love-is-a-fallacy課后習(xí)題答案

1、Ruskin：John Ruskin(18191900)，English critic and social theorist，was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elabor

2、ates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a "universal language". The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskins art criticism became more broadly social and political. In h

3、is works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871- 1884).

4、 Many of his suggested programs-old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor-have become accepted doctrine. . 1. The writer humorously uses words like "limp", "flaccid" and " spongy " to describe his essay . Nationally he doesn't believe his

5、 essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known for his humor.2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, pa

6、ssion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and

7、 impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to furt

8、her his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the "logical fallacies" she had been taught to rej

9、ect his offer.5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances ("accident") makes the rule inapplicable. This is the "Dicto Simpliciter" fallacy in the text.(2) The converse fallacy of

10、accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of "Hasty Generalization" in the text.(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed

11、 when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment "Ad Hominem " (speaking "against the man" rather than to the issue, or the fal

12、lacy of *'Poisoning the Well" mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument "Ad Miserieordiam" (an appeal to "pity"), as when

13、 a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or "begging the question" occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :&quo

14、t;Gregory always votes wisely. ""But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. "). (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called "post hoc, ergo propter h

15、oc", mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection-as when a misfortune is attributed to a "malign event", like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example

16、: "Do you like the twins?""Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. ")or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-"Have you stopped beating your wife?"). (7)The fallacy of "non Sequitur" ("it does not follow"), s

17、till more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. I

18、t has two meanings. When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: "There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. " When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means. "Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. "2. Yes, I ca

19、n. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beaut

20、iful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him "dumb", "nothing upstairs ", "'unstable ", "impressionable" and "'

21、;a faddist ".And as for Polly Espy, she is "a beautiful dumb girl", who would smarten up under his guidance.3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may b

22、e an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulga

23、r forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story,4. The writer deli

24、berately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like "Gee," "Oo", "' wow-dow " and clipped vulgar forms like "delish", "marvy", "sesaysh", etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongl

25、y with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him.6. The topic s

26、entence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence-"He was a torn man. " The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.7. Because he begged Polly's love, which wa

27、s refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statue of Galatea.8. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies befo

28、re finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good.IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid".2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.3. The fallacy o

29、f "post hoe, ergo propter hoc".4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.5. The fallacy of "post hoc, ergo propter hoe".6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization.8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization.V. See the translation of the text.Vl.

30、 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy3. flight :fleeing or running away from4. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920

31、9;s5. shed: cast off or lose hair6in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。or active in the main current of affairs7?practice：the exercise of a profession of occupation8?pinup：(American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures of

32、ten pinned up on walls9?makings：the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something -10?carriage：manner of carrying the head and body：physical posture bearing：way of carrying oneself：manner11go steady：(American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and excl

33、usively：be sweethearts1 2deposit：(facetious)put，lay or set downl 3brief：a concise statement of the main points of a law case。usually filed by counsel for the information of the court141etup：stopping；relaxing1fashion和fad均為名詞。fashion主要指某人，尤其指文學(xué)、藝術(shù)界或社會(huì)上流人物在某一特定場(chǎng)合或時(shí)間內(nèi)穿衣、講話等方面的姿態(tài)或習(xí)慣。fad指由某種感情引起的一時(shí)的愛好或者一時(shí)

34、流行的風(fēng)氣。 2?incredulous和incredible均為形容詞。incredulous是“不輕易相信的、“表示疑心的的意思，指對(duì)某人的能力或意志力持疑心和不相信態(tài)度。incredible是“不可相信的意思，指某件事不平凡或不大可能存在，因而表示疑心或不可相信。 3?passion和eagerness均為名詞。passion指一種強(qiáng)烈的愿望或感情，這種愿望或感情往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種不可抗拒的或者必然的結(jié)果。eagerness意即“渴望或“熱情，但往往含有不耐煩的意味。 4feeling和emotion均是名詞。feeling在沒(méi)有上下文限制的時(shí)候，往往指人們?cè)谥饔^上反映的一種快樂(lè)或不快樂(lè)的感

35、覺或感情。emotion指由于精神上或身體上受到外界某種刺激而引起的一種強(qiáng)烈的情感或情緒。 5reveal和show均為動(dòng)詞。reveal指公開或揭露某種秘密或隱蔽的東西，好似是揭開一種掩飾物似的。show指某種事物或者東西“展現(xiàn)在眼前，以便能看得到和看得清。 6tempt和incline均為動(dòng)詞。tempt意為“引誘、“誘惑，指一種強(qiáng)有力的誘惑，這種誘惑能克服對(duì)某一事物的顧忌或推斷。incline意為“傾向于、“有的傾向，指對(duì)某事物或行動(dòng)或多或少表現(xiàn)出一種暖昧的心理傾向。 7exasperation和disappointment均為名詞。exasperation指使某人忍無(wú)可忍或者使某人失去

36、自控力的強(qiáng)烈憤怒或生氣。disappointment意為“失望、“失意，指某人對(duì)某件事情感到?jīng)]希望或失去信心。 8indulge和tolerate均為動(dòng)詞。indulge意為“縱容、“容許，指由于意志力的軟弱或?qū)κ挛锏臒嵝亩鴮?duì)自己或他人的希望或愿望的一種屈從。tolerate意為“容忍、“忍受，指以自我克制的態(tài)度對(duì)待令人厭惡、令人反感的東西，含有“默認(rèn)或“寬恕的意味。 9amusement和merriment均為名詞。amusement意為“娛樂(lè)、“消遣，指一種令人愉快的精神消遣，尤其是某種幽默的事物或談笑使人感到很有樂(lè)趣。merriment意為“愉快、“歡樂(lè)，指充滿趣味和笑聲的某種事物。 1

37、01anguish和suffer均為動(dòng)詞。languish指由于渴望而苦惱或遭受痛苦。suffer指由于傷害、悲哀或損失等原因而被迫遭受、蒙受痛苦或不愉快的事情。1這幾個(gè)詞都是形容詞，指人的智力或感覺等方面具有較高的靈敏性或靈活性。keen指在智力或感覺、視覺、聽覺等五官方面是敏銳的或敏捷的，尤指具有解決復(fù)雜或疑難問(wèn)題的特殊能力。 acute意為“敏銳的，指具有觀察到別人沒(méi)有注意到的某種意義、感情、意見、顏色、音調(diào)等的細(xì)微差異的能力，也指具有某種非常敏銳的神經(jīng)注意力，這種注意力持續(xù)的時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)。 astute意為“敏銳的、“精明的、“聰明的，指對(duì)某領(lǐng)域或某學(xué)科有很深的造詣或者有一定的體驗(yàn)的能力或

38、洞察力。perspicacious在這些單詞中最為正式的用詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)具有高度的洞察力。 calculating意為“精明的，“精于算計(jì)的，尤指會(huì)打小算盤。2intelligent指具有善于從經(jīng)驗(yàn)中學(xué)習(xí)或領(lǐng)會(huì)或?qū)π率挛镅杆僮鞒龇错懙哪芰Α?clever意為“聰明的，“伶俐的，指善于理解、善于學(xué)習(xí)，但有時(shí)含有“不夠深入的意思。alert意為“機(jī)敏的，指善于觀察和行動(dòng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)善于抓住某個(gè)時(shí)機(jī)。bright和smart比擬口語(yǔ)化，一般可代替前面幾個(gè)詞中的任何一個(gè)。 brilliant意為“英明的，指具有非凡的智力或理解力。1biology；mineralogy；geology；eulogy；microlo

39、gy 2gastritis；neuritis；hepatitis；arthritis；tonsillitis 31inguist；absolutist；violinist；chartist；pragmatist 4buoyancy；decency；complacency；consistency；fluency 5politics；economics；dynamics；histrionics；dialectics 6closure；erasure；exposure；puncture；expenditureXSimile： 1)My brain was as powerful as a dynam

40、o。as precise as a chemists scales，as penetrating as a scalpel(comparing his brain to three different things)2)First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window(comparing his torn expression with the expression of a hungry homeless child looking longingly at the bread at a

41、bakery window)3)the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet(comparing the coat with a hairy animal)Metaphor： 1)There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lambs frontier(comparing the limitations set by Lamb to a frontier).2)'" logic, far from being a dry, pe

42、dantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma (comparing logic to a living human being). 3)In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open (meaning that if you' re no longer involved with her /if you stop dating her, others would be

43、free to compete for her friendship).Hyperbole 1)It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect (hyperbole for effect).2)"" he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat (an exaggeration to describe his great longing for the coat as "mad lust").3)You are the who

44、le world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space (exaggeration for effect).Metonomy 1)Otherwise you have committed a Ditto Simpliciter (Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called "a dictosimpliciter ad dictum secundum quid").2)You are guilty of Po

45、st Hoe if you blame Eula Becker (You have committed the logical fallacy called Post Hoe).3)'-" surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation " (X-rays are taken as "photographs made by means of X- rays").Antithesis 1)It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb

46、girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful ("beautiful, dumb and smart" are balanced against "ugly, smart and beautiful").2)Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning ("Desire waxing" is balanced against "resolution waning").

47、3)If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object ("irresistible" and "immovable" are balanced against each other). 1. Vague though its category "" (inversion to emphasize "vague"). 2)Cool was I and logical (inversion for emphasizing "

48、cool"). 3)Beautiful she was (inversion to emphasize "beautiful").4) Eula Becker, her name is (inversion to emphasize the name of the girl). 5)Five grueling nights this took, but it was worth it (inversion to emphasize "five gruelling nights"). 1. Sympathy I don' t want.

49、2. Yield he would not, though death threatened him. 3. That trip to Niagara you mustn't miss. 4. Down came the boy on his head. 5. In front of him, on his desk, were piled the medical records and conduct sheets. 6. Completely different is the last story. 7. In walked a man dressed in a black gow

50、n. 8. Without fear lives he who is devoted to a just cause. Colloquialisms:dumb, pin-up, kid, go steady, date, casual, kick, laughs, terrific, magnificent, mad, call it a night, yummy, fire away, darnSlangs: nothing upstairs, keen, deal, knock (oneself) out, dreamy, how cute, well-heeked, rat, knot

51、head, jitterbug, gug. The main idea is developed by the method of classification. The writer uses a series of paragraphs to develop the classification adequately and completely. To write an effective paragraph of classification, the writer can use the following procedure :1. Clearly, and as precisel

52、y as necessary, identify the term being classified. When necessary, define it in words the reader can understand.2. State or imply clearly the standards on which the classification is to be made. Sometimes the name of the class or classes in which the item is placed suggests the basis or standard fo

53、r the classification. Classifying birds as game birds clearly specifies them as among those which can be hunted and eaten by humans.3. Identify the names of the classes into which the items being classified belong.4. Finally, discuss each of the classes, limiting the discussion to the standards on w

54、hich the classification is based.XV. 1. The writer is satirizing a self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story, who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every conceivable opportunity. From the very beginning, in paragraph 4, he begins

55、to heap on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think of cool, logical, keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute, pow- erful, precise and penetrating. This exaggerated self praise and the profuse use of similes and metaphors help to make the satire humorous. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Percy Butch. For example, he calls him: dumb, nothing upstairs, unstable, impr