《the geography of transport-systems》教學(xué)tgcha(2)

1、THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMSTHIRD EDITIONCopyright 1998-2013, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.Jean-Paul.RYou may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution p

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5、his document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, http:/.編輯pptTHE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMSTHIRD EDITIONConcept 1編輯pptServices and their Associated InfrastructuresServiceSupportin

6、g InfrastructuresTransportationRoads, bridges, tunnels, rail tracks, ports, harbors, airports, distribution centers, etc.Water SupplyDams, reservoirs, pipes, treatment plants, etc.Water DisposalSewers, used water treatment plants, etc.IrrigationDams, reservoirs, canals, sprinkling systems, etc.Garba

7、ge DisposalLandfills, incinerators, recycling facilities, compost units, etc.TelecommunicationsTelephone exchanges, telephone lines, oceanic cables, cellular towers, fiber optic cables, web servers, etc.PowerPower plants, transmission & distribution lines, etc.編輯pptEconomic Benefits of Transport

8、ationDirect Transport SupplyDirect Transport Demand Indirect MicroeconomicIndirect MacroeconomicIncome from transport operations (fares and salaries). Access to wider distribution markets and niches. Improved accessibility.Time and cost savings. Productivity gains. Division of labor.Access to a wide

9、r range of suppliers and consumers.Economies of scale.Rent income.Lower price of commodities. Higher supply of commodities.Formation of distribution networks.Attraction and accumulation of economic activities.Increased competitiveness.Growth of consumption.Fulfilling mobility needs.編輯pptTypes of Tra

10、nsport Economic ImprovementsFactor DrivenEfficiency DrivenInnovation Driven編輯pptTransport Goals by the Public Sector (under construction)Goal編輯pptPassengers Mobility Transition編輯pptEconomic DevelopmentIndividualCollectiveMotorizedNon-motorizedIndustrial RevolutionMass Production (Fordism)Globalizati

11、on (Post Fordism)Relationship between GDP and Motorization, Selected Asian Countries, 1960-1990R2 = 0.756311010010005005,000Motor Vehicles / 1,000 PeopleGDP per Capita編輯pptTransport Spending as Share of GDP, Selected Countries 20051216131414131012911141111131114180%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Aus

12、traliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaFranceGermanyGreeceItalyJapanKoreaMexicoNetherlandsSpainSwedenTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited StatesTransportOther編輯pptThe Share of Transportation in the GDP, United States 200724%17%12%10%8%7%22%HousingHealth careFoodTransportationEducationRecreationOther編輯pptEmployment in the

13、Transport Sector, Selected Countries, 19960.02.04.06.08.010.012.0012345678CanadaFranceItalyUnited KingdomUnited States百萬Percentage of the Labor Force% of Total Labor ForceTransportation Employment編輯pptEmployment in Transportation Occupations, United States, 1985-200105001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,50

14、04,0004,5005,0001985199019952001ThousandsMotor vehicle operatorsRail transportationWater transportationAir transportationPublic transportation attendants編輯pptEmployment in Transportation, United States, 1990-201005001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,5005,000199020002010TruckingWarehousingSupport

15、activitiesCouriersAirTransitRailroadWaterPipelineSightseeing transportation編輯pptEconomic Impacts of Transportation Infrastructure編輯pptAccessibilityTimeReliabilityCostsCapacityLocationIntermodalModalInfrastructure levelLocalRegionalGlobalTime frameInfrastructure levelCOREOPERATIONALGEOGRAPHICALCumula

16、tive Modal Contribution to Economic Opportunities編輯pptHorsesCanal shippingRailwaysRoadsAirTelecommunications1750177518001825185018751900192519501975200020252050Economic OpportunitiesIndustrial RevolutionMass ProductionGlobalizationMaritimeshippingWorld Migration Routes Since 1700編輯pptEuropeanAfrican

17、 (slaves)IndianChineseJapaneseMajority of population descended from immigrantsResource-Based Transport Systems編輯pptCountry ACountry BGatewayInland load centerWorld Bank Average Annual Lending by Mode, 200762%4%20%1%13%Roads & HighwaysPorts & WaterwaysRailwaysAviationGeneral Transportation編輯p

18、ptWealth Consumption Investment in Transport Infrastructure: Repaving a Sidewalk編輯pptTime Sequence and Nature of Impacts of Transport Investments編輯pptTime SequenceImpactLeadLagPositiveNegative12345A Multi-Layer Perspective about Transport and Economic Development編輯pptTransport Chain OrganizationTran

19、sport Service OperationsTransport InfrastructureLocationOrganization of the (multimodal) routing of passengers and freight through the transport system using a mix of transport services and transport infrastructuresBus services, rail services, barge services, maritime transport services, trucking, a

20、irline services, etc. .Freight and passenger handling in transport nodes. Transport nodes (e.g. airport, seaport, railway station, intermodal terminal, etc.) and transport links (highways, waterways, rail tracks, pipelines, etc.)Geographical location of origin and destination of movements (multimoda

21、l transport chain)Demand PullValorisationImpact of Recessions on Consumption, Production and Trade編輯pptValue of GoodsLowHighNoneSignificantDeclineA Basic GoodsB Discretionary GoodsC Durable GoodsD Capital EquipmentE Luxury GoodsNoneSignificantDecline1 Futures Indexes2 Production3 Container Volumes4

22、Value of TradeSequenceLifespan of Main Transport Assets020406080100120140160CarContainerContainershipJet planeHighwayBridgeAirportRailwayPortYearsAverage LifespanOptimum Lifespan編輯pptLong Wave Cycles of Innovation編輯pptWater powerTextilesIronSteamRailSteelElectricityChemicalsInternal-combustionengine

23、PetrochemicalsElectronicsAviationDigital networksSoftwareNew Media60 years55 years50 years40 years30 years (?)Pace of innovationThe Five Waves of DevelopmentFirst wave (1785-1845)Beginning of the industrial revolution (England).Agricultural surpluses, savings and investment.Productivity growth in ag

24、riculture and in new industrial activities.Textiles, iron and water power.Second wave (1845-1900)Acceleration in the generation of surpluses.Growth in the investment level (5 to 10% of the national income).Coal, steam engine and railways.Third wave (1900-1950)Phase of maturity (investment levels at

25、20% of national income).Electricity, chemicals and internal combustion engine.Fourth wave (1950-1990)Mass consumption society (surpluses, savings and investment).Tertiary sector taking a growing share of the economy.Petrochemicals, electronics and aviation.Fifth wave (1990-2020?)Technology and infor

26、mation are the driving forces.De-industrialization of several developed countries.編輯pptDiffusion Cycle of Containerization編輯pptNew (niche) servicesProductivity gainsNetwork developmentProductivity multipliersMassive diffusionNetwork complexitiesNiche marketsDiffusion LevelTimeAdoptionAccelerationPea

27、k GrowthMaturityContainerization as a Diffusion Cycle: World Container Traffic (1980-2011) and Scenarios to 20150100200300400500600700800900100019801985199019952000200520102015Million TEU編輯ppt1966-19921992-20022002-20082008 -AdoptionAccelerationPeak GrowthMaturityTechnology “Hype” Cycle編輯pptVisibili

28、tyInflated expectationsAbandonmentDelusionIntroductionProductivity peakLearning curveHype PhaseRealization PhaseUtilityCycles, Space and Transportation編輯pptTimeSpaceSpatial diffusionabcdabcdRegionalGlobalC1C2Geographical systemAdoptionBusiness Cycles and Misallocations編輯pptExpansionRecessionPeakTrou

29、ghExpansionCredit-DrivenBoomCredit-DrivenBustDepressionNormal CycleCredit-Driven CycleMain Stages in a Bubble編輯pptTimeStealth PhaseAwareness PhaseMania PhaseBlow off PhaseMeanValuationBear trapBull trapReturn to the meanTake off“New Paradigm”!CapitulationDespairMedia attentionDelusionEnthusiasmGreed

30、First Sell offDenialFearReturn to “normal”Factors behind the Development of Transport SystemsScaleEnvironmentalHistoricalTechnologicalPoliticalEconomicLocalHydrography and geomorphologyCulture and settlement patternsRoadsZoningEmploymentRegionalAltitudeColoniesRailways and canalsTaxation and regulat

31、ionsModal competition and complementarityContinentalDistanceColonialism / imperialismSea routesTrade agreementsMarketsGlobalOceanic massesGlobalizationAir transport and tele-communicationsMultilateral agreements (WTO)Interdependency and comparative advantages編輯pptTransport Impacts on Market Opportun

32、ities編輯pptTransport ImprovementsCommodity MarketLabor MarketExpansionNew ActivitiesGrowthEconomic Production and Specialization編輯pptTrade andTransportGatewayTrade andTransportRegion ARegion BProduct AProduct BProduct CProduct DProduct ETransportation and the Economy編輯pptTransport Infrastructure Inve

33、stmentAdditional Transport Capacity, Efficiency, Reliability and Level of ServiceLower Transport CostsShorter Transit TimesBusiness ExpansionIncreased ProductivityIncreased CompetitivenessEconomic GrowthMoving storage unitsJust in Time and its Logistics編輯pptMoving storage unitsAssembly andwarehousin

34、gAssembly lineWarehousingDelivery units for goodsDelivery units for partsProduction unitEconomic Opportunities According to Automobile Ownership編輯pptHCR(A)CR(B)With automobileWithout automobileE2E1E3THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMSTHIRD EDITIONConcept 3編輯pptComponents of Transport Cost編輯pptABFrict

35、ion of SpaceTransaction CostsShipmentHousehold Expenditures on Transport, United States, 2005425260%20%40%60%80%100%Transport servicesOperation of vehiclesPurchase of vehicles462215116Gasoline and motor oilVehicle insuranceMaintenance and repairsOther vehicle chargesVehicle finance charges編輯ppt55433

36、Car newCar usedOther vehiclesFixed and Operating Transport CostsModeFixed/Capital CostsOperating CostsRail or HighwayLand, Construction, Rolling StockMaintenance, Labor, FuelPipelineLand, ConstructionMaintenance, EnergyAirLand, Field & Terminal Construction, AircraftMaintenance, Fuel, Labor, Air

37、port ChargesMaritimeLand for Port Terminals,Cargo Handling Equipment, ShipsMaintenance, Fuel, Labor, Port Charges編輯pptConditions Affecting Transport CostsConditionFactorsExamplesGeographyDistance, physiography, accessibilityShipping between France and England vs. shipping between France and the Neth

38、erlandsType of productPackaging, weight, perishableShipping coalShipping flowers or wineEconomies of scaleShipment sizeA 747 compared to 737 (passengers)Post-Panamax compared to Panamax (freight)Trade imbalanceEmpty travelTrade between China and the United StatesInfrastructureCapacity, limitations,

39、operational conditionsThe InterstateModeCapacity, limitations, operational conditionsA bus compared to a carCompetition and regulationTariffs, safety, ownershipThe European Union, The Jones Act編輯pptTruck Transport Cost Components, North America, 2005Cost ComponentCost Share RangeDriver27 to 36%Fuel1

40、8 to 24%Administration and Interest13 to 14%Equipment Ownership7 to 12%Repairs7 to 12%Insurance3%Tires2 to 4%Miscellaneous (Licenses, Cleaning, etc.)2 to 3%Margin5%編輯pptFreight Transportation Service Spectrum編輯pptHighLowFastest, most reliable and most visible.Lowest weight, highest value and most ti

41、me-sensitive cargo.Slower, less reliable and less visible.Highest weight, lowest value and lest time-sensitive cargo.Fast, reliable and visible.Range of weight and value.Rail intermodal competitive with truck over longer distances.$1.5 / lbs5 - 10 / lbs3 / lbs1 / lbs0.5 - 1 / lbs0.5 / lbsDifferent F

42、riction of Distance Functions編輯pptDistanceCosts1234Transshipment CostsFixed CostsZone Change(a)(b)Different Components of Transport Time編輯pptTimeDistanceFreight Transport Revenue per Ton-Mile (in 2006 dollars)$0.01$0.02$0.27$0.80$0.00$0.10$0.20$0.30$0.40$0.50$0.60$0.70$0.80$0.90WaterRailRoadAir編輯ppt

43、First and Last Mile Unit Cost Structure編輯ppt“First Mile”“Last Mile”Unit Transport CostsTransport sequenceLetters of Credit and Bills of Lading in Commercial Transactions編輯pptSellerShipperSellers BankBuyers BankBuyerContractLetter of CreditShipperSellers BankBuyers BankBuyerConsignmentBill of ladingS

44、ellerShipperSellers BankBuyers BankBuyerBill of ladingPaymentSellerSellers BankBuyers BankBuyerConsignmentBill of lading1234SellerShipperSelected International Commercial Terms (Incoterms)編輯pptLoading LocationPort ofOriginPort ofDestinationUnloadingLocationEXWInsuranceBuyers cost / riskFCAFASSellers

45、 cost / riskFOBCFRCIFCIPMaritime Dry Bulk Costs, 1870-2000020406080100120187019101930195019701990Dollar / ton (1990 USD)編輯pptCost / Performance Relationships for Inland Freight Transportation Modes編輯pptIntermodalCostPerformance (Speed, Reliability, Flexibility)Barge/Short SeaIntermodal PotentialTruc

46、kloadAirRail CarloadLTLShipment Size and Transport Costs1101001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000ParcelLTL TruckTruckloadRailcar loadMulti-railcarUnit trainBarge loadShipment Size (lbs)Transport Charges ($/ton)編輯pptTop 10 Commodity Groups Ranked by Value Per Ton, United States, 2002 $0$4,000$8,000

47、$12,000$16,000$20,000CFS totalFurniture, mattresses and lighting productsMiscellaneous manufactured productsMotorized and other vehicles and partsMachineryTextiles, leather, and productsTobacco productsPrecision instruments and apparatusTransportation equipment, n.e.c.Electronic, electrical, and off

48、ice equipmentPharmaceutical products編輯pptTransport Costs by Industry Type, 19990123456789Agriculture, Forestry & FishingConstructionWholesale & RetailMiningManufacturingServicesCommunications & UtilitiesFinance, Insurance & Real EstateTransport costs per output (%)編輯pptShare of Trans

49、port Costs in Product Prices051015202530Stone, clay and glassPetroleumLumber and woodFoodFurniturePaper productsPrimary metalsTextilesFabricated metalsTransport equipmentRubber and plasticsTobaccoMachineryInstrumentsApparelPrinting and publishingElectronicsLeather products編輯pptShare of Transport Cos

50、ts in Product Prices and Average Haul Length0100200300400500600700Stone, clay and glassPetroleumLumber and woodFoodFurniturePaper productsPrimary metalsTextilesFabricated metalsTransport equipmentRubber and plasticsTobaccoMachineryInstrumentsApparelPrinting and publishingElectronicsLeather productsA

51、verage haul lengthShare編輯pptAverage Length of Haul by Major Commodity Group, 2002 (in miles)0100200300400500600700Textiles, leather, and productsElectronic, electrical, and office equipmentPlastics and rubberMachineryPharmaceutical productsCereal grainsCoalWood productsBasic chemicalsFertilizersAlco

52、holic beveragesWaste and scrapFuel oilsGasoline and aviation turbine fuelGravel and crushed stone編輯pptTypical Ocean Freight Costs for some Products (Asia United States or Asia Europe)Typical Shelf PriceShipping CostsShipping Costs ShareLCD TV Set$700$4.000.5%Digital Camera (high range)$450$0.150.03%

53、Vacuum Cleaner$150$1.000.6%Scotch Whisky (bottle)$50$0.150.3%Coffee (1 kg)$15$0.153.3%Biscuits (Tin)$3$0.051.7%Beer (Can)$1$0.011.0%Apple$0.75$0.045.3%編輯pptBaltic Dry Index, Monthly Value, 1985-201302,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,000Jan-85Jan-86Jan-87Jan-88Jan-89Jan-90Jan-91Jan-92Jan-93Jan-94Jan-95Jan

54、-96Jan-97Jan-98Jan-99Jan-00Jan-01Jan-02Jan-03Jan-04Jan-05Jan-06Jan-07Jan-08Jan-09Jan-10Jan-11Jan-12Jan-13編輯pptMaritime Freight Rates (Nominal USD per TEU), 1993-2009$0$500$1,000$1,500$2,000$2,5001993-41994-21994-41995-21995-41996-21996-41997-21997-41998-21998-41999-21999-42000-22000-42001-22001-4200

55、2-22002-42003-22003-42004-22004-42005-22005-42006-22006-42007-22007-42008-22008-42009-22009-4Asia - USUS - AsiaAsia - EuropeEurope - Asia編輯pptMaritime Transportation Rates for a 40 Foot Container between Selected Ports, 2010編輯ppt$1,000$1,200ShanghaiLA/LBNew YorkRotterdam2,6201,400Eastbound / Northbo

56、undWestbound / Southbound3,7001,8301,8102,520SantosMelbourne1,5703,6903,0603,0601,0704,340DurbanPaths are approximate1,7703,6703,8103,3402,7502,5502,8803,480Average Cost per TEU by Containership Capacity and By Route, 1997100200300400500600700010002000300040005000600070008000Costs per TEU ($US)Capac

57、ity in TEUEurope - Far East (11,500 miles)Trans Pacific (8,000 miles)Trans Atlantic (4,000 miles)編輯pptDaily Operating Expenses for Containerships per TEU101214161820222402,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,000$ / TEU / DayShip Capacity in TEU編輯pptFreight Rates in TEU Between Singapore and Rotte

58、rdam10012014016018020022024026002,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,00018,00020,000USD per TEUShip Capacity in TEU編輯pptContainer Shipping Costs1020104025205520020406080100Port-to-PortDoor-to-DoorPercentageManagementContainer and inland transportPort transshipmentMaritime Shipping編輯pptPort Cost

59、Components編輯pptTerminal Handling ChargesCargo DuesPort DuesMarine Service CostsHarbor SideLand SidePort Cost Components and Total Port Pricing per TEU (USD), 2012編輯ppt050100150200250300DurbanValenciaColomboPort KlangValparaisoKaohsiungJawaharlal NehruJohorHoustonLaem ChabangChennaiVladivostokTermina

60、l Handling ChargesPort duesCargo duesTerminal Handling ChargesCargo DuesPort DuesMarine Service CostsHarbor SideLand SideCost to Import a 20 Foot Container, 2012編輯pptLogistics Costs and Average Transit Time of a 20 Foot Container, Mombasa Nairobi (Kenya)0246810121416180100200300400500Time (hours)Distance (km)Average Transit Time (29.8