托馬斯A普格爾國(guó)際貿(mào)易英語chap011PPT課件

1、McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Chapter 11Pushing Exports McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Outline of chapter 11Dumping Export subsidiesMcGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.D

2、umpinglDefinitionlTypeslReacting to dumpinglActual antidumping policieslProposal for reformMcGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.DumpinglSelling exports at a price that is “too low,” a price below “normal value” or “fair market value.”The export price is lower t

3、han the price charged for comparable domestic sales in the home market of the exporter.The export price is lower than the full unit cost (including a profit margin).McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.TypeslPredatory dumpingA low export price used by the expor

4、ting firm with the intention to drive its competitors in the importing country out of businesslCyclical dumpinga low export price that results from an industry downturn or recession in which demand is unusually low. lSeasonal dumping A low export price that is intended to sell off excess inventories

5、 of a producionlPersistent dumping A low export price that results from the exporting firm practicing price discrimination between segmented national markets, with the export price being low because the import market has the higher price elasticity of demand (perhaps due to more intense competition

6、in the importing countrys market). McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Figure 11.1 - Persistent Dumping McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.What condition do you think for persistent dumping to work effectively?lIt has l

7、ess monopoly in the foreign market than it has in its home marketlBuyers in the home country cannot avoid the high home prices by buying the good abroad and importing it cheaply.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Reacting to dumpinglWhy the importing country

8、always complains about the cheap product in their country?lHow frequently foreign firms use predatory dumping? recent research suggests that no more than 5% of all cases of alleged dumping in the USA, EU,canada and Mexico.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Ac

9、tual antidumping policieslThe WTO rules permit countries to retaliate against dumping, if the dumping injures domestic import-competing producers.lSome criteria for WTO rules to impose antidumping duty for importing countriesFactserious or potential injury-causalityMcGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-

10、Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Figure 11.2 - Top Ten Initiators of Anti-Dumping Cases McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Some proposals for reformlAntidumping actions could be limited to situations in which predatory dumping is plausiblelThe injury

11、 standard could be expanded to require that weight be given to consumers and users of the productlAntidumping policy could be replaced by more active use of safeguard policysafeguard policy : a government policy of temporary import protection imposed in response to a sudden import increase that caus

12、es injury to domestic producers of this product.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Export subsidieslDefinitionlThe economic effect of export subsidies.lWTO rules on subsidieslShould the importing country impose countervailing duties?lStrategic export subsidie

13、s could be goodMcGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Export subsidylGovernment financial assistance to firms based on how much of a product the firms export.lWays of export subsidy McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.The e

14、conomic effect of export subsidies in the following three caseslExportable product small exporting countrylExportable product large exporting countrylSwitching an importable product into an exportable productMcGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Exportable produ

15、ct small exporting countrylFigure 11.3lWhat economic effect ?McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Figure 11.3 - Export Subsidy, Small Country, Exportable Product McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.The economic effect in

16、small exporting countrylThe export subsidy has increase exports and production of this productlThe export subsidy reduced the net national well-being of the exporting country-(f+h)McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Exportable product large exporting countrylF

17、igure 11.4lWhats the economic effect?McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Figure 11.4 - Export Subsidy, Large Country, Exportable Product McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.The economic effect in large exporting countryl

18、Producer surpluse+f+glConsumer surplus-(e+f)lGovernment subsidy-(f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m)lNet national well being-(f+h+i+j+k+l+m)McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Switching an importable product into an exportable productlFigure 11.5McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw

19、-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Figure 11.5 An Export Subsidy Turns an Importable Product into an Export McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.WTO rules on subsidieslSubsidies linked directly to exporting are prohibited, except export subdides used by

20、 the lowest-income developing countrieslSubsidies that are not linked directly to exporting but still have an impact on exports are actionablelSome subsidies are nonactionable, such as R&D, assistance in meeting environmental regulationsMcGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All

21、 Rights Reserved.Should the importing coutry impose countervailing duties?lFree tradelExport subsidy and no counterfailing dutieslWho is effectively paying the countervailing duty?McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Free tradelThe whole World can get the most

22、efficiency.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Figure 11.6 A Foreign Export Subsidy and a Countervailing DutyMcGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Compring with Free tradelExport subsidy causes too much steel trade. When i

23、mporting country imposes a countervailing duty, the world returns to the same price. This makes good senses for world efficiency.McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Export subsidy and no countervailing dutylContervailing duty is bad for the country imposing it but good for the whole world.lThe net national loses w+z when importing country imposes countervailing duty.lBut fo