生物化學(xué)：緒論

1、BiochemistryChemical of life2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 2Study of life essentiality in molecule levels從分子水平研究生命現(xiàn)象本質(zhì)從分子水平研究生命現(xiàn)象本質(zhì) life essentiality （生命的基本特征）（生命的基本特征）metabolism（新陳代謝）（新陳代謝）genetics（遺傳）（遺傳）growth（生長）（生長）development（發(fā)育）（發(fā)育）procreation（生殖）（生殖）

2、 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 3Biochemistry discipline（生物化學(xué)學(xué)科）（生物化學(xué)學(xué)科） Origin（起源）（起源） chemistry 、physiology、medicine、etc. across discipline（交叉學(xué)科）（交叉學(xué)科） growth top（生長點(diǎn)）（生長點(diǎn)） Research methods（方法）（方法） chemical 、physical 、 biological 、etc. Objective（對象）（對象） bi

3、omolecule（生物分子）（生物分子） biomacromolecule（生物大分子）（生物大分子） biomicromolecule （生物小分子）（生物小分子）2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 4Biomacromolecules（生物大分子）（生物大分子） Definition macromolecule made up by organic micromolecule （component molecule，構(gòu)件分子）構(gòu)件分子） special conformation（

4、構(gòu)象）（構(gòu)象）/configuration（構(gòu)型）（構(gòu)型） important functions Main biomacromolecule proteins（蛋白質(zhì)）（蛋白質(zhì)） nucleic acids（核酸）（核酸） lipids（脂類）（脂類） polysaccharides（多糖）（多糖）2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 5Biomicromolecules（生物小分子）（生物小分子） organic and inorganic micro/mini molecules

5、with activity in the cell（ 細(xì)胞內(nèi)具有活性的小分子有細(xì)胞內(nèi)具有活性的小分子有機(jī)物和無機(jī)物）機(jī)物和無機(jī)物） coenzymes and prosthetic groups（輔酶、輔基）（輔酶、輔基） vitamins（維生素）（維生素） hormone（激素）（激素） exitatory amino acids（興奮性氨基酸，（興奮性氨基酸，Glu 谷氨酸）谷氨酸） free nucleic acids（游離核苷酸）（游離核苷酸） micro RNA（微?。ㄎ⑿NA），），siRNA（干擾?。ǜ蓴_小RNA） ATP、ADP、AMP（腺苷酸）（腺苷酸） NO（一氧化氮）

6、（一氧化氮）2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 6Main content（主要內(nèi)容）（主要內(nèi)容） Structure and function of biomolecules 生物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能生物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能（靜態(tài)生物化學(xué)）（靜態(tài)生物化學(xué)） Metabolism and regulation of biomolecules 生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié)生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié)（動(dòng)態(tài)生物化學(xué)）（動(dòng)態(tài)生物化學(xué)） Transmission and expression of gene mess

7、enger 生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá)生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá)（機(jī)能生物化學(xué)，分子生物學(xué)）（機(jī)能生物化學(xué)，分子生物學(xué)） Signal transduction of cell and disorder 細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常（機(jī)能生物化學(xué)，分子生物學(xué)）（機(jī)能生物化學(xué)，分子生物學(xué)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 7Main content（主要內(nèi)容）（主要內(nèi)容） Structure and function of biomolecules 生物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)

8、與功能生物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能 Metabolism and regulation of biomolecules 生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié)生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié) Transmission and expression of gene messenger 生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá)生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá) Signal transduction of cell and disorder 細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 8Hb2010-09-

9、06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 9Main content（主要內(nèi)容）（主要內(nèi)容） Structure and function of biomolecules 生物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能生物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能 Metabolism and regulation of biomolecules 生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié)生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié) Transmission and expression of gene messenger 生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá)生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá) Signal transduc

10、tion of cell and disorder 細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 10Glucose metabolism葡萄糖代謝葡萄糖代謝Glucose + O2 - CO2 + H2O + ATP 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 11Main content（主要內(nèi)容）（主要內(nèi)容） Structure and

11、 function of biomolecules 生物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能生物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能 Metabolism and regulation of biomolecules 生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié)生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié) Transmission and expression of gene messenger 生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá)生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá) Signal transduction of cell and disorder 細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministr

12、y of Education, China 12DNADNAReplication復(fù)制復(fù)制RNARNAReplicationReverse Transcription逆轉(zhuǎn)錄逆轉(zhuǎn)錄ProteinProteinTranslation翻譯翻譯Transcription轉(zhuǎn)錄轉(zhuǎn)錄Central dogma（中心法則）（中心法則）2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 13Main content（主要內(nèi)容）（主要內(nèi)容） Structure and function of biomolecules 生

13、物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能生物分子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能 Metabolism and regulation of biomolecules 生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié)生物分子的代謝與調(diào)節(jié) Transmission and expression of gene messenger 生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá)生物遺傳信息的傳遞與表達(dá) Signal transduction of cell and disorder 細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)（傳導(dǎo)）與失常 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 14Sig

14、nal transduction（信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)）（信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)） signal molecule（信號(hào)分子）（信號(hào)分子） hormone（激素）（激素） ligand （配體）（配體） for example: growth factor（生長因子）（生長因子） receptor（受體）（受體） second messenger cAMP、 DG 、IP3 、Ca2+ etc. signaling transduction pathway 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 152010-09

15、-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 162010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 17History and development anciently biochemistry（古代生物化學(xué)）（古代生物化學(xué)） modern biochemistry（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)）（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)） 1770 1903 prepare （靜態(tài)生物化學(xué)）（靜態(tài)生物化學(xué)）（動(dòng)態(tài)生物化學(xué)）（動(dòng)態(tài)生物化學(xué)） （機(jī)能生物化學(xué)

16、）（機(jī)能生物化學(xué)） 1903 1953 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在 1903 Neuberg: Biochemistry（Established in 1903） 1926 Sumner: Enzyme can be crystallized 1937 Krebs: Citric acid cycle 1944 Avery: Pneumonococcus transformation test 1950 Pauling: -helix of protein2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 18Hist

17、ory and development anciently biochemistry（古代生物化學(xué)）（古代生物化學(xué)） modern biochemistry（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)）（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)） 1770 1903 prepare 1903 1953 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在 1903 Neuberg: Biochemistry（Established in 1903） 1926 Sumner: Enzyme can be crystallized（結(jié)晶尿酶）（結(jié)晶尿酶） 1937 Krebs: Citric acid cycle 1944 Avery: Pneumonococcus transformation

18、test 1950 Pauling: -helix of protein2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 19Important achievementImportant achievement Sumner: Enzyme can be crystallized2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 20History and development anciently bio

19、chemistry（古代生物化學(xué)）（古代生物化學(xué)） modern biochemistry（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)）（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)） 1770 1903 prepare 1903 1953 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在 1903 Neuberg: Biochemistry（Established in 1903） 1926 Sumner: Enzyme can be crystallized 1937 Krebs: Citric acid cycle（檸檬酸循環(huán)）（檸檬酸循環(huán)） 1944 Avery: Pneumonococcus transformation test 1950 Pauling: -helix of pr

20、otein2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 21Important achievementImportant achievementcitric acid cycle（三羧酸循環(huán)）（三羧酸循環(huán)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 22Important achievementImportant achievementcitric acid cycleFor his disc

21、overy the citric acid cycle 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 23History and development anciently biochemistry（古代生物化學(xué)）（古代生物化學(xué)） modern biochemistry（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)）（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)） 1770 1903 prepare 1903 1953 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在 1903 Neuberg: Biochemistry（Established in 1903） 1926 Sumner: Enzy

22、me can be crystallized 1937 Krebs: Citric acid cycle 1944 Avery: Pneumonococcus transformation test（肺（肺炎雙球菌轉(zhuǎn)化試驗(yàn)）炎雙球菌轉(zhuǎn)化試驗(yàn)） 1950 Pauling: -helix of protein2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 24Important achievementImportant achievement1944 Avery, et al.2010-09-06 K

23、ey Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 25History and development anciently biochemistry（古代生物化學(xué)）（古代生物化學(xué)） modern biochemistry（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)）（現(xiàn)代生物化學(xué)） 1770 1903 prepare 1903 1953 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在 1903 Neuberg: Biochemistry（Established in 1903） 1926 Sumner: Enzyme can be crystallized 1937 Krebs: Citri

24、c acid cycle 1944 Avery: Pneumonococcus transformation test 1950 Pauling: -helix of protein2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 26Important achievementImportant achievementalpha helix structure of protein 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Edu

25、cation, China 27History and development Modern biochemistry highlights from 1953 1953 Watson & Crick: DNA double helix（雙螺旋）（雙螺旋） 1955 Sanger: DNA sequence 1956 Kornberg: DNA polymerase（DNA聚合酶）聚合酶） 1958 Meselson & Stahl: DNA semi-conservation replication（DNA半保留復(fù)制）半保留復(fù)制） 1968 Crick: Central do

26、gma（中心法則）（中心法則） 1961 Jacob & Monod: Operon（操縱子）（操縱子） 1972 Berg: Recombinant DNA（重組子（重組子DNA） 1985 Mullis: Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) （聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)）（聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 28Important achievementImportant achievement DNA double helix model

27、1953 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 292010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 30DNA double helix model2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 31History and development Modern biochemistry high

28、lights from 1953 1953 Watson & Crick: DNA double helix（雙螺旋）（雙螺旋） 1955 Sanger: DNA sequence 1956 Kornberg: DNA polymerase（DNA聚合酶）聚合酶） 1958 Meselson & Stahl: DNA semi-conservation replication（DNA半保留復(fù)制）半保留復(fù)制） 1968 Crick: Central dogma（中心法則）（中心法則） 1961 Jacob & Monod: Operon（操縱子）（操縱子） 1972 Be

29、rg: Recombinant DNA（重組子（重組子DNA） 1985 Mullis: Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) （聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)）（聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 32Phage X1745375 bp2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 33Important achievementImportant achiev

30、ement Phage X1745375 bp 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 34History and development Modern biochemistry highlights from 1953 1953 Watson & Crick: DNA double helix（雙螺旋）（雙螺旋） 1955 Sanger: DNA sequence 1956 Kornberg: DNA polymerase（DNA聚合酶）聚合酶） 1958 Meselson &a

31、mp; Stahl: DNA semi-conservation replication（DNA半保留復(fù)制）半保留復(fù)制） 1968 Crick: Central dogma（中心法則）（中心法則） 1961 Jacob & Monod: Operon（操縱子）（操縱子） 1972 Berg: Recombinant DNA（重組子（重組子DNA） 1985 Mullis: Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) （聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)）（聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of E

32、ducation, China 35Important achievementImportant achievementbiological synthesis of RNA and DNA（RNA與與DNA生物合成）生物合成）2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 36History and development Modern biochemistry highlights from 1953 1953 Watson & Crick: DNA double helix（雙螺旋）

33、（雙螺旋） 1955 Sanger: DNA sequence 1956 Kornberg: DNA polymerase（DNA聚合酶）聚合酶） 1958 Meselson & Stahl: DNA semi-conservation replication（DNA半保留復(fù)制）半保留復(fù)制） 1968 Crick: Central dogma（中心法則）（中心法則） 1961 Jacob & Monod: Operon（操縱子）（操縱子） 1972 Berg: Recombinant DNA（重組子（重組子DNA） 1985 Mullis: Polymerase chain r

34、eaction ( PCR ) （聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)）（聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 37Important achievementImportant achievement DNA semi-conservation replicationDNA半保留復(fù)制半保留復(fù)制2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 38History and development Mode

35、rn biochemistry highlights from 1953 1953 Watson & Crick: DNA double helix（雙螺旋）（雙螺旋） 1955 Sanger: DNA sequence 1956 Kornberg: DNA polymerase（DNA聚合酶）聚合酶） 1958 Meselson & Stahl: DNA semi-conservation replication（DNA半保留復(fù)制）半保留復(fù)制） 1968 Crick et al: Central dogma（中心法則）（中心法則） 1961 Jacob & Monod

36、: Operon（操縱子）（操縱子） 1972 Berg: Recombinant DNA（重組子（重組子DNA） 1985 Mullis: Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) （聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)）（聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 39Important achievementImportant achievementbiological synthesis of RNA and DNA（RNA與與DNA生物合成）生物合成）2010-09

37、-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 40Important achievementImportant achievement DNA semi-conservation replicationDNA半保留復(fù)制半保留復(fù)制2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 41Genetic codeUUUUUUUUUUUU Phe-Phe-Phe-Phe- ACACACACACAC Thr-His- Thr-

38、His-Important achievementImportant achievementGenetic code and protein synthesis2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 42Important achievementImportant achievementGenetic code and protein synthesis遺傳密碼與遺傳密碼與蛋白質(zhì)生物蛋白質(zhì)生物合成合成2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, M

39、inistry of Education, China 43Central dogma2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 44Important achievementImportant achievementRNA dependent DNA polymerase （RNA 指導(dǎo)的指導(dǎo)的DNA 聚合酶）聚合酶）reverse transcriptase（逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶）（逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶）2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of

40、 Education, China 45DNADNAReplication復(fù)制復(fù)制RNARNAReplicationReverse Transcription逆轉(zhuǎn)錄逆轉(zhuǎn)錄ProteinProteinTranslation翻譯翻譯Transcription轉(zhuǎn)錄轉(zhuǎn)錄Central dogma（中心法則）（中心法則）2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 46History and development Modern biochemistry highlights from 1953 1953

41、 Watson & Crick: DNA double helix（雙螺旋）（雙螺旋） 1955 Sanger: DNA sequence 1956 Kornberg: DNA polymerase（DNA聚合酶）聚合酶） 1958 Meselson & Stahl: DNA semi-conservation replication（DNA半保留復(fù)制）半保留復(fù)制） 1968 Crick: Central dogma（中心法則）（中心法則） 1961 Jacob & Monod: Operon（操縱子）（操縱子） 1972 Berg: Recombinant DNA（重

42、組子（重組子DNA） 1985 Mullis: Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) （聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)）（聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 47lac IPOpromoter - operatorlac repressorlac Zlac Ylac Ab b-galactosidasepermeaseacetylaseLACTOSE GLUCOSE + GALACTOSEb b-galactosidasethe function of th

43、e lactose (lac) operon is to produce the enzymes required to metabolize lactose for energy when it is required by the cell promoter（啟動(dòng)子）（啟動(dòng)子） binds CAP and RNA polymerase operator（操縱基因）（操縱基因） binds the lac repressor（阻遏物）（阻遏物）Important achievementImportant achievement The lactose operon in E. coli乳糖操

44、縱子乳糖操縱子2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 48lac IPOpromoter - operatorlac repressorlac IPlac Zlac Ylac A the repressor tetramer binds to the operator and prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the promoterlac Zlac Ylac ANO TRANSCRIPTIONRNA pol RNA polymerase is

45、 blocked from the promoterRegulation of the lactose operon - negative control2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 49lac Ilac repressorlac Zlac Ylac Ab b-galactosidasepermeaseacetylaseRNA polTRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION OCCURinactive repressor the function of the

46、lactose (lac) operon is to produce the enzymes required to metabolize lactose for energy when it is required by the cellActivation of lac operon transcription2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 50Important achievementImportant achievementOperon2010-09-06 Key Lab.

47、 of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 51History and development Modern biochemistry highlights from 1953 1953 Watson & Crick: DNA double helix（雙螺旋）（雙螺旋） 1955 Sanger: DNA sequence 1956 Kornberg: DNA polymerase（DNA聚合酶）聚合酶） 1958 Meselson & Stahl: DNA semi-conservation replicatio

48、n（DNA半保留復(fù)制）半保留復(fù)制） 1968 Crick: Central dogma（中心法則）（中心法則） 1961 Jacob & Monod: Operon（操縱子）（操縱子） 1972 Berg: Recombinant DNA（重組子（重組子DNA） 1985 Mullis: Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) （聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)）（聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 52 bacteria are “transforme

49、d” with the recombinant plasmid colonies that grow in tetracycline, but not in ampicillin are isolatedPstIHuman DNA cut with PstIPPpBR322 ampR, tetRpBR322 (human clone) tetRPPampRtetRpBR322 DNA cut with PstIinactivating the ampR genetetRtetRcombineandligateImportant achievementImportant achievement

50、Cloning a segment of DNA into a plasmid vector2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 532010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 54History and development Modern biochemistry highlights from 1953 1953 Watson & Crick: DNA double hel

51、ix（雙螺旋）（雙螺旋） 1955 Sanger: DNA sequence 1956 Kornberg: DNA polymerase（DNA聚合酶）聚合酶） 1958 Meselson & Stahl: DNA semi-conservation replication（DNA半保留復(fù)制）半保留復(fù)制） 1968 Crick: Central dogma（中心法則）（中心法則） 1961 Jacob & Monod: Operon（操縱子）（操縱子） 1972 Berg: Recombinant DNA（重組子（重組子DNA） 1985 Mullis: Polymerase

52、chain reaction ( PCR ) （聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)）（聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)） 2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 55PCR denature-annealing-extending cycle變性退火延伸變性退火延伸 循環(huán)循環(huán)step 1. denature2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 56PCR denature-annealing-extending cycles

53、tep 2. annealingPrimer 1Primer 22010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 57Primer 1Primer 2BiotinBiotin53553533Taq DNAPolymerasePCR denature-annealing-extending cyclestep 3. extending2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 58 靶序列靶序列PCR

54、 productAfter one cycleBiotinBiotin2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 59No. ofNo. Amplicon Cycles Copies of Target122438416532664201,048,576301,073,741,8241 cycle = 2 Amplicon2 cycle = 4 Amplicon3 cycle = 8 Amplicon4 cycle = 16 Amplicon5 cycle = 32 Amplicon6 cyc

55、le = 64 Amplicon7 cycle = 128 AmpliconPCR productAfter 30 cycles2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 60PCR2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 61Important achievementImportant achievement Oncogene癌基因癌基因2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Lab

56、oratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 62Important achievementImportant achievement protein phosphorylation 蛋白質(zhì)磷酸化蛋白質(zhì)磷酸化2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 63Important achievementImportant achievement G proteins2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine,

57、Ministry of Education, China 642010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 65Important achievementImportant achievementnitric oxide（一氧化氮）（一氧化氮）2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 66Important achievementImportant achievementCell cycle（

58、細(xì)胞周期）（細(xì)胞周期）2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 67Important achievementImportant achievementprogrammed cell death（細(xì)胞凋亡）細(xì)胞凋亡）程序性細(xì)胞死亡程序性細(xì)胞死亡2010-09-06 Key Lab. of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China 68Contributions of Chinese Scientists 1965 Jingyi Niou, et al: Synthesis insulin（人工合成具有生物（人工合成具有生物活性的牛胰島素）活性的牛胰島素） 1981 Debao Wang , et al: Synthesis tRNAAla（人工合成酵母丙（人工合成酵母丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)核糖核酸）氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)核糖核酸） 2001 Huanming Yang, et al. Human Genome Project（人類（人類基因組計(jì)劃大規(guī)模測序基