非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句1. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)（狹義）：主要指動(dòng)詞，關(guān)于主語(yǔ)的情況，可表示動(dòng)作，也可以表示狀態(tài)，受主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的限制。Time flies.She doesnt like the idea.You shouldnt look down upon this kind of work.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞）。它不受主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的限制，但有語(yǔ)態(tài)（主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)）和 時(shí)態(tài)（一般式；完成式；進(jìn)行式）的變化；否定式一般將not直接放在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。1.1 動(dòng)詞不定式肯定形式： A 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) B 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般式 完成式 進(jìn)行式 完

2、成進(jìn)行式否定形式： not/never to do1.1.1 不定式有兩種，即帶to的不定式和不帶to的不定式。Ive come to seek your advice.What you said made me think. 大多數(shù)情況下，不定式都帶to, 但在特殊情況下，動(dòng)詞不定式的to要省略。1.1.2 動(dòng)詞不定式的用法：主語(yǔ)（it作形式主語(yǔ)）： To cheat in exams is punishable.注意：此時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式常常放在句子后面，而用it 作形式主語(yǔ)。 It is punishable to cheat in exams. 賓語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)：I hope to be b

3、ack in a couple of days. 介詞賓語(yǔ)：They desire nothing but to go home. 賓補(bǔ)：I want him to be my assistant. I ordered him not to enter this room without permission.表語(yǔ)：His wish was to be a skillful worker. 定語(yǔ)：Do you have anything to say? 狀語(yǔ)：I was delighted to receive your letters. （原因） We started early to av

4、oid being late. (目的) He grew up to be a famous scholar. (結(jié)果) You would make a big mistake to take his bribe. (條件) 獨(dú)立成分，用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子，句子狀語(yǔ)。 To be honest, I dont like him. 常見(jiàn)短語(yǔ)如下：to tell/ speak/ say / confess the truth, to speak frankly/ sincerely/, to be frank/plain with you坦率說(shuō)，老實(shí)說(shuō)； To cut/ make a long st

5、ory short, to sum up, to be brief Glad/ sad/ sorry/ needless/ strange to say To begin/ start with1.1.3 不定式短語(yǔ) 疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式： where/who/ what/when/ how/ why/which + to do. 作用：主語(yǔ)：how to stop pollution is a big problem.賓語(yǔ)：I really dont know what to say before you.表語(yǔ)：the question is how to handle this dilemm

6、a. For+名、代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式：這里，借助for引導(dǎo)出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 Here are some books for you to read on the way. Its not right for people to marry for money. This is the way for us to follow. It is adj of sb to do sh. 只用當(dāng)做表語(yǔ)的形容詞修飾人時(shí)，表示人本身具有的品格、特征、性質(zhì)，我們采用of引導(dǎo)。 It is very kind of you to help me so much. = you are kind to help

7、me so much. 1.1.3 動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略 感官動(dòng)詞(feel, see, watch, hear, etc), 使役動(dòng)詞(make, let, have)，半省略詞help. 但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，省略的to應(yīng)該補(bǔ)充完整。I heard him speak in the next room.He was heard to speak in the next room. 常用結(jié)構(gòu)：had better, would rather, cannot but = can do nothing but=have nothing to do but (只好)，why do/ not? 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成

8、分中含有動(dòng)詞do的形式時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略to. All you need to do is press the button.1.1.4 動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)意義例句主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般時(shí)To doTo be done與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)或在其后發(fā)生。To see is to believe.進(jìn)行時(shí)To be doing表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行。He seems to be dreaming.完成時(shí)To have done To have been done先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生I happened to have been there once.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)To have been doing 先于

9、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生，到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生時(shí)仍然進(jìn)行。He s said to have been doing this work for 10 years.備注： 不動(dòng)式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作承受者，不定式用被動(dòng)形式。 She left the city, never to be seen again. The book is said to have been translated into many languages.1.1.5 不定式的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意思 (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) I have no chair to sit on. A black tie was the proper thing t

10、o wear.1.2 動(dòng)名詞肯定形式：主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式Doing Being done完成式Having doneHaving been done否定形式：直接在前面加not.1.2.1 用法： 主語(yǔ)：my sisters being ill makes me worried. 賓語(yǔ)：we are looking forward to hearing from you. 表語(yǔ)：Her job is washing clothes. 同位語(yǔ)：This is my recreation, reading novels. 定語(yǔ)：a walking stick, a sleeping car.1

11、.2.2 動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)意義例句主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般時(shí)Doing Being done完成時(shí)Having doneHaving been done 發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前Are you not ashamed of having failed?備注： 表示被動(dòng)含義：或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。My father doesnt like being invited to make a speech.I dont mind having been written like that.1.2.3 在下列詞中，主動(dòng)形式的動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)意義：want, need, require, deserve, be

12、 worth. His car needs repairing. He deserves hanging. 1.2.4 包含動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ) There is no doing Feel like doing On/ upon doing No doing! What do you say to doing It is no use/ there is no use doing Cant help/ resist/ avoid/ keep from doing Far from doing, 若是形容詞，可以直接用. Have difficulty in doing1.3分詞 1.3.1 現(xiàn)在

13、分詞肯定形式： 主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般時(shí)Doing Being done 完成時(shí)Having done, 先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生，常常作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因或時(shí)間。Having been done 否定形式：在前面加not 1.3.2 用法： 定語(yǔ)：a gentleman standing over there 表語(yǔ)：the book is quite interesting. (多表示主語(yǔ)的特征) 賓補(bǔ)：I found him lying on the bed. 狀語(yǔ)：hearing the news, they all danced for joy(表時(shí)間).備注：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)應(yīng)

14、該一致。1.3.3 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞有了自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide.1.3.4 句子狀語(yǔ), 修飾整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明說(shuō)話(huà)人的看法,也叫獨(dú)立成分。 Strictly speaking, that school is not very old. Judging by his words, I think she is fit for the post. 過(guò)去分詞 done,否定形式直接在其前面加not。用法： 表語(yǔ)：I am

15、 awfully worried. 定語(yǔ)：give a satisfied smile 賓補(bǔ)：keep your mouth shut and eyes open. 狀語(yǔ)：seen from the mountain, the city is magnificent. 2區(qū)別： 過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞：語(yǔ)態(tài)上： a moving film, a moved audience.時(shí)間上： the changing world, the changed world. 動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)分體現(xiàn)了邏輯主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，動(dòng)名體現(xiàn)了被修飾詞的性質(zhì)和用途：A sleeping car/ a sle

16、ep child. 動(dòng)名詞和不定式： 不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)尚未發(fā)生，動(dòng)名詞暗示已經(jīng)存在：My father is a millionaire, but having a lot of money does not solve all the problems.To have a lot of money is my fathers dream.不定式表示具體、特定的情況，動(dòng)名詞表示一般、普遍情況； I prefer walking to driving. I prefer to walk tonight, for I have had too much.跟動(dòng)名詞與不定式時(shí)，意義有差別的情況：Rememb

17、er, forget, regret, try, go on, stop, mean.3 with/ without +復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：With the boy to lead the way, well find the cave easily. (條件)Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.The boy was crying with the toy broken.2. 從句 句子分為簡(jiǎn)單句（只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)）、并列句（兩個(gè)或多個(gè)互不依存的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)）和復(fù)合句（一個(gè)或多個(gè)成分由從句來(lái)?yè)?dān)任）。 從句，某些成分由類(lèi)似句子的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。隨著從

18、句在句子中的作用，可以分為： 主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句。2.1 名詞性從句一種具有名詞功能的從句，包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句。 結(jié)構(gòu)上，包括以that引導(dǎo)的從句； 以whether/ if 引導(dǎo)的從句； 以特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的從句（使用陳述語(yǔ)序）； 以what等關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句； 2.1.1 主語(yǔ)從句 That we are invited to a concert is good news. It is good news that we are invited to a concert. (形式主語(yǔ))that 位于句首時(shí)，一定不能省

19、略。 Whether he will come is doubtful. It is doubtful whether / if he will come. 位于句首時(shí)，只能用whether. Who will preside at the meeting is not decided yet. It is not decided yet who will preside at the meeting.可以用it作形式主語(yǔ)。 注意：在以上情況下，it可以充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。只是在特殊動(dòng)詞中，只能用it+動(dòng)詞+that句型：(appear, seem, happen, turn out, matter

20、, occur to sb) It seems that you object to the plan. It appears that you dont care about this matter.名詞性關(guān)系從句: What they need is a good textbook.類(lèi)似的關(guān)系代詞有其他-ever構(gòu)成的關(guān)系代詞。 Whoever did this job must be rewarded.2.1.2 賓語(yǔ)從句 That 引導(dǎo)時(shí)，一般情況下可以省略：we are glad (that) all our friends have attended this party. 下列情

21、況不能省略： 句子中的狀語(yǔ)很多; We hoped, in case that., that he could stay with us.句子有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從第二個(gè)起，不能省略； I wish (that) he could visit us and that his parents could allow him to stay with us.賓語(yǔ)從句的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)；I believe( that) he is a good boy= it is believed that It 作為形式賓語(yǔ)替代真正的that從句：We think it probably that he is

22、 dead.That從句放在in 和except后面時(shí)：The copy was good except that 由whether/if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：一般情況下可以互換： I asked him whether/ if he was busy.但whether引導(dǎo)的從句不能有否定式。 I dont care whether/if he comes. I dont care if he doesnt come. 特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句注意用陳述語(yǔ)序。2.1.3 表語(yǔ)從句 That引導(dǎo)時(shí)，一般不能省略。 The problem is that they cant get enough cap

23、ital. 特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)， The problem is where I should start. As if/as though 引導(dǎo)， It looked as if it was going to snow. 名詞性關(guān)系從句， That is what he told me.2.1.4 同位語(yǔ)從句 That 引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)一般放在抽象名詞之后，說(shuō)明其內(nèi)容。 The news that weve been invited to the party is very encouraging. 特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)， The problem, where we should live, is sti

24、ll unsolved.注意事項(xiàng)： 只能用Whether的情況：1. 位于句首；2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句；3. 從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)；I think about whether I should quit the job.4. 后面跟不定式： I dont know whether or not to tell her the news.賓語(yǔ)從句中，時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題；2.2 定語(yǔ)從句先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞，必須位于從句之前。關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系代詞+關(guān)系副詞； 關(guān)系代詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并替代前面的先行詞，且在從句中充當(dāng)成分，who/whom, which/as, that, whose. 關(guān)系副詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從

25、句，并替代前面的先行詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，where, when, why。 This was the time when (at which) he arrived.2.2.1 分類(lèi)：限定性和非限定性 限定性：從句是整個(gè)句子不可或缺的部分，無(wú)逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，去掉使先行詞不明確。 This is the bike that I bought yesterday. 非限定性：從句是主句的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，去掉后不影響主句完整。 She has two brothers, who are both doctors.2.2.2 關(guān)系代詞的作用Who/whom:Whose:Which

26、: 用于限定性從句中，指物或不明性別的嬰兒；用于非限定性時(shí)，修飾整個(gè)主句；介詞后； That：只能修飾限定性從句；可以是人，也可以是物；不能放在介詞后，但從句的介詞沒(méi)有提前也可以。This is the building that we are talking about.As: 在限定性中，常與the same, such 連用；在非限定性中，修飾整個(gè)句子，且可以位于句首；與某些動(dòng)詞的固定用法（consider, see, know, etc）只能用that的情況：1. Anything, nothing, something, everything, all, little為先行詞； 2先行詞有最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或the very/ only/ last/ same等修飾時(shí)； 3. 既有人也有物時(shí)； 4. 本身以who/which開(kāi)頭： who is the person that stands over there?2.2.3 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于at which, in which, for which. 都可以引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句； 只有Why不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句；That的特殊用法： 表示地點(diǎn) this is the room that he wo