組固定搭配助力你的英文論文寫作

1、50組固定搭配，助力你的英文論文寫作！ photo by fegari唧唧堂是和另外幾個創(chuàng)業(yè)團隊Share Office的， 其中最近的那個叫 italki, 小編昨天發(fā)現(xiàn)他們出了一個學(xué)術(shù)寫作詞匯的文章，覺得應(yīng)該對大家有用，就轉(zhuǎn)了。 恩，就借這個機會贊美一下這個 italki 吧。 italki 是一個學(xué)語言的網(wǎng)站（特別是口語），什么語言都可以，比如你想練英文口語，就可以在他們網(wǎng)站找一個外教，和外教約課，然后用skype上課。 小編曾經(jīng)試過幾十節(jié)，效果還不錯，小編找的老師是一個澳大利亞老爺爺，非常intelligent, 什么都懂，上課也很認(rèn)真，每次都會記很多筆記，課前給我找好ted視頻，最最

2、關(guān)鍵是，這些課很便宜，比如我的只要40，50人民幣一個小時。 哦，對了，除了口語，我也常常讓老爺爺幫我改文章。 好啦，贊美完畢，大家去了解下italki 吧， 下面的文章來自italki的外教，您也可以點擊該頁底部鏈接“閱讀原文”和這個老師約課。50組固定搭配，助力你的英文論文寫作！學(xué)術(shù)寫作可能是英語精進的最難關(guān)之一。要掌握這項高級寫作技能，需要有完美的英語的語法，精準(zhǔn)的詞匯和對主題深刻的理解。另外，學(xué)術(shù)寫作還是一種專門的文體（正式和專業(yè)性），這一點對于英語非母語的作者來說可能比較難拿捏（甚至對英語母語的作者也一樣很難?。cademic writing can be one of the

3、hardest things to perfect in English. This advanced skill requires perfect grammar, pin-point vocabulary usage and a deep understanding of the subject you are writing about. What it also requires is a very specific register (level of formality) which can be difficult to get right for non-native Engl

4、ish speakers (and quite a few native speakers as well!).想要提升學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作，其中一個方法就是學(xué)習(xí)一些有用的固定搭配，這樣一來文章就會顯得更自信、更專業(yè)，論文的專業(yè)度和正式性恰到好處。One way you can improve and transform your academic English writing is by learning some useful collocations which will make you sound self-assured, knowledgeable and bring just the

5、 right level of formality to your dissertation or thesis.下文我們會列舉50個最有用的學(xué)術(shù)寫作固定搭配，附有定義和例子，全都取材于真實的學(xué)術(shù)論文。This guide will give you 50 of the most useful academic collocations as well as definitions and some examples taken from genuine academic papers.學(xué)習(xí)要點：將下列固定搭配用到你寫的文章中去。想一想語法上對不對？內(nèi)容上說不說得通？把自己寫的句子和下面的例子

6、比較下，看看用得對不對。Study tip: Practice writing out your own sentences using each of the collocations listed here. Does the structure make sense grammatically? Do you understand the concept? Check your sentence against the example sentence for each collocation.Accurate assessmentcorrect and precise evaluati

7、on of something or someone準(zhǔn)確評價：對某事或某人進行正確而精準(zhǔn)的評估E.g. “Accurate assessment of head motion can be a useful tool in clinical studies”.例子：對頭部運動的準(zhǔn)確評價可以作為臨床研究的有用手段。2. Address the issueconsider or deal with the matter at hand解決問題：考慮或者解決棘手的問題E.g. “To help address this issue, we have extended our previous stu

8、dy and examined in detail the”.例子：為了幫助解決問題，我們對之前的研究作了拓展，繼續(xù)探究細(xì)節(jié)方面3. Adversely affectchange in a negative way產(chǎn)生不利影響：作出不良改變E.g. “A literature search was performed to determine whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) adversely affect the healing of stress fractures”.例子：經(jīng)過文獻(xiàn)檢索，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)抗炎藥（NSAI

9、Ds）是否對應(yīng)力性骨折產(chǎn)生不良影響。4. Become apparentto be suddenly clear or obvious顯性化：突然變得清晰或者明顯E.g. “They become apparent, however, when a new molecular species is introduced into the atmosphere.”.例子：當(dāng)一種新的分子種類進入大氣層，分子們就成顯性。5. Brief overviewa non-detailed look at the subject as a whole概述：對事物進行籠統(tǒng)的描述E.g. “This paper

10、 offers a brief but broad overview of the field of individual of language learning”.例如：這篇論文對某一種獨立的語言學(xué)習(xí)進行了概述。6. Broad rangeof extensive scope廣泛：涉及大面積領(lǐng)域E.g. “The colour produced from this reaction is stable and increases in a proportional fashion over a broad range of increasing protein concentrations

11、”.例如：反應(yīng)所產(chǎn)生的顏色很穩(wěn)定，成比例地且大量增加了蛋白質(zhì)的濃度。7. Causal linkone thing being responsible for another因果聯(lián)系：兩件事有因果聯(lián)系E.g. “A causal link between high need for achievement and small business ownership is not found”.例如：我們并沒有找到成功的高需求和小企業(yè)的擁有權(quán)之間的因果關(guān)系。8. Characteristic featurea feature which distinguishes or defines somet

12、hing or someone本質(zhì)特征：能夠體現(xiàn)或者定義某個人或某件事情的特征E.g. “The characteristic feature of the book is the effort to explain the mathematical origins of the most widely used statistical formulas in terms that persons with comparatively little mathematical training can easily follow”.例子：此書的本質(zhì)特征旨在闡述最廣泛應(yīng)用的統(tǒng)計公式的數(shù)學(xué)起源，即便

13、讀者相對來說沒有太多數(shù)學(xué)背景，也可以讀懂此書。9. Deeply rootedfirmly implanted or established根深蒂固：深深地扎根或建立E.g. “This book describes efforts to develop an approach to teaching and teacher education that is deeply rooted in the study of practice”.例子：此書力求開發(fā)一種教學(xué)和教師教育手段，此方法源于實踐深處。10. Detailed analysisan in-depth study細(xì)部分析：詳細(xì)而深

14、刻的研究E.g. “The major difference between my book and others at this level is its coverage of the detailed analysis of experiments”.例子：在這個層面上，我的書和其他人的區(qū)別就在于對于實驗的細(xì)部分析。11. Essential componenta vital part of something重要組成部分：某事物的重要部分E.g. “We show here that these proteins are an essential component of the ce

15、ll surface receptor”.例子：我們這里顯示，這些蛋白質(zhì)是細(xì)胞表面受體的重要組成部分。12. Establish a relationshipto prove or show a link between two things建立聯(lián)系：證明二者之間有關(guān)系。E.g. “Our aim was to establish the relationship between aortic stiffness and stroke death in hypertensive patients”.例子：我們的目標(biāo)是證明主動脈硬化和中風(fēng)死亡在高血壓患者中存在聯(lián)系。13. Existing re

16、searchprevious academic work on the same subject現(xiàn)有研究：對同一問題先前做的研究。E.g. “This working paper reviews the existing research evidence about the additional costs or deprivation that disabled people face”.例子：這篇研究審議了關(guān)于殘疾人面臨的額外開支和貧困狀況的現(xiàn)有研究。14. First impressioninitial thought on a subject, prior to any detail

17、ed analysis最初觀點：在任何細(xì)節(jié)分析之前，對一個主題的最先的看法。E.g. “Our first impression was strengthened by the fact that we were aware a condition existed in Povoa de Varzim”.例子：我們發(fā)現(xiàn)曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在波瓦珍的病情，這印證了我們的最初觀點。15. Frequently citedoften quoted or referred to in reference to something頻頻引用：多次被引用E.g. “It should be recognized tha

18、t other systems are frequently cited, particularly in engineering literature”.例子：我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到，其他的系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常被引用，尤其在工程學(xué)得文獻(xiàn)中。16. Fundamental principleprinciple from which other principles can be derived基本原理：最最基礎(chǔ)的原理，其他原理從其中得來。E.g. “The authors argue for the restoration of beneficence to its place as the fundamenta

19、l principle of medical ethics”.例子：作者論證指出，醫(yī)學(xué)倫理的基本原理在于對善心的重建歸位。17. General consensusthe majority opinion on a topic普遍認(rèn)同：對此話題的普遍意見E.g. “There is a general consensus that forward exchange rates have little, if any power as forecasts of future spot exchange rates”.例如：大家普遍認(rèn)同，遠(yuǎn)期匯率對預(yù)測未來現(xiàn)匯匯率幾乎沒有影響。18. Gain i

20、nsightachieve a more profound understanding獲得真知灼見：得到更深刻的理解E.g. “Through this comparison we hope to gain insight into the way they perform specific tasks”.例如：通過此次對比，我們希望對他們進行這次實驗有更深刻的認(rèn)識。19. Hierarchical structurea system where elements are subordinate to other elements階層結(jié)構(gòu)：在系統(tǒng)中一個要素與另一個要素呈現(xiàn)下屬關(guān)系。E.g. “

21、After reviewing their theoretical approach, the authors present four kinds of hierarchical structure in music”.例如：在探討理論手段后，作者提出了在音樂中有4種階層結(jié)構(gòu)。20. Highly controversialtending to provoke fierce disagreement高度爭議：可能會產(chǎn)生強烈的不認(rèn)同E.g. “A highly controversial issue in financial economies is whether stocks overre

22、act”.例如：在金融經(jīng)濟中有一個具有高度爭議的話題，就是股票是否反應(yīng)過激。21. Immediately apparentobvious and clear at that moment立即顯現(xiàn)：當(dāng)即變得明顯、清晰E.g. “The reasons for this are not immediately apparent and deserve further investigation”.例如：對此的理由沒有立刻顯現(xiàn)出來，需要進一步調(diào)查22. Increase the likelihoodto make more likely or plausible幾率增加：變得更可能E.g. “Nu

23、merous high school students engage in behaviours that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes”.例子：無數(shù)的高中學(xué)生都會做這些事情，從這四件事中他們死亡的幾率會增加。23. Key elementa main or fundamental component重要元素：重要的基礎(chǔ)的組成部分E.g. “Provisional restorations represent a key element in the realization of extensive esth

24、etic rehabilitations”.例子：暫時修復(fù)代表了大規(guī)模審美的修復(fù)的重要元素。24. Largely confinedfocussed in a particular area主要限于：專注于某一領(lǐng)域E.g. “The metabolic syndrome is largely confined to overweight and obese adults”.例如：代謝綜合征主要限于肥胖和超重的成人之中。25. Literal interpretationa non-metaphorical or figurative reading字面解釋：沒有隱喻或比喻含義的解釋E.g. “

25、In Experiment 2, targets were phrases that could be given either an idiomatic or a literal interpretation”.例如：在實驗2中，實驗對象是詞組，這些詞組可以看作為習(xí)語，也可以只做字面含義解釋。26. Major challengea large or fundamental problem主要困難：很大和根本的問題E.g. “Keeping up with the population increase is a major challenge for urban areas”.例如：城市地

26、區(qū)的主要問題在于很難跟上人口的增長。27. Markedly differentnoticeably distinct顯著不同：明顯的不同E.g. “The spectrum of pyridine coordinately bonded to the surface is markedly different from that of the pyridinium ion”.例如：吡啶的光譜與表面的協(xié)調(diào)度和吡啶離子有顯著不同。28. Negative connotationsuggesting something bad or wrong負(fù)面暗示：暗指不好的意思E.g. “The label

27、 placebo was avoided because of its negative connotation”.例子：“安慰劑”這個標(biāo)牌并未被使用因為它有不好的含義。29. Newly emergingnovel or original concept first being introduced新產(chǎn)生的：新的或者原創(chuàng)的概念E.g. “This is a book about a newly emerging area of research in instructional technology”.例子：這本書是關(guān)于在教育科技研究這個新興領(lǐng)域的。30. Offer insightpres

28、ent a deep or original analysis提出深刻的原創(chuàng)的分析E.g. “This study reveals what those practices are and may offer insight for howthey fit into future workplaces”.例子：這份研究指出這個方法到底是什么并且對在未來這些方法應(yīng)用到工作領(lǐng)域作深刻的分析。31. Organisational structurethe way groups are arranged組織結(jié)構(gòu)：組織是如何安排的E.g. “This paper models the inner wor

29、kings of relationship lending, the implications for bank organisational structure, and the effects of shocks to the economic environment on the availability of relationship credit to small businesses”.例子：這篇論文以如下幾方面為模板：關(guān)系型貸款的內(nèi)部運作，銀行組織結(jié)構(gòu)的含義，經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的影響沖擊對于小型企業(yè)貸款關(guān)系的可得性的影響。32. Particular emphasisstressing o

30、ne aspect of something特別強調(diào)：強調(diào)事物的某一方面E.g. “The first chapter, a review of some of the principal social surveys carried out in the last half-century or so, with particular emphasis on British experience, has been entirely rewritten”.例子：第一章審議了在上半個世紀(jì)流行的主要社會調(diào)查，特別強調(diào)了英國的經(jīng)驗，但這一章已經(jīng)重新改寫過了。33. Perceived import

31、ancethe opinion that something is particularly important or relevant感到某一觀點特別重要和相關(guān)E.g. “We examined whether employees perceived importance of the training program would be one variable that mediates the relationship between training assignment and training motivation”.例如：我們研究過員工是否感覺培訓(xùn)項目的重要性，這是協(xié)調(diào)培訓(xùn)作用和

32、培訓(xùn)動機的變量。34. Pioneering workwork which explores previously uncharted territory創(chuàng)舉：史無前例，探索從未有人的領(lǐng)域E.g. “Hans-Paul Schwefel has responded to rapidly growing interest in Evolutionary Computation, a field that originated, in part, with his pioneering work in the early 1970s”.例如：Has-Paul Schwefel回應(yīng)了對進化計算這一熱

33、點領(lǐng)域，該領(lǐng)域有一部分是在二十世紀(jì)70年代發(fā)源的。35. Positive featuresomething good積極特征：好的方面E.g. “The great chemical diversity is a positive feature in that it indicates the likelihood that a variety of approaches can be made to prevention”.例如：偉大化學(xué)方面的多樣性是一大積極特征，顯示了各種防治手段可以人為的可能性。36. Qualitatively differentdifferences relat

34、ing to quality as opposed to quantity質(zhì)的不同：質(zhì)量上的不同而非數(shù)量上的不同E.g. “Current methods for generating qualitatively different plans are either based on simple randomisation of planning decisions”.例如：目前我們產(chǎn)生質(zhì)的不同的計劃是基于簡單的計劃決定的隨機性37. Quantitative studya study which focuses on aspects of quantity定量研究：一項專注于數(shù)量的研究E.

35、g. “Qualitative and quantitative studies were performed on pulmonary blood vessels in lung tissue obtained by biopsy, pneumonectomy, or autopsy”.例如：通過活體組織切片、肺切除手術(shù)和尸檢，定量和定性研究都對于肺部組織的肺血管進行。38. Raise a questionnecessitates an obvious enquiry提出質(zhì)疑：提出一個明顯而必要的疑問E.g. “At the same time, it also raises the qu

36、estion of whether a single reform can meet the very different objectives of different supporters”.例如：同時，這也對我們提出了質(zhì)疑，是否單個的改革可以針對不同的支持者的對象。39. Rapid expansionto grow larger at a fast rate快速擴張：大規(guī)?？焖僭鲩LE.g. “It has been suggested that the rapid expansion could be the result of human activities causing hab

37、itat disturbances or stresses such as pollution”.例如：有人提出，快速的擴張可能是由人類活動導(dǎo)致的，從而引起了居住的不適、壓力譬如污染。40. Reach a consensusdevelop a general agreement達(dá)成共識E.g. “A consensus conference was organized to evaluate the data and reach a consensus on optimal treatment protocols”.例如：組織召開了一次共識會議，會上評估了數(shù)據(jù)，對最佳治療方案達(dá)成共識。41.

38、 Reciprocal relationshipbenefiting both parties equally互惠關(guān)系：雙方受益E.g. “The aim of the present study is to examine the reciprocal relationship between parental attachment and adolescent internalising and externalising problem behaviour”.例如：當(dāng)前研究的目的是為了探究親子依戀和成人內(nèi)化和外化問題行為的互惠關(guān)系。42. Seem plausibleappear pos

39、sible or likely似乎有道理：貌似可行E.g. “Again, even though the results seem plausible, they are hard to interpret in the absence of a theory”.例如：即便結(jié)果似乎有道理，沒有理論就很難解釋。43. Specific examplesfocussed examples特例E.g. “The specific examples used are shown to have a substantial biasing effect on diagnostic accuracy”.

40、例如：我們使用的特例顯示我們對診斷的精確性有顯著的偏差。44. Theoretical approachfocussing on theories rather than practical application理論研究方法：專注于理論而非實踐E.g. “A new theoretical approach to language has emerged in the past 1015 years that allows linguistic observations about formmeaning pairings, known as constructions, to be stated directly”.例如：在過去10-15年間產(chǎn)生了新的研究語言的方法，這種方法允許對語言的形式（含義配對）進行觀察研究，稱作“結(jié)構(gòu)主義”，如果直接表