第6講詞語翻譯(三)詞的增補(bǔ)、重復(fù)與省略

1、Lecture 6詞語翻譯（二）1.增詞法(amplification)2.重復(fù)法(repetition)3.省略法(omission)4.正反,反正表達(dá)法(Negation)6.1詞的增補(bǔ) 玄奘 嚴(yán)復(fù)天演論譯例言“在原文詞理本深，難于共喻，則當(dāng)前后引補(bǔ)，以顯其意” 詞語增補(bǔ)實(shí)際上是將原文中的“內(nèi)隱成分”表達(dá)出來，這些“內(nèi)隱成分”有語義上的、語氣修辭上的、語言結(jié)構(gòu)上的以及文化背景上的。（一）語義增補(bǔ) 1) Science demands of men great efforts and complete devotion. 人們要掌握科學(xué)，必須作出巨大的努力并對(duì)之懷有無限的熱愛。 2) Soc

2、ietys first concern will remain major crime, but a foretaste of the seriousness of incivility is suggested by what has been happening in Houston. 社會(huì)首先關(guān)注的當(dāng)然還是重大的罪行，但是下述休斯頓市的情況預(yù)示：如果不講文明，將會(huì)產(chǎn)生何種嚴(yán)重的后果。（二）語氣修辭上的增補(bǔ) 1) We think we have freed our slaves, but we have not; when people reach a certain status in

3、 life they seem to take pride in the fact that they now have a secretary. 我們自以為奴隸已經(jīng)解放了，實(shí)際上并沒有。我們只不過用一種不同的名字稱呼他們罷了。每當(dāng)人們上升到一定的地位，他們似乎就以有了一名秘書而自豪。 In this mood, I went to diplomatic circles, earnest but only sketchily informed. 我就是懷著這種心情進(jìn)入外交界的，滿腔熱情，但是知識(shí)卻膚淺得很。（三）語言結(jié)構(gòu)上的增補(bǔ) 1) The restless merchants were l

4、aying the basis for the coming world order of capitalism. Holland and England were taking the lead industrially. 那些不?；顒?dòng)的商人給那即將到來的世界資本主義秩序打下基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)時(shí)荷蘭和英國(guó)在產(chǎn)業(yè)方面正占著領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。 2) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of be

5、lief, it was the epoch of incredulity, 這是一個(gè)隆盛之世，但也是一個(gè)衰微之世；這是一個(gè)智慧的時(shí)代，但也是一個(gè)愚蠢的時(shí)代；這是一個(gè)有信念的新紀(jì)元，但也是一個(gè)充滿懷疑的新紀(jì)元； 3) You got a prejudice all rightagainst a race thats black. Thats why I called you white racist that night. But when you deal with a black person, I dont feel any bad vibes. 你這個(gè)人確有偏見。你對(duì)整個(gè)黑人種族抱著抱

6、著偏見偏見。那天晚上，我說你是個(gè)白人種族主義者，道理就在這里道理就在這里。但是當(dāng)你跟一個(gè)具體的黑人打交道時(shí)，我倒不覺得你有什么惡意。 4）Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion. 不錯(cuò)， 我喜歡中國(guó)菜?，F(xiàn)在許多人喜歡中國(guó)菜。這種情況算是有點(diǎn)趕時(shí)髦吧。 四）增加反映背景情況的詞語。 In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”.增詞法 1. In the evening

7、, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.晚上在參加宴會(huì),出席音樂會(huì),觀看乒乓球表演之后，他還得起草最后公報(bào) 2. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 沒有發(fā)表講話，沒有各國(guó)外交官到場(chǎng)，也沒有“普通中國(guó)人”揮舞紙旗

8、，花束的場(chǎng)面增加動(dòng)詞 3. With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中國(guó)人民正在以多么高的熱情建設(shè)社會(huì)主義啊! 4. O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! 啊,湯姆.康第,生在破爛,骯臟和苦難中,現(xiàn)在這番景象卻是多么煊赫啊!增加形容詞 5. The crowds melted away. 人群漸漸散開了. 6. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out

9、. 他一坐下就講開了,滔滔不絕地講個(gè)沒完. 7. In the films of those days , all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together. 在那時(shí)候的電影里,部是老一套：男拖拉機(jī)手和女拖拉機(jī)手始而相遇，繼而相愛，終而并肩開拖拉機(jī)增加副詞 8. To wash before meal.飯前洗手 9. Mary washed for a living after her hus

10、band died of acute pneumonia.瑪麗在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，就靠洗衣服維持生活 10. Day after day he came to his work - sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天來干活掃地,擦地板,收拾房間. 在不及物動(dòng)詞后面增加名詞 11. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 這部打字機(jī)真是價(jià)廉物美。 12. He is a complicated man - moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 他是一個(gè)性格復(fù)雜的人

11、- 喜怒無常，反復(fù)多變，有些憂郁寡歡。 在形容詞前增加名詞 13. After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.一切準(zhǔn)備工作就緒以后，飛機(jī)就飛越美國(guó)去舊金山 14. In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.1969年夏天，政府公開主張緩和同中國(guó)的緊張關(guān)系。在抽象名詞后增加名詞 preparation 準(zhǔn)備工作 backwar

12、dness 落后狀態(tài) tension 緊張局勢(shì) arrogance 自滿情緒 antagonism 敵對(duì)態(tài)度 15. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到一種愛國(guó)熱情在胸中激蕩. 16. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 他讓法官的職責(zé)戰(zhàn)勝父子的私情,而判決他兒子有罪. 17. Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawyer in Nix

13、on supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer. 基辛基感到羅杰斯是在挑刺兒.但是,律師出身的尼克松支持了他同行的挑刺兒. 在具體名詞后增加名詞 18. Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鮮花開滿了庭院. 19. The lion is the king of animals. 獅子是百獸之王. 20. Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion under the Tsars. 大部分是在歷代少皇統(tǒng)治下,通過殖民擴(kuò)張而并入

14、俄羅斯帝國(guó)的.增加重迭詞，數(shù)詞或其他詞表示復(fù)數(shù) 二、詞的重復(fù) 1）He knows nothing to his fellowmen, breathes nothing to his fellowmen but friendship and brotherly kindness 他對(duì)他的同胞只知道朋友之誼和兄弟之情，而且只表示朋友和兄弟之情。 2) He demanded total loyalty, not loyalty in the traditional sense, not positive loyalty, but total loyalty not just to office

15、or party, or concept, but loyalty first and foremost to Lyndon Johnson. 他要求的是絕對(duì)忠誠(chéng)，不是傳統(tǒng)意義的忠誠(chéng)，也不是一般的忠誠(chéng)，而是絕對(duì)的忠誠(chéng)，不只是對(duì)職務(wù)、政黨和觀念的忠誠(chéng)，而是首先對(duì)約翰遜的忠誠(chéng)。重復(fù)法 重復(fù)法實(shí)際上也是一種增詞法，只不過所增加的詞是上文剛剛出現(xiàn)過的詞翻譯和寫作一樣，本應(yīng)力求簡(jiǎn)練，盡量省略一些可有可無的詞；但有時(shí)為了明確，強(qiáng)調(diào)或生動(dòng)，卻往往需要將一些關(guān)鍵性的詞加以重復(fù) 為了明確 1. I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.我曾碰到過，不是氧氣出故

16、障，就是引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障 2. We have to analyze and solve problems. 我們要分析問題，解決問題。 3. The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.醫(yī)生從我身上得到的實(shí)踐，會(huì)比從一千七百個(gè)普通病人身上得到的實(shí)踐還多 為了強(qiáng)調(diào) 1. They would read and re-read the secret notes.他們往往一遍又一遍地反復(fù)琢磨這些密件 2. “I know you hate me an

17、d I hate you, we had better part right now.”“我知道你恨我，我也嫌你，咱們最好即刻就分手吧” 為了生動(dòng) 3. 尋尋覓覓，冷冷清清，凄凄慘慘戚戚。乍暖還喊寒時(shí)候，最難將息。 Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again , How hard to calm the heart! 4. But there had been too much pub

18、licity about my case. 但我的事現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)搞得滿城風(fēng)雨，人人皆知了 四字詞組： great contributions gratitude ingratitude eternal glory to arrogance in chaos street gossip great contributions 豐功偉績(jī) gratitude 感恩戴德 ingratitude 忘恩負(fù)義 eternal glory to 永垂不朽 arrogance 驕傲自大 in chaos 烏煙瘴氣 street gossip 街談巷議三、省略法 從語法角度來看 1. He was thin and

19、haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴,看上去一副可憐相. 2. We live and learn.活到老，學(xué)到老 3. You can never tell.很難說 4. Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China. 新中國(guó)處處可以看到新人，新事物泛指的英語人稱代詞作主語時(shí)，即使是作第一個(gè)主語，譯文往往省略 4. The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them. 他越是要掩蓋他爛瘡疤,就

20、越是會(huì)暴露.省略法 （一）根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣，省略一些可有可無的詞。 1) Mr. Jarndyce was turning to speak to us, when his attention was attracted by the abrupt entrance into the room of Mr. Gridley who had been mentioned, and whom we had seen on our way up. 賈迪斯先生轉(zhuǎn)過身來，正要跟我們說話，他的眼光卻被一個(gè)突然闖進(jìn)來的人吸引了過去，原來那是剛才上樓時(shí)碰到的格里德先生。 2) William Sidney Por

21、ter, who is known under his pen name, O. Henry, is one of the best know writer of America. 威廉悉尼波特爾，筆名，歐亨利，為美國(guó)最知名的作家之一。（二）英語句子中有些詞、短語重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，漢譯時(shí)可按情況適當(dāng)省略 University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 報(bào)考大學(xué)的人有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的優(yōu)先錄取。 Instead of one old woman knocking me a

22、bout and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me and starved me. 那時(shí)打我并使我挨餓的不只是一個(gè)老太婆，而是老老少少各式各樣的人。（三）由于中英文語法關(guān)系的差異，有些英文詞可在翻譯成中文時(shí)省掉，例如代詞、連接詞、介詞等 5. She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it. 她輕輕地把手放在他的胳膊上,好像表示感謝. 英語中有些賓語的代詞，不管前面是否提到過，翻譯時(shí)往往可以省略 6. We knew spring was coming as

23、(because) we had seen a robin.我們看見一只知更鳥，知道春天快要到了 7. He declined to amplify on the Presidents statement, since he had not read the text.他沒有看到總統(tǒng)講話的文本，不愿加以發(fā)揮 8. John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother. 火車停了，約翰郁郁地站了起來，因?yàn)樗肫鹆瞬≈械哪赣H省略連接詞 從修辭角度來看(要符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣) 9. Unive

24、rsity applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 報(bào)考大學(xué)的人,有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的,比沒有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的,優(yōu)先錄取. 報(bào)考大學(xué)的人,有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的優(yōu)先錄取. 10. In twelve Yenan years the Chinese Communists had fitted themselves to the land, the rhythm of its seasons, the mood of its peasants. 十二年的延安歲月,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了當(dāng)?shù)氐娘L(fēng)土和四季的節(jié)奏,也適應(yīng)了農(nóng)民的氣質(zhì). 四季的節(jié)奏季節(jié) 11. There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them all in the end. 仍然具有這種信念,普通的人要