高中必修一化學(xué)方程式匯總

1、1, 氧化性：F2 + H2 = 2HFF2 +Xe(過(guò)量)=XeF22F2（過(guò)量）+Xe=XeF4nF2 +2M=2MFn (表示大部分金屬)2F2 +2H2O=4HF+O22F2 +2NaOH=2NaF+OF2 +H2OF2 +2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2 +2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI =2NaF+I2F2 +Cl2 (等體積)=2ClF3F2 (過(guò)量)+Cl2=2ClF37F2(過(guò)量)+I2 =2IF7Cl2 +H2 =2HCl3Cl2 +2P=2PCl3Cl2 +PCl3 =PCl5Cl2 +2Na=2NaCl3Cl2 +2Fe=2FeCl3Cl2 +2FeCl2

2、=2FeCl3Cl2+Cu=CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2 +2NaI =2NaCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HClCl2 +Na2S=2NaCl+SCl2 +H2S=2HCl+SCl2+SO2 +2H2O=H2SO4 +2HClCl2 +H2O2 =2HCl+O22O2 +3Fe=Fe3O4O2+K=KO2S+H2=H2S2S+C=CS2S+Fe=FeSS+2Cu=Cu2S3S+2Al=Al2S3S+Zn=ZnSN2+3H2=2NH3N2+3Mg=Mg3N2N2+3Ca=Ca3N2N2+3Ba=Ba3N2N2+6Na=2Na3NN2+6K=2K

3、3NN2+6Rb=2Rb3NP2+6H2=4PH3P+3Na=Na3P2P+3Zn=Zn3P22還原性S+O2=SO2S+O2=SO2S+6HNO3(濃)=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4 HNO3(稀)=3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2=2NO4P+5O2=P4O10(常寫成P2O5)2P+3X2=2PX3 （X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2=PX5P4+20HNO3(濃)=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2=CF4C+2Cl2=CCl42C+O2(少量)=2COC+O2(足量)=CO2C+CO2=2COC+H2O=CO+H2(生成水煤氣)2C+SiO2=Si+2

4、CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl=SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2=Si(純)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2=SiO2Si+C=SiC(金剛砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H23，（堿中）歧化Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加酸抑制歧化，加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化）Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca（OH）2=CaCl2+Ca（ClO）2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH（熱，濃）=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH（濃）+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P

5、+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO=CaC2+CO3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO二，金屬單質(zhì)（Na，Mg，Al，F(xiàn)e）的還原性2Na+H2=2NaH4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na2O+O2=2Na2O22Na+O2=Na2O22Na+S=Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4（熔融）=4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2=MgCl2Mg+Br2=MgBr22Mg+O2=2MgOMg+S=MgSMg+2H2O=Mg（OH）2+H22Mg+TiCl4（熔融）=Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2=2M

6、gO+C2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2=2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3（鈍化）4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)Al+4H

7、NO(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3Fe+I2=FeI2Fe+S=FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)=Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全還原為單質(zhì)錫 Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn)非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)1,還原性:4HCl(濃)+MnO2=MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2=2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl

8、2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22H2S+3O2(足量)=2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)=2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(濃)=S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3

9、+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(純氧)=2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O=NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H22,酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（此反應(yīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于測(cè)定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量）2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3

10、)2=PbS+2HNO3H2S+FeCl2=2NH3+2Na=2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3)3，堿性：NH3+HCl=NH4ClNH3+HNO3=NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl（此反應(yīng)用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打，蘇打）4，不穩(wěn)定性：2HF=H2+F22HCl=H2+Cl22H2O=2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2H2S=H2+S2NH3=N2+3H2非金屬氧化物1，低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性：2SO2+O2=2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4（這是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反應(yīng)）SO

11、2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2=SO3+NO2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2）2CO+O2=2CO2CO+CuO=Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3=2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O=CO2+H22，氧化性： SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO3+2KI=K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO2）4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu=4CuO+

12、N2CO2+2Mg=2MgO+C(CO2不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi))SiO2+2H2=Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg=2MgO+Si3,與水的作用:SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO43NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3P2O5+H2O=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O=2H3PO4(P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)=2H3PO4+3SO3)CO2+H2O=H2CO34,與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO3(這是硫酸廠回收SO

13、2的反應(yīng).先用氨水吸收SO2,再用H2SO4處理: 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2生成的硫酸銨作化肥,SO2循環(huán)作原料氣)SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別)SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH(過(guò)量)=Na2CO3+H2OCO2(過(guò)量)+NaOH=NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(過(guò)量)=CaCO3+H2O2CO2(過(guò)量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H

14、2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3=Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3=CaSiO3+CO2金屬氧化物1,低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O2,氧化性:Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O（此反應(yīng)用于制備Na2O）MgO，Al2O3幾乎沒有氧化性，很難被還原為Mg，Al.一般通過(guò)電解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O (制還原鐵粉)Fe3O4+4H2=3Fe+4H2O3,與水的作用:Na2O+H

15、2O=2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2(此反應(yīng)分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2 ;2H2O2=2H2O+O2. H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng):BaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O=Mg(OH)2 (緩慢反應(yīng))4,與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+SO3=MgSO4MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)

16、3+3H2O(Al2O3是兩性氧化物:Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O)FeO+2HCl=FeCl2+3H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+3H2S(g)=Fe2S3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O含氧酸1,氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HClHClO3+HI=HIO3+HCl3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HClHClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HClHClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClOHClO2HClO3HClO4,但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強(qiáng))2H2SO4(濃)+C=CO2+

17、2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(濃)+S=3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al) 室溫下鈍化6H2SO4(濃)+2Fe=Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(濃)+Cu=CuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HBr=SO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HI=SO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(稀)+Fe=FeSO4+H22H2SO3+2H2S=3S+2H2O4HNO3(濃)+C=CO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3(濃)+S=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3(濃)+P=H3PO4+5NO2+H2O6HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4

18、HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O2,還原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl3,酸性:H2SO4(濃) +CaF2=CaSO4+2HF

19、H2SO4(濃)+NaCl=NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(濃) +2NaCl=Na2SO4+2HClH2SO4(濃)+NaNO3=NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(濃)+Ca3（PO4）2=3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(濃)+Ca3（PO4）2=2CaSO4+Ca（H2PO4）23HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO32HNO3+CaCO3=Ca（NO3）2+H2O+CO2（用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S，HI，HBr，（SO2）等還原性氣體）4H3PO4+Ca3（PO4）2=3Ca（H2PO4）2（重鈣）H3PO4（濃）+NaBr=NaH2PO4+HBrH3P

20、O4（濃）+NaI=NaH2PO4+HI4，不穩(wěn)定性：2HClO=2HCl+O24HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2OH2SO3=H2O+SO2H2CO3=H2O+CO2H4SiO4=H2SiO3+H2O堿1，低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性： 4Fe（OH）2+O2+2H2O=4Fe（OH）32，與酸性物質(zhì)的作用： 2NaOH+SO2（少量）=Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2（足量）=NaHSO32NaOH+SiO2=NaSiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S（足量）=NaHS+H2O2

21、NaOH+H2S（少量）=Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al（OH）3+3NaClNaOH+Al（OH）3=NaAlO2+2H2O（AlCl3和Al（OH）3哪個(gè)酸性強(qiáng)？）NaOH+NH4Cl=NaCl+NH3+H2OMg（OH）2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3.H2OAl(OH)3+NH4Cl 不溶解3,不穩(wěn)定性:Mg(OH)2=MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3=Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3=Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2=CuO+H2O鹽1,氧化性:2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻銅線路版)2FeCl3+Zn=2FeCl2+ZnCl2FeCl3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCFe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(較難反應(yīng))Fe(NO3)3+Ag 不反應(yīng)2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl22,還原性:2FeCl2+C