句子成分詳解

1、句子成分v （一）句子成分的定義：v 構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。v 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；v 主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；v 次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ)。v 主語(yǔ) (Subject) 表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事. 是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and m

2、ore popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to ma

3、ster a foreign language.v 謂語(yǔ) (Predicate) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：v 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.v 2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形,現(xiàn)在分詞,過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成(隨謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)而改變）。如： Do you speak E

4、nglish？ They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： We are students.注意：謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。v 表語(yǔ)(Predicative)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。v 表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.2.I

5、s it yours?3.The weather has turned cold.4.The speech is exciting.5.Three times seven is twenty one?6.His job is to teach English.7.His hobby is playing football.8.The meeting is of great importance.9.Time is up. The class is over.10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linking verb)用于連

6、接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.  The passengers remained stuck at the airport due to the bad weather3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示“看起來(lái)像”這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to

7、be) very sad.  4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry.   6）終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)"結(jié)果是;證明是 "，之意，例如：The rumor proved

8、false. His plan turned out a success.  v 賓語(yǔ)（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not t

9、o see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.賓語(yǔ)種類：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose,

10、 cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語(yǔ)： ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等

11、，如： He refused to lend me his bike.v 下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ) admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v 下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但意義不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。v forget to do表示“未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，forget doing表示“已完成

12、的動(dòng)作”。如：v Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒(méi)來(lái))v I forgot returning the book to him.(書(shū)已還給他了)v 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（Object Complement）用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。需接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等?！百e補(bǔ)”一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming. （名

13、詞）2.They painted their boat white. （形容詞）3.Let the fresh air in. （副詞）4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短語(yǔ)）5.We saw her entering the room. （現(xiàn)在分詞）6.We found everything in the lab in good order. （介詞短語(yǔ)）7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. （從句）v 定語(yǔ)(Attribute)修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或

14、從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）6.The te

15、aching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定語(yǔ)從句)v 狀語(yǔ)（Adverbial）修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎?：1.Light travels most quickly. （副詞及副詞性詞組）2.He has lived in the city for ten y

16、ears. （介詞短語(yǔ)）3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式短語(yǔ)）4.He is in the room making a model plane. （分詞短語(yǔ)）5.Wait a minute. （名詞）6.Once you begin, you must continue. （狀語(yǔ)從句）9種狀語(yǔ)種類如下： 1. How about meeting again at six? （時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party b

17、ecause of the rain. （原因狀語(yǔ)）3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. （條件狀語(yǔ)）4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. （地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式狀語(yǔ)）She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （伴隨狀語(yǔ)）6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的狀語(yǔ)）7.He was so ti

18、red that he fell asleep immediately. （結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）8.She works very hard though she is old. （讓步狀語(yǔ)）9.I am taller than he is. （比較狀語(yǔ)）v 同位語(yǔ)（Appositive）對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.v 插入語(yǔ)（Parenthesis）對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.句子成分詳解表句子成分意義充當(dāng)詞類例句主語(yǔ)表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語(yǔ)或句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么，是什么或怎么樣動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組She is dancing under the tree.賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象同主語(yǔ)Both of us like English.表語(yǔ)與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征同主語(yǔ)Her fath