動詞強(qiáng)調(diào)“持續(xù)持續(xù)”。常見的。常見的有有:remain(依然依然),keep(保持保持),stay(保保持持),continue(繼續(xù)、仍舊繼續(xù)、仍舊),stand(處于處于某狀況或情形某狀況或情形)等。等。例如例如: Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. Its already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. Whats the mat

12、ter? .v3. “變化變化”類類:表示由一種情況或狀態(tài)變表示由一種情況或狀態(tài)變化成另一種情況或狀態(tài)。這類連系動詞化成另一種情況或狀態(tài)。這類連系動詞強(qiáng)調(diào)強(qiáng)調(diào)“變化變化”后的情況或狀態(tài)后的情況或狀態(tài).常見的常見的有有:become(變成變成), turn(變成變成), grow(變變得得), get(變得變得)等。等。v例如例如: Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.(三三) 挑出下列句中的表語挑出下列句中的表語 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he wo

13、rried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. tired worried yellow interested first .4. 賓語：賓語：1）動賓表示行為的對象，常由名詞）動賓表示行為的對象，常由名詞或者代詞擔(dān)任。放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。或者代詞擔(dān)任。放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。如：如：I like China. （名詞）（名詞） He hates you. （代詞）（代詞

14、）How many do you need? We need two. （數(shù)（數(shù)詞）詞）I enjoy working with you. （動名詞）（動名詞）I hope to see you again. （不定式）（不定式） Did you write down what he said? （賓語從（賓語從句）句）.2）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞-介介賓賓 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）雙賓語）雙賓語-間賓（指人）和直賓間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）（指物）

15、He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.v(四四) 挑出下列句中的賓語挑出下列句中的賓語v My brother hasnt done his homework.v People all over the world speak English.v You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.v How many new words did you learn last class?v Some of the students in the school want

16、 to go swimming.v his homework English your pronunciation new words to go swimming.v5. 賓補(bǔ)：對賓語的補(bǔ)充，全稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓補(bǔ)：對賓語的補(bǔ)充，全稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。vWe elected him monitor. （名詞）（名詞） vWe all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名詞）（名詞）vWe will make them happy. （形容詞）（形容詞）vWe found nobody in. ( 副詞副詞 )vPlease make yours

17、elf at home. （介詞短語）（介詞短語） Dont let him do that. （省（省to不定式）不定式）vHis father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （帶（帶to不定式）不定式）vDont keep the lights burning. （現(xiàn)在分詞）（現(xiàn)在分詞）v Ill have my bike repaired. （過去分詞）（過去分詞）.v擴(kuò)展：擴(kuò)展：v主補(bǔ)：對主語的補(bǔ)充。主補(bǔ)：對主語的補(bǔ)充。vHe was elected monitor. vShe was found singing in the

18、next room.vHe was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.v(五五) 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語v She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.v He asked her to take the boy out of school.v She found it difficult to do the work.v They call me Lily sometimes.v I saw Mr. Wang get on

19、the bus.v Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?v to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of schoolv Lily get on the bus playing football on the playground.v 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語v Please tell us a story.v My father bought a new bike for me last week.v

20、 Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.v Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.v Did he leave any message for me?.v6. 定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子?；蚓渥印Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名詞）（名詞）vHe is our friend. （代詞）（代詞）vWe belong to the third world.（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞） vHe was advised to teach the laz

21、y boy a lesson.（形容詞）（形容詞）vThe man over there is my old friend.(副詞副詞)vThe woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞介詞).vThe boys playing football are in Class 2. （現(xiàn)在分詞）（現(xiàn)在分詞）vThe trees planted last year are growing well now. （過去分詞）（過去分詞）vI have an idea to do it well.（不定（不定式）式） vYou should do ev

22、erything that I do. （定語從句）（定語從句）.v(六六) 挑出下列句中的定語挑出下列句中的定語v They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.v What is your given name?v On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.v I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.v The man downstairs was trying to sleep. family given third some downstairs.v7.

23、 狀語：用來修飾狀語：用來修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示時間、地句子。表示時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。（以下例句按上述順序排列）（以下例句按上述順序排列）vI will go there tomorrow. vThe meeting will be held in the meeting room.vThe meat went bad because of the hot weather. vHe studies hard to learn English well.vHe didnt study h

24、ard so that he failed in the exam. vI like some of you very much.vIf you study hard, you will pass the exam. vHe goes to school by bike.vThough he is young, he can do it well.v (七七) 挑出下列句中的狀語挑出下列句中的狀語v There was a big smile on her face.v Every night he heard the noise upstairs.v He began to learn En

25、glish when he was eleven.v The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.v With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.v on the face Every night when he was eleven fast With the medicine box under her arm .v八、同位語八、同位語v當(dāng)一個概念詞在前，后面的詞、詞組或者句子當(dāng)一個概念詞在前，后面的詞、詞組或者句子是在解釋前者時，而且兩者的語法功能相同，是在解釋前者

26、時，而且兩者的語法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位語。后者就是前者的同位語。vMr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. v我們的英語老師我們的英語老師布萊克先生是個優(yōu)秀的網(wǎng)布萊克先生是個優(yōu)秀的網(wǎng)球手。球手。v Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends.v足球足球-他唯一的愛好，讓他結(jié)交了許多朋友。他唯一的愛好，讓他結(jié)交了許多朋友。.vYesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. v昨天我遇到了

27、我弟弟的朋友湯姆。昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友湯姆。 vThats her habit, reading in bed.v躺在床上看書是她的習(xí)慣。躺在床上看書是她的習(xí)慣。vYour suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea.v你建議趁熱打鐵，這個建議很好。你建議趁熱打鐵，這個建議很好。.vHe gave orders that the work should be started immediately.v他發(fā)出指示要立即開始工作。他發(fā)出指示要立即開始工作。vYou still havent answered m

28、y question why you didnt come to school yesterday.v你還沒有回答我昨天為什么沒有上學(xué)。你還沒有回答我昨天為什么沒有上學(xué)。v同位語從句常跟在某些名詞后，對其作進(jìn)一步的解釋。同位語從句常跟在某些名詞后，對其作進(jìn)一步的解釋。這些名詞包括：這些名詞包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.這類從句常常有這類從句常常有that引導(dǎo)，有引導(dǎo)，有時也可以用時也可以用what, why, whethe

29、r, when 等引導(dǎo)。等引導(dǎo)。.(九)插入語v插入語是說話者對所表達(dá)的意思的補(bǔ)充、強(qiáng)調(diào)、解釋或者說話的態(tài)度，其位置靈活常常用逗號或者破折號分開，并且在語法上不影響其他成份。v1. 插入語常以副詞（副詞短語）、形容詞（形容詞短語）、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語等形式出現(xiàn)。 v（ 1 ）常見的副詞及短語： indeed， surely， however， obviously， frankly， naturally， luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。 . (九九) There be 句型句型 拓展：拓展：There be +句詞詞組句詞詞組”中，中，ther

30、e為虛詞，為虛詞，be后面的名詞后面的名詞詞組為句子的真正主語。該句式在使用時須注意如下詞組為句子的真正主語。該句式在使用時須注意如下幾點(diǎn)：幾點(diǎn)：There be句式表示句式表示“有有”時，它表示一種存在關(guān)系，時，它表示一種存在關(guān)系，通常帶有一個地點(diǎn)狀語，意為通常帶有一個地點(diǎn)狀語，意為“什么地方（時候）什么地方（時候）有有”。句式中的主語只能為表泛指的名詞詞組，此。句式中的主語只能為表泛指的名詞詞組，此外，其主語還可以帶前置或后置定語。例如：外，其主語還可以帶前置或后置定語。例如：1. There is a blackboard in the classroom.2. There are fi

31、ve minutes to go.3. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.v在正式文體中，該句式中在正式文體中，該句式中be動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于以下兩種情況：式取決于以下兩種情況：v（1）該句式中只有一個主語，主語為單數(shù)時，）該句式中只有一個主語，主語為單數(shù)時，be動詞用單數(shù)；主語若為復(fù)數(shù)，動詞用單數(shù)；主語若為復(fù)數(shù)，be動詞也用復(fù)動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。數(shù)。v（2）該句式中有幾個并列主語，則按就近原則）該句式中有幾個并列主語，則按就近原則處理，即與靠近處理，即與靠近be動詞的第一個主語保持一致。動詞的第一個主語保持一致

32、。例如：例如：v1. There is room for improvement.v2. There are three apples on the table.v3. There were only two pens, a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.v“There be +主語主語+不定式不定式”中，不中，不定式可以有主動和被動兩種形式，不定式可以有主動和被動兩種形式，不過在口語中主動形式更為常見。例如：過在口語中主動形式更為常見。例如：v1. There is a letter to type today.v2. There is no t

33、ime to lose.v3. There are many things to be done now.There be句式中，句式中，be動詞有各種變化形式。動詞有各種變化形式。（1）be動詞有時態(tài)變化，可以為一般現(xiàn)在時、一般動詞有時態(tài)變化，可以為一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、將來時等。例過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、將來時等。例如：如：1. There are a lot of people in the meeting-room.2. There was little left.3. There have been many such traffic acciden

34、ts in the past few years.4. When he got there, he found there had been no one waiting for him in the room.5. Without air, there would be no living things.6. There is going to be a storm tomorrow morning.v（2）There be句式中，句式中，be之前可以有情態(tài)動之前可以有情態(tài)動詞。例如：詞。例如：v1. There may be some people who dont like the fi

35、lm.v2. There used to be a temple in the village.句子種類句子種類.v一）一）按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。使句和感嘆句。v1） 陳述句（陳述句（Declarative Sentences）：說明）：說明一個事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。一個事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。vLight travels faster than sound.光比聲速度光比聲速度快。快。vThe film is rather boring.這部電影很乏味。這部電影很乏味。vI havent got a camera. 我沒有相機(jī)我沒有相機(jī).

36、vThey have never met before. 他們以前從沒他們以前從沒見過面見過面.v疑問句（疑問句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出問）：提出問題。有以下四種：題。有以下四種：v a.一般疑問句（一般疑問句（General Questions）：）：v Can you finish the work in time? v 你能按時完成工作嗎？你能按時完成工作嗎？vb.特殊疑問句（特殊疑問句（W Questions; H Questions）v Where do you live? 你住那兒？你住那兒？v How do you know that? 你怎么知道

37、那件事你怎么知道那件事.v c.選擇疑問句（選擇疑問句（Alternative Questions）：）：v Do you want tea or coffee? v 你是要茶還是要咖啡？你是要茶還是要咖啡？v d.反意疑問句（反意疑問句（Tag-Questions）：）：v He knows her, doesnt he?v他不認(rèn)識她，對不對？他不認(rèn)識她，對不對？v= Does he know her?vyes, he does.vNo , he doesnt.v3） 祈使句（祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出請求，）：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令，例如：建議或發(fā)出命令，例

38、如：vSit down, please.請坐。請坐。vDont be nervous! 別緊張！別緊張！v4） 感嘆句（感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示說話）：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，例如：人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，例如：v What good news it is! 多好的消息??！多好的消息?。How good the news is!vWhat beautiful flowers they are! 多美麗的花啊多美麗的花啊!vHow beautiful the flowers are!vHow lovely the child is! 多可愛的小孩啊

39、多可愛的小孩啊!vWhat a lovely child he is! vwhat a cute child he is.v二）句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：二）句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：v1） 簡單句（簡單句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一）：只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡單句，例如：個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡單句，例如：vShe is fond of collecting stamps. v她喜歡集郵。她喜歡集郵。vWe all study hard.v我們都努力學(xué)習(xí)我們都努力學(xué)習(xí).vI love sports very much. v我非常喜歡運(yùn)動我非常喜歡運(yùn)動.vMum made a beautiful skirt for me.v媽媽為我做了一條漂亮的裙子媽媽為我做了