工程項(xiàng)目管理與設(shè)計(jì)安全要點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)與施工必讀

1、Environmental effects of oil and gas lease sites in a grassland ecosystem Environmental ManagementThe northern Great Plains of Saskatchewan is one of the most significantly modified landscapes inCanada. While the majority of anthropogenic disturbances to Saskatchewan s grasslands are the result of a

2、gricultural practices, development of petroleum and natural gas (PNG) resources is of increasingconcern for grassland conservation. Although PNG developments require formal assessment and regulatory approval, follow-up and monitoring of the effects of PNG development on grasslands is not common prac

3、tice. Consequently, the effects of PNG activity on grasslands and the spatial and temporal extent of such impacts are largely unknown. This paper examines the spatial and temporal extent of PNG development infrastructure from 1955 to 2006 in a grassland ecosystem in southwest Saskatchewan.The effect

4、s of PNG development on grassland ecology were assessed from measurements of ground cover characteristics, soil properties, and plant community composition at 31sites in the study area. PNG lease sites were found to have low cover of herbaceous plants, club moss (Lycopodiaceae), litter, and shallow

5、organic (Ah) horizons. Lease sites were also characterized by low diversity of desirable grassland plants and low range health values compared to off-lease reference sites. These impacts were amplified at active and highly productive lease sites. Impacts of PNG development persisted for morethan 50

6、years following well site construction, and extended outward 20 m25 m beyond the directphysical footprint of PNG well infrastructure. These results have significant implications with regard to the current state of monitoring and follow-up of PNG development, and the cumulative effective of PNG activ

7、ity on grassland ecosystems over space and time.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Methods2.1. Study area2.2. Well ticket and aerial photo data2.3. Field data collection2.4. Analysis of environmental effects3. Results3.1. PNG development in the study area3.2. Physical footprint of PNG site infrastruct

8、ure3.3. Impacts to ground cover and soil3.4. Impacts to grassland plants3.5. Impacts to range health3.6. Influence of drill date and season3.7. Spatial extent of impacts3.8. Cumulative extent of PNG impacts4. Discussion5. Conclusion AcknowledgementsEasternCanadiancrudeoilsupplyanditsimplicationsforr

9、egionalenergy securityEnergy PolicyCanada has been blessed with immense energy resources; however, their distribution is not uniform. One such example is crude oil, which is found primarily in western Canada. Eastern Canada, consisting of the six eastern-most provinces (Newfoundland and Labrador, Ne

10、w Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec), produce limited quantities of crude oil, most of which is exported to the United States. Ideally, western Canadian crude oil would meet the demands of eastern Canada; however, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and th

11、e absence of oil pipelines means that eastern Canada increasingly relies on supplies of crude oil from a small number of oil exporting countries, many with declining production.This paper examines crude oil production, supply, and its refining in eastern Canada. It shows that crude production in the

12、 region has reached its peak and that increasing global competition for crude oil will affect energy security in eastern Canada, either through price increases or supply shortages, or both.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Crude supply2.1. Transporting crude2.2. Refineries2.3. Western Canadian crude2

13、.4. Eastern Canadian crude2.5. Imported crude3. Refined petroleum products4. Refined product demand5. Discussion6. Concluding remarks AcknowledgementsWorld energy analysis: H2 now or later? Energy PolicyThis is a study of world energy resource sustainability within the context of resource peak produ

14、ction dates, advanced energy use technologies in the transportation and electricity generation energy use sectors, and alternative fuel production including hydrogen. The finding causing the most concern is the projection of a peak in global conventional oil production between now and 2023. In addit

15、ion, the findings indicate that the peak production date for natural gas, coal, and uranium could occur by 2050. The central question is whether oil production from non-conventional oil resources can be increased at a fast enough rate to offset declines in conventional oil production. The developmen

16、t of non-conventional oil production raises concerns about increased energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and water issues.Due to the emerging fossil fuel resource constraints in coming decades, this study concludes that it is prudent to begin the development of hydrogen production and distribution

17、 systems in the near-term. The hydrogen gas is to be initially used by fuel cell vehicles, which will eliminate tailpipe greenhouse gasemissions. With a lowering of H2 production costs through the amortization of system components, H2can be an economic fuel source for electricity generation post-204

18、0.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Methods and data2.1. Methods2.2. Data3. Findings3.1. Energy resource peak production dates3.2. The effects of energy paths on oil supply/demand balances3.3. Sensitivity analysis for peak production estimates4. Discussion of findings4.1. Evaluation of peak productio

19、n date estimates4.2. Issues related to the production of synfuels from non-conventional oil resources4.3. H 2 production and distribution systems5. Conclusions ReferencesEnergy efficiency in social housing: Opportunities and barriers from a case study in BrazilEnergy PolicyThis paper investigates th

20、e energy efficiency in a segment of the building sector in emerging countries by analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency of a social housing project in Brazil. Energy efficiency measures and bioclimatic design strategies are developed in order to improve thermal comfort in this social housing

21、 project and to reduce the energy consumption and expenses of their residents. The institutional barriers and constraints toward higher efficiency are described. The results of this study show that there is a high potential to increase energy efficiency in social housing in emerging countries like B

22、razil. The implementation and consideration of the energy efficiency measures and policy recommendations would contribute substantially to the goal to dampen the fast growth of energy demand in these countries. Moreover the improvement of energy efficiency in the social housing sector could be a dri

23、ver for market transformation towards more sustainability in the whole building sector.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Methodology3. Situation of social housing in Brazil3.1. The housing deficit3.2. Federal housing policy3.3. Social housing in Rio de Janeiro4. Energy efficiency in Brazil4.1. Energy

24、 efficiency policy4.2. Brazilian building standards and codes related to energy efficiency4.3. Barriers to energy efficiency in social housing4.3.1. Investment and lifecycle cost4.3.2. Awareness and capacity4.3.3. Policy and standardization4.3.4. Fragmentation of building sector5. Mangueira social h

25、ousing project5.1. Project context5.2. Assessment matrix for energy efficiency analysis5.3. Energy efficiency analysis6. Recommendations and implementation6.1. Project design recommendations6.1.1. Design guidelines6.1.2. Economic evaluation and affordability6.2. Constraints and opportunities of ener

26、gy efficiency6.3. Institutional framework recommendations7. Conclusion AcknowledgementsResearch highlights?There is a high potential to increase energy efficiency in social housing in Brazil. ?Energy-efficient social housing would contribute substantially to dampen the fast growth of energy consumpt

27、ion in emerging countries like Brazil. ?Implementat ion of energy efficiency would improve the income situationof the poorest strata of the population.Fuzzyrule-basedmodellingforhumanhealthriskfromnaturallyoccurring radioactive materials in produced waterEnvironmental RadioactivityProduced water, di

28、scharged from offshore oil and gas operations, contains chemicals from formation water, condensed water, and any chemical added down hole or during the oil/water separation process. Although, most of the contaminants fall below the detection limits within a short distance from the discharge port, a

29、few of the remaining contaminants including naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) are of concern due to their bioavailability in the media and bioaccumulation characteristics in finfish and shellfish species used for human consumption. In the past, several initiatives have been taken to m

30、odel human health risk from NORM in produced water. The parameters of the available risk assessment models are imprecise and sparse in nature. In this study, a fuzzy possibilistic evaluation using fuzzy rule based modeling has been presented. Being conservative in nature, the possibilistic approach

31、considers possible input parameter values; thus provides better environmental prediction than the Monte Carlo(MC) calculation. The uncertainties of the input parameters were captured with fuzzytriangular membership functions (TFNs). Fuzzy if-then rules were applied for input concentrations of two is

32、otopes of radium, namely 226Ra, and 228Ra, available in produced water and bulk dilution to evaluate the radium concentration in fish tissue used for human consumption. The bulk dilution was predicted usingfour input parameters: produced water discharge rate, ambient seawater velocity, depth of disc

33、harge port and density gradient. The evaluated cancer risk shows compliance with the regulatory guidelines; thus minimum risk to human health is expected from NORM components in produced water.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Fuzzy rule-based modelling2.1. Fuzzy set theory2.2. Fuzzy rule2.3. Predict

34、ing bulk dilution2.4. Modelling human health risk3. Possibilistic evaluation4. Results and discussions5. ConclusionsAnalysis of the reactivity coefficients of the advanced high-temperature reactor for plutonium and uranium fuelsAnnals of Nuclear EnergyThe conceptual design of the advanced high-tempe

35、rature reactor (AHTR) has recently been proposed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, with the intention to provide and alternative energy source for very high temperature applications. In the present study, we focused on the analyses of the reactivity coefficients of the AHTR core fueled with two

36、types of fuel: enriched uranium and plutonium from the reprocessing of light water reactors irradiated fuel. More precisely, we investigated the influence of the outer graphite reflectors on the multiplication factor of the core, the fuel and moderator temperaturereactivity coefficients and the void

37、 reactivity coefficient for five different molten salts: NaF, BeF2, LiF, ZrF 4and Li 2BeF 4 eutectic. In order to better illustrate the behavior of the previous parameters for different core configurations, we evaluated the moderating ratio of the molten salts and the absorption rate of the key fuel

38、 nuclides, which, of course, are driven by the neutron spectrum. The results show that the fuel and moderator temperature reactivity coefficients are always negative, whereas the void reactivity coefficient can be set negative provided that the fuel to moderator ratio is optimized (the core is under

39、moderated) and the moderating ratio of the coolant is large.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Geometry description3. Coolants and fuels description4. Results4.1. Excess of reactivity and delayed neutron fraction4.2. Reflector thickness4.3. Neutron spectra4.4. Void reactivity coefficient4.4.1. Configuration 1Pu core un