2022年(研究生英語(yǔ)多維教程熟諳)考試內(nèi)容總結(jié)

1、精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -Unit1從才能到責(zé)任When today s high-school seniors are askedwhat they plan to do aftergraduates ,mostsaythattheyintendtogetabachelor s degree.Theyhavebeentoldthattheirgenerationhasonly“one way to win”-bygettingat least at least a bachelors degree, in thehope that it wil

2、leventuallylead to a professional job.In a recentsurveyof high-school seniors conducted by the Nation Center for Education Statistics, 85 percent of the respondents saidtheyplannedtoget abachelor sdegree.And,although20yearsago only 45 percent of high-schoolgraduateswent on to college, today68percent

3、actuallymatriculate 注冊(cè) ,withthemajority enrolling in four-year or two-year programs designed to allow themtransferto four-year institutions.According to conventional wisdom, the rapidrise in the number of studentsattendingcollege is cause for national celebration. But ourresearchsuggeststhat,intendi

4、tmaybecausefornational concern. Why.Becausefor many young people, the“one way towin ”paradigm例子 isnotrealistic ,giventheiracademictalentsandthelabor-marketprojections.Studentsrankingbelowthe top third of their high-school graduating class too often fail to earn as bachelor s degree if they enroll in

5、 college. The cost of suchfailurein both dollars and unmetexpectations -is rising and beginning to精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -erode publicconfidencein our system of higheducation .A:ArnoldToynbeehassaidthatallprogress,alldevel

6、opment comefromachallengeandaconsequentresponse.Without challenge there is no response, no development, no freedom.So firstweowetoourchildrenthemostdemanding,challenging curriculum that is within their capabilities.A. 德.湯說(shuō)過(guò)，一切進(jìn)步，一切進(jìn)展均來(lái)自挑戰(zhàn)及由此引起的反應(yīng)；沒有挑戰(zhàn)就沒有反應(yīng)，沒有進(jìn)展，沒有自由；所以，我們第一應(yīng)當(dāng)在我們孩子的才能答應(yīng)的范疇內(nèi)為他們開設(shè)最嚴(yán)格最富

7、有挑戰(zhàn)性的課 程；B: The second opportunity we can give our boys and girls is the right to failure. “Freedom is not only a privilege, it is a test, ”writes De Nouy. What kind of a test is it, what kind of freedom where noone can fail. The day is past when the United States can afford togive high school diplo

8、mas to all who sit through four years of instruction, regardless of whether any visible results can be discerned. We live in arrowed world where we must be alert, awaketo realism: and realism demands a standard which either must be met or result in failure. These are hard words, but they are brutall

9、y true. If we deprive our children of the right to fail we deprive them of their knowledge of the world as it is.精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -B. 我們可以向我們的孩子供應(yīng)其次個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)是答應(yīng)他們有失敗的權(quán)力；德.紐伊寫道： “不僅是一種特權(quán)， 也是一種考查； ”假如沒有人可以失敗，那它算什么考查， 算什么自由呢？

10、美國(guó)可以向全部在高中讀者完四年課程而不管其是否取得任何明顯收成的同學(xué)發(fā)放畢業(yè)文憑的日子已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了；我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個(gè)外變得很狹隘的世界里， 們必需同對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)保持警覺， 有所熟悉； 而現(xiàn)實(shí)主義要求樹立一個(gè)要么勝利要么失敗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；這些話聽起來(lái)很刺耳，但都是殘酷的事實(shí)；假如我們剝奪了孩子的失敗權(quán)力， 實(shí)際上我們就剝奪了他們照實(shí)地熟悉世界的機(jī)會(huì)；1、當(dāng)今的高校生，盡管他們努力地想使自己成才，但對(duì)將來(lái)仍是很模糊的；（establish oneself）Todays university students are struggling to establish themselves, but they

11、 still have ambiguous feelings about their future.2、一個(gè)人假如不能找到自我以外的中心， 就不能實(shí)現(xiàn)他的自我價(jià)值；所以，抱負(fù)的本科訓(xùn)練必需使同學(xué)超越自我；（ transcend ）A man cannot find himself without finding a center beyond himself.Sotheidealismoftheundergraduateexperiencemusthelpthe student transcend himself.3、我們劇烈地期望在高校所學(xué)到的學(xué)問(wèn)在今后的工作與學(xué)習(xí)中能起到重要的作用；（ r

12、eveal oneself ）Weeagerlyhopethatthelessonsleanedintheuniversitywill精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -reveal themselves in our performance in the workplace and further education.4、四年的本科學(xué)習(xí)是走向勝利生活的唯獨(dú)道路，這種說(shuō)法是無(wú)法接受的；（ go unchallenged）Itcannotgounchallengedtosaythatthe4-yearu

13、ndergraduate experience is the only path to success in life.5、在對(duì)一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題作結(jié)論時(shí)，假如只信任所謂專家而不信任自己，不依據(jù)調(diào)查的結(jié)果， 不依據(jù)試驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)， 那是在冒險(xiǎn)；（run the risk of; blind faith in）We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what we know, the findings of investigations, and the data of experiments, but on t

14、he basis of blind faith in professed experts.6、我們的事業(yè)需要一批受過(guò)良好訓(xùn)練又能關(guān)懷他人的年輕人，他們能團(tuán)結(jié)一樣，相互學(xué)習(xí)，積極參與四化建設(shè)；（ bandtogether; participate in ）Our task needs a large group of well-informed, caring young people whocanbandtogether,learnfromeachother,andactively participate in the four modernizations.7、假如這所新學(xué)校要有生命活力的話

15、，它培育的同學(xué)不僅要有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)和嫻熟的專業(yè)技能，仍要有貢獻(xiàn)精神；（be to endure; commit oneself ）If it is to endure, the new school should help the students not only精品資料精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -acquire a sold basic education and become competent in a specific field, but also be ready to commit themselves to others.8、假如高

16、校生對(duì)考試過(guò)于投入，就有可能把才能與貢獻(xiàn)放到次要地位，這樣說(shuō)一點(diǎn)也不過(guò)分；（push to the fringes）It is not too much to say that if undergraduates excessively devote themselvestoexaminations,thewillpushcompetenceand commitment to the fringes.9、我甚至沒有跟他說(shuō)話，當(dāng)然更不用說(shuō)與他爭(zhēng)論有關(guān)你們學(xué)校的改建問(wèn)題；（much less ）I didn t even speak to him; much less discuss the re

17、construction of your school with him.10、有人認(rèn)為考試是很重要的， 但也有人認(rèn)為考試有不少弊端；所以考試留下了一個(gè)我能解決的問(wèn)題考試對(duì)訓(xùn)練有什么影響？（ open question ）Somepeoplethinkexaminationsaresecondtonone,butsome thinkexaminationshavealotofdisadvantages.Examinations leaveusanopenessentialquestion-whatinfluencedo examinations exert on education.Unit

18、2 家庭企業(yè)：下一代的前景Asmallfamily-ownedcompany,Eisai,wasoneoftheoriginal manufacturersofvitaminE,anditmaintainedastrongresearch精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -commitmenttonaturalpharmaceuticals.Overtheyears,it developeddrugsforthetreatmen

19、tofcardiovascular,respiratory, andneurologicaldiseases.Thecompanyexperiencedsteady. Modestgrowth,andin1992salesreached197billionyenand profitsapproached13 billion yen. Although it was the sixth-largest Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai was a relatively small player in an industry in which globa

20、l competition was increasing while growth in the domestic market was slowing down.In 1993, Haruo Naito took over as president from his father. Before that, he had chaired Eisai s five-year strategic planning committee. During that time, he had become convinced that the company s focus on the discove

21、ry and manufacture of pharmaceuticals was not sustainable for long-term growth againstlarge,globalcompetitors.Twoyearsafterbecomingpresident, Naito formulated a radical newvision for Eisai that he called Human Health Care. Itextendedthe companys focus from manufacturing drug treatments for specific

22、illness toimprovingthe overall qualityof life. Toaccomplishthat mission, Eisai developed a widearrayof newproducts.Andthat,in turn,wouldrequirebroadinvolvement and commitment. He encouraged innovativeactivityand created anenvironmentinwhichemployees effortswouldbeacceptedandrewarded .Soontherewerepr

23、oposalsfor130additionalHHC精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -projects and by the end of 1996, in the Japanese domestic pharmaceutical industry, and Eisai s customers and competitors view the company as a leader in health care.Owners/

24、founders are extremely driven and dynamic. Often they excel at more than one skill. In ,many cases, production experts are also marketing geniuses or skilled financiers. Replacing them may require more than one person. Therefore, family business owners should determine exactly how the succession pro

25、cess should create his or her own chart. These charts should then be compared. The differences will point to gaps in the management structure and highlight areas of misunderstanding and differences in perception. .業(yè)主/企業(yè)創(chuàng)建者不僅進(jìn)取心強(qiáng)，而且精力充足；他們往往善于于多種技能； 在很多情形之下， 他們即是生產(chǎn)專家又是營(yíng)銷天才或體會(huì)豐富的金融家； 要接替他們的工作就需要很多的人；因

26、此家庭企業(yè)主應(yīng)當(dāng)通過(guò)制定組織機(jī)構(gòu)圖來(lái)明確規(guī)定該企業(yè)怎樣運(yùn)作；參與交接過(guò)程的每個(gè)主要成員也應(yīng)當(dāng)制定他們自己的組織構(gòu)圖；然后,.對(duì)它們進(jìn)行比較；各機(jī)構(gòu)之間的不同點(diǎn)將說(shuō)明治理體制上的差異、存在誤會(huì)的主要方面及觀念上分歧；Few businesses, even family businesses, grow without the help of loyal employees.More often than not多半，通常 , they hold key positions in management. Therefore, you精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - -

27、-第 7 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -must keep your employees informed about long-rang succession plans. Key management must have a clear picture of where they stand and what their responsibilities will be in a succession-management structure. Develop a compensation

28、and benefit structure that is sufficient to attract and retain key managers as well as to motivate them to perform in the best interests of the business and the family. .沒有忠心耿耿雇員 ,很少企業(yè)能夠進(jìn)展壯大，即使是家庭企業(yè)也是如此；這些盡職的雇員多半擔(dān)任了主要治理職務(wù)；因此，應(yīng)當(dāng)將關(guān)于產(chǎn)業(yè)繼承的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)方案隨時(shí)通報(bào)給他們，而主要的企業(yè)治理人員必需清晰知道他們?cè)诋a(chǎn)業(yè)交接治理機(jī)構(gòu)中的職責(zé)；改進(jìn)企業(yè)的勞保福利制度以吸引和留住主要部門

29、經(jīng)理,激發(fā)他們的積極性 ,使他們能為企業(yè)和業(yè)主的最大利益而工作1.他不但是位杰出的銀行家和公認(rèn)的貿(mào)易專家，而且仍是位體會(huì)豐富的企業(yè)主管；（ not to mention ）He is an experienced banker and an acknowledged trade expert, not to mention an excellent managing director.2. 意大利一個(gè)和平組織的抱負(fù)者不顧危急，已開赴伊拉克首都巴格達(dá)，組成“人體盾牌”，以阻擋美國(guó)轟炸該地；（ regardless of）Regardless of danger, volunteers from

30、an Italian organization for peace have gone to Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, to form a body精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 9 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -shield for the purpose of preventing the US from bombing the place.3. 在這個(gè)家庭里，沒有人比朱蒂更能致力于經(jīng)營(yíng)房地產(chǎn)生意；（be dedicated to）Nobody in the family is more de

31、dicated to operating the real estate business than Judy.4. 由于經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣，房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人正處于或降低房?jī)r(jià)或削減銷售量的兩難境地；（ dilemma ）Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of whether to lower prices or let sales fall off.5. 史密斯先生往往靠謹(jǐn)慎投資而獵取巨額利潤(rùn)；（more often than not）More often than not （ 通常）, Mr

32、. Smith earns great profits by careful investment of his capital.6. 約翰在學(xué)校里各門功課的成果都不怎樣，但在體育方面倒是身手不凡；（ excel at）John did not make much of a mark in his studies at school, but he excelled at sports.7.有條不紊的職責(zé)交接是家庭企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期富強(qiáng)的一個(gè)條件；（ transition; long-range）精品資料精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -Ordrly transi

33、tion of responsibilities is a condition for the long-range prosperity of a family business.8.在制定投資方案之前， 你最好對(duì)投資前景有個(gè)清晰的明白； have a clear picture of You had better have a clear picture of prospects before formulating a plan for investment.9.盡管雕塑費(fèi)時(shí)， 但是仍有一些人以雕塑為職業(yè)；（time-consuming）Although sculpture is a t

34、ime-consuming art, there are still some people following it as a profession.10.這家電腦軟件公司正處于從獨(dú)資經(jīng)營(yíng)到合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中；（ in the midst of）The software company is in the midst of being transformed from an individual proprietorship to a joint venture.Unit3美國(guó)人的喜愛Today it can be said that wheels run America.The four

35、 rubber tiresoftheautomobilemoveAmericathoughworkandpay. Wheelsspin,andpeopledriveofftotheirjobs.Tiresturn,andpeople shop for the weeks food at the big supermarket.Down the highway. Hubcaps whirl, and the whole family spends精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 10 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -精品word 名師歸

36、納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -a day at the lake. Each year morewheelscrowd the highways as10millionnew carsrolloutofthefactories.Oneoutof every six Americas works at assembling cars, driving trucks, building roads,or pumping gas. Americawithoutcar.its unthinkable.But even though themajorityof Americans

37、 would find it hard to imaginewhat life would be like without a car, some have begun to realizethattheautomobileis amixedblessing.Trafficaccidents areincreasingsteadily,andlargecitiesareplaguedbytraffic congestion. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustionengine.E

38、verycarengineburnshundredsof gallonsoffueleachyearand pumps hundreds of pounds of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases arepoisonous and dangerousto one s health, especially for someonewith a weak heart or a respiratory disease.One answer to the problem of air pollution is to bu

39、ild a car thatdoesnotpollute.That swhatseveralmajorautomobile manufacturers are trying to do.But building a clean car is easier said thandone . So far, progress has been slow. Another solution is to eliminate car fumealtogether by getting rid of the internal-combustion engine. Inventors are now work

40、ingon turbine-powered cars,as wellason carspoweredbysteam andelectricity . But most of us wont be driving cars run on精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 11 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many auto makers believe that it wil

41、l take years to developpracticalmodels that are powered by electricity or steam.A.Historically, jeeps reputation as a go-anywhere vehicle dates back to the SecondWorldWar whenthe originaltheJeep,suppliedby theWillyscompany,carriedAllied forces through the Pacific and Europe.The Macquarie dictionary

42、of Motoringsays the name Jeep stemmed from the United States Armys decision to call the vehicle GP for General Purpose vehicle. The name was eventually corrupted to“jeep, ”from the pronunciation of the letters GP, and became atrademark owned by the Willys company.Jeep became part of Chrysler in 1998

43、 and the company has since spent a lot of money to revitalize the Jeep production facilities, and to increase the number and style of modelsavailable.Chryslersaysthejeep s war-timereputationandruggedimageundoubtedly helped it to carve out a new role in peacetime as a recreational vehicle. It says th

44、e Jeepcreated the original market for recreational, off-road vehicles using the powerful four-wheel drive traction known commercially as 4 WD for which the army jeep was famous.在歷史上， 吉普車以其能適應(yīng)各種路況的出眾性能而著稱于世；這種美名可以追溯到二戰(zhàn)期間， 當(dāng)時(shí)由威利斯公司供應(yīng)的最初型號(hào)的吉普精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 12 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - -

45、- - -精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -車載著盟軍部隊(duì)馳騁于太平洋沿岸及歐洲戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)；一書認(rèn)為， “吉普 ”這個(gè)名字起源于美國(guó)軍隊(duì)打算把這種車輛叫做GP （forGeneralPurpose ）即多功能車之意；而后， GP 這兩個(gè)字母的讀音被誤發(fā)成為“吉普”，并成為威利斯公司享有的商標(biāo)名稱；1988 年吉普為克萊斯勒公司全部，此后該公司投入了大量資金更新改造吉普車的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，提高吉普車的產(chǎn)量并開發(fā)各種新車型應(yīng)市；克萊斯勒公司稱吉普車在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)歲月享有的盛名以及其牢固耐用的形象無(wú)疑會(huì)有助于它在和平常期樹立其作為休閑消遣車的新形象；該公司說(shuō)，吉普為休閑 ,越野車

46、開發(fā)了新市場(chǎng)，它有強(qiáng)勁的4 輪牽引裝置（商業(yè)上稱為 4 輪驅(qū)動(dòng)），過(guò)去軍用吉普車曾因此而享譽(yù)四方；1.汽車產(chǎn)生后進(jìn)展很快，不久就代替了馬；（displace ）The automobile was improved very rapidly after it was invented and soon displaced horses.2. 由于汽車污染環(huán)境并嚴(yán)峻損害人體，甚至殺人，我們可能不得不消減私人擁有汽車的數(shù)量而更多地依靠公共交通系統(tǒng)；（mass transit systems ）We may have to cut down on the number of privately ow

47、ned carsanddependmoreonpublicmasstransitsystemsbecausecars pollute and maim or even kill people.精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 14 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -3. 汽車輪子給我們帶來(lái)了更好、更為便利的交通時(shí)，它也應(yīng)對(duì)諸如空氣污染、交通事故、交通擁擠之類的很多問(wèn)題負(fù)責(zé)； （be guilty of）While wheels automobiles have brought with them better or more conve

48、nient transportation, they are guilty of many sins, such as air pollution, traffic accidents and traffic congestion.4. 美國(guó)人對(duì)汽車的喜愛以及他們較大的工作流淌性是出了名的；（ be noted for ）Americans are noted for their love for cars and great job mobility.5. 要是燃料質(zhì)量和效率的提高和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步能大大削減汽車的排放量，那該多好??；（ if only ）Ifonlyadvancesinfuelq

49、ualityandefficiencyandintechnology would radically reduce the emissions from automobiles.6.在美國(guó)，高度發(fā)達(dá)的大路網(wǎng)使在各地之間來(lái)來(lái)往往成為可能；（ from coast to coast）A highly developed highway network has made possible the easy movement from coast to coast in the United States.7.一想到這條林蔭大道的建設(shè)速度，參觀者都感到很驚訝：這條路不久前仍在開挖及鋪設(shè)排水管；（the

50、 very thought of; tear up）精品資料精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -The very thought of the speed at which the beautiful avenue was constructedelectrifiedeveryvisitor;theroadhadonlyrecently been torn up to lay drain-pipes not long ago.8.環(huán)境愛護(hù)主義者嚴(yán)格聲討了汽車，認(rèn)為汽車是產(chǎn)生空氣污染的主要因素；（ denounce）Environmentalists hav

51、e denounced automobiles, believing they are a major factor in the production of dirty air.9. 由于有便利的公共交通，在大都市的市郊，很多新建的住宅群拔地而起；（ rise up）Manynewresidentialcomplexeshaverisenupinthesuburbsof metropolitan cities because of the availability of convenient public transportation.10. 盡管特別喜愛汽車， 很多人仍是信任廣泛地使用公共

52、交通系統(tǒng)能緩解交通擁擠；（lend credence to）Despite their love for cars, manypeople lend credence to the extensive use of the public transport system, which can cut down on traffic congestion.Unit 4無(wú)子女家庭：亙古生息的反叛Childrenarenowleavinghomeinlateadolescence-anearlier age than in the past.Adolescentare no longerinvolv

53、edin making精品資料精選名師 優(yōu)秀名師 - - - - - - - - - -第 15 頁(yè)，共 26 頁(yè) - - - - - - - - - -精品word 名師歸納總結(jié) - - - - - - - - - - - -an economic contribution to the family. Infact , their major economic impacted is as consumers.Therefore , the family has little reason to keepthechildhomeas aneconomiccontribution.It isbecoming increasinglycommonfor young people to leave home for collegeor to live with someone else when they becomeemployed . Not only do families havefewerchildren but they have them