托福閱讀短培（課堂PPT）

1、1托福閱讀強(qiáng)化班閱 讀主講：周日進(jìn)2長難句分析斷句提高閱讀速度抓主干方法句子簡化題3長難句分析長難句為什么難？因為長為什么長？語法結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜什么是語法？單詞短語組成句子的規(guī)則句子成分多4長難句分析托福閱讀的句子為什么這么長，成分這么多呢？為什么我們寫出的托福作文每個句子都很骨感呢？How to add weight to your sentences？5如何擴(kuò)充句子句子結(jié)構(gòu)之母：名詞名詞+動詞動詞+其他成分其他成分句子的擴(kuò)展的三種方法：名詞的擴(kuò)展動詞的擴(kuò)展句子的擴(kuò)展Fengjie is a girl.6名詞的擴(kuò)展1.形容詞形容詞2.介詞短語介詞短語3.定語從句定語從句4.同位語同位語/同位語從句

2、同位語從句5.分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞（現(xiàn)在/過去分詞）過去分詞）6.主語從句主語從句7.形式主語形式主語7名詞的擴(kuò)展1.形容詞形容詞Fengjie is a girl.Fengjie is a disgusting girl.2.介詞短語介詞短語Fengjie is a disgusting girl of the 21st century.8名詞的擴(kuò)展3.定語從句定語從句Fengjie is a disgusting girl of the 21st century, who has just got the US green card.4.同位語同位語/同位語從句同位語從句Fengjie, onc

3、e a cashier in China, is a disgusting girl of the 21st century, who has just got the US green card.9名詞的擴(kuò)展5.分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞（現(xiàn)在/過去分詞）過去分詞）Fengjie, once a cashier in China, is a disgusting girl of the 21st century, who has just got the US green card, shocking every creature living on earth.10名詞的擴(kuò)展6.主語從句主語從句Wha

4、t shocks every creature living on earth is that Fengjie, once a cashier in China, has just got the US green card.7.形式主語形式主語It is shocking that Fengjie, once a cashier in China, has just got the US green card.11動詞的擴(kuò)展1.副詞副詞 ,the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma are extrao

5、rdinarily similar.It immediately run away when she saw it.12動詞的擴(kuò)展2.方式介詞方式介詞If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop.13動詞的擴(kuò)展3.連詞合并連詞合并(and, but)Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.

6、Paw prints were seen in a number of places.Puma fur was found clinging to bushes.14句子的擴(kuò)展1.狀語狀語2.形式主語形式主語3.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)句型15句子的擴(kuò)展1.狀語狀語副詞狀語副詞狀語分詞狀語分詞狀語介詞狀語介詞狀語從句狀語從句狀語admittedly, invariablyfrankly/generally speakingin the last decadewhen/if/although/since/tounless/because/wherever/so that16句子的擴(kuò)展1.狀語狀語副詞狀語副詞

7、狀語分詞狀語分詞狀語介詞狀語介詞狀語從句狀語從句狀語FJ has got the American green card, although it is hard to believe it.17句子的擴(kuò)展2.形式主語形式主語It is disturbing/happy/aweful to think that 18句子的擴(kuò)展3.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)句型It is thatIt is FJ that has got the American green card, although it is hard to believe it.19長難句分析Although we now tend to refe

8、r to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the applied arts.20長難句分析If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hard

9、ly be considered a container in any traditional sense.21長難句分析Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.22長難句分析 What varies is not th

10、e basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the objects primary function. 23長難句分析 Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts re

11、mains relatively constant.24斷句斷句的重要性：不會斷句，文章讀不懂不會斷句，文章讀不快閱讀是有快有慢的，勻速的閱讀是錯誤的方法25斷句斷句的重要性：六十老兒生一子人言非是我子也家產(chǎn)田園盡付與女婿外人不得干涉六十老兒生一子，人言非是我子也，家產(chǎn)田園盡付與，女婿外人不得干涉。六十老兒生一子，人言非是我子也，家產(chǎn)田園盡付與女婿，外人不得干涉。26斷句斷句的重要性：南京市長叫什么？江大橋南京市長江大橋歡迎您27如何斷句根據(jù)意群斷句意群可以是一個詞，一個詞組或短語，也可以是并列句的一個分句或復(fù)合句的一個主句、從句等等。一個意群中閱讀速度快，意群之間速度較之慢。閱讀速度：28意

12、群1名詞詞組名詞詞組 1）冠詞+名詞，例：a country 2）名詞+名詞，例：coumrade Li 3）指示代詞+名詞，例：this book 4）形容詞+名詞，例：natural science 5）作形容詞用的名詞或分詞+名詞，例： New Years Day the working class 6）數(shù)詞+名詞，例：thirty-two note-books7）數(shù)詞+數(shù)詞，例：223-two hundred and twenty-three 8）不定代詞+名詞，例：some ink29意群2介詞短語from now on with an effort 3副詞短語 day and ni

13、ght first of all4副詞+介詞短語 early in the morning far into the night5副詞+動詞，或動詞+副詞 quite understand study hard6. 分詞/不定式 to take a rest to have a meeting encouraged by himliving on earth30意群7. 名詞性從句，包括主語從句、表語從句和賓語從句 That he will come hereis certain（主語從句） This ishow he studies English（表語從句） He told mewhere

14、 I could find my book（賓語從句）8. 定語從句 This is a factorythat makes cloth 31意群9. 狀語從句（狀語從句可以放在句首或句末。放在句首時，從句后通常要用逗號；放在句末時，從句一般不用逗號） I waitedtill he come back Because he is ill, he cannot come. He cant comebecause he is ill We worked fastso that we finish our plan 32意群訓(xùn)練Although we now tend to refer to th

15、e various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the applied arts.Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to

16、 construct them -clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal- it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the applied arts.33意群訓(xùn)練There is ample concrete evidence of musical instruments dating back to the Stone Age and much presumptive evidence about the role

17、 of music in organizing work groups, hunting parties, and religious rites. There is ample concrete evidence of musical instruments dating back to the Stone Age and much presumptive evidence about the role of music in organizing work groups, hunting parties, and religious rites. 34意群訓(xùn)練Some composers,

18、 such as Scriabin, have emphasized the importance of the rhythmic aspect of music by translating their works into rhythmic series of colored forms. Others, such as Stravinsky, have stressed the significance of seeing music performed by an orchestra or a dance troupe.Some composers, such as Scriabin,

19、 have emphasized the importance of the rhythmic aspect of music by translating their works into rhythmic series of colored forms. Others, such as Stravinsky, have stressed the significance of seeing music performed by an orchestra or a dance troupe.35提高閱讀速度1. 克服不良閱讀習(xí)慣：默讀，回讀，過分精讀2. 集中精力（訓(xùn)練方法）3. 群讀 4.

20、 跳讀6. 做筆記5. 記時閱讀36提高閱讀速度的訓(xùn)練模擬It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise thei

21、r affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from

22、 the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?37提高閱讀速度的訓(xùn)練模擬Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the o

23、ldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made.38提高閱讀速度的訓(xùn)練模擬It should be obviousthat cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs,not through gills，and give birth to live young.Their streamlined

24、bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowholecannot disguise their affinitieswith land dwelling mammals.39提高閱讀速度的訓(xùn)練模擬However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds，it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.Extinct but already fully marine cetace

25、ansare known from the fossil recordHow was the gapbetween a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?40提高閱讀速度的訓(xùn)練Very exciting discoverieshave finally allowed scientiststo reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans.In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistanfound what proved to

26、be the oldest fossil whale.The fossil was officially named Pakicetusin honor of the countrywhere the discovery was made.41抓住干的方法長難句 (click here)抓主干How to lose weight? (NOT LOSE GRAVITY)42抓住干的方法剔除四大修飾成分1. which / that / whose / who / whom / where / when+句子 （verb + that 除外）2. 介詞短語（介詞+名詞）3. 非謂語動詞 （Noun

27、+done/doing中的done/doing成分）4. 插入語（逗號之間、破折號之間的東西）43抓住干的方法剔除四大修飾成分People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaosPeople were haunted.44抓住干的方法剔除四大修飾成分Accompanying that growth was a structural cha

28、nge that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nations labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuitsthat featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nations labor force from agriculture to manufacturing

29、and other nonagricultural pursuits45抓住干的方法剔除四大修飾成分The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one，and in fact，in 1776, sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople46抓住干的方法剔除四大修飾成分The argument that human

30、s, even in prehistoric time, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animals possess such a senseThe argument seems fair47句子簡化題0-1 questio

31、n per setWhich of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 48含有明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句不含明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句句子簡化題49含有明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句 The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulo

32、cetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. however50含有明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句解題步驟：邏輯判斷邏輯判斷+半句細(xì)節(jié)對比半句細(xì)節(jié)對比常見邏輯關(guān)系：因果轉(zhuǎn)折對比并列51含有明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句 The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear port

33、ion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone. The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke. Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone struct

34、ure shows that it swam like modern whales. By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam. 52含有明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句 The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affe

35、cted, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the processDesertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population gro

36、wth that has spread over large areas of land. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas

37、 affected. 53含有明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句 He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology

38、 based on only one. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell. Edison would not develop projectio

39、n technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.54含有明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句 For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjus

40、t, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more

41、 likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently. People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.55含有明確邏輯

42、關(guān)系的長句Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of

43、nature.Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of l

44、andforms.56含有明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semi-subsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically. Whigs were able to attract support only i

45、n the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs control of the

46、 market economy. The Democrats power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest those areas where the market was already fully operating. 57含有明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if

47、the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on

48、 to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.I

49、f the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.58正確答案形式：原文主干結(jié)構(gòu)精確改寫不含明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句錯誤答案形式：1 主干變動或丟失2 新信息3 新關(guān)系59不含明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句 Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause se

50、rious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes. As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a ser

51、ious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes. The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees. Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious

52、stress for trees.60不含明確邏輯關(guān)系的長句 Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is unif

53、orm. Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness. Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity. Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as pat