英語(yǔ)段落寫(xiě)作基本要求Basic Requirements for English Paragraph

1、New Century Practical English Writing 新世紀(jì)新世紀(jì) 實(shí)用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作六、七實(shí)用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作六、七英語(yǔ)段落寫(xiě)作根本要求英語(yǔ)段落寫(xiě)作根本要求Basic Requirements for English Paragraph writing段落的構(gòu)成段落的構(gòu)成Paragraph Structure 文章中的段落常由三個(gè)主要局部構(gòu)成：主題句、輔助句和結(jié)尾句。請(qǐng)讀下面段落范例并注意分析其結(jié)構(gòu)。 Gold，a precious metal，is prized for two important characteristicsFirst of all，gold has a lus

2、trous beauty that is resistant to corrosionTherefore，it is suitable for jewelry，coins，and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful foreverFor example，a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twentythree centuries ago. Another impor

3、tant characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and scienceFor many years， It has been used in hundreds of industrial applicationsThe most recent use of gold is in astronauts suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceshipIn conclusion， gold is treasure

4、d not only for its beauty but also for its utility 主題句主題句(Topic Sentence)在段落中用于在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主題概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主題句。一個(gè)好的主題句能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)句。一個(gè)好的主題句能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。關(guān)于主題的這個(gè)作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。關(guān)于主題的這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度稱為主題思想觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度稱為主題思想(controlling idea)。主題句限定了在一個(gè)單獨(dú)的段。主題句限定了在一個(gè)單獨(dú)的段落中所允許充分討論的內(nèi)容。落中所允許充分討論的內(nèi)容。 輔助句輔助句supporting sentenc

5、e or developing sentence)在段落中對(duì)在段落中對(duì)主題句起表述作用的句子叫輔助主題句起表述作用的句子叫輔助句。句。 結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句concluding sentence)表示表示段落結(jié)束的句子叫結(jié)尾句段落結(jié)束的句子叫結(jié)尾句Topic sentenceSuppoeting sentenceSuppoeting sentenceSuppoeting sentenceSuppoeting sentenceHow to write a good topic sentence?Three essential points 第一，主題句必須是一個(gè)完整的句第一，主題句必須是一個(gè)完整的句子，

6、包括一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，子，包括一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，常常還帶有其他修飾語(yǔ)。常常還帶有其他修飾語(yǔ)。 Fragments: Driving on freeways. The importance of gold. How to register for college classes. The benefits of television to children. Revised sentences Driving on freeway requires skill and alertness. Gold, a precious metal, is prized for tow impor

7、tant characteristics. Registering for college classes can be a frustrating experience for new students Television benefits young children in three major ways 第二，主題句是由主題詞和主題思想的表述兩局部構(gòu)成的。主題詞說(shuō)明討論的對(duì)象。主題思想的表述局部限制或控制這個(gè)主題在一個(gè)段落中能夠被論述的具體方面。它應(yīng)該是能夠展述主題思想的一個(gè)詞或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，即關(guān)鍵詞。試分析下面的主題句： The Womens Movement has had seve

8、ral effects on the English language 在這個(gè)主題句中，表達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是several effects，它規(guī)定了談?wù)摰闹黝}和內(nèi)容。為了論證這個(gè)主題思想，作者應(yīng)提供具體細(xì)節(jié)或?qū)嵗齺?lái)答復(fù)這樣的問(wèn)題：“What reasons did I have for saying several effects?有可能列出以下原因： (1)It has created Ms，a title for women comparable to Mr.for men (2)The Movement has changed the ending of several compoun

9、d words from-man to-person (3)The Movement is responsible for some new terms (4)The Movement has had an effect on the thirdperson singular pronoun Students on this campus recently voiced several complaints 在這個(gè)句子中，表示主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是several complaints。所以在主題句后，應(yīng)輔以細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)論證主題思想several complaints。學(xué)生有可能列舉出下面事實(shí)： (1)T

10、hey voiced dissatisfaction with the campus lighting (2)They expressed their disgust with the cafeteria food (3)They protested the grading policies of the instructors Smoking Cigarettes Can be an expensive habit 在這個(gè)句子中，主題是the habit of smoking cigarettes主題思想是Smoking can be expensive。在此句中expensive是表示主題

11、思想的關(guān)鍵詞，在展開(kāi)主題句的段落中，應(yīng)論證吸煙確實(shí)是開(kāi)銷(xiāo)較大的一種習(xí)慣。下面是一個(gè)說(shuō)明主題展開(kāi)的段落提綱： (1)Cigarettes cost about 75 cents (2)The average smoker smokes two packs a day (3)The annual expense for this smoker is$54750 (4)The smoker must also pay for extra cleaning of carpets，furniture，and clothes 第三，由于主題句僅僅提及主題思想，因此只是一種概括性的陳述而不提供具體的細(xì)節(jié)能被

12、段落中的其它句子推演、解釋、論證或分析。主題句應(yīng)該對(duì)該段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行適當(dāng)概括和限制。主題句如果過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)(general)就不能包含具體的思想和觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)段落如何展開(kāi)缺乏指導(dǎo)和限定，使讀者由于內(nèi)容太空泛而很難確切地知道本段要談?wù)摰膬?nèi)容：主題句如果太具體(specific)讀者就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)作者對(duì)這段內(nèi)容己無(wú)發(fā)揮、充實(shí)的余地，而無(wú)法將主題句展開(kāi)。請(qǐng)分析以下句子： Hong Kong is famous for its developed economy, high standard of living, and intercultural atmosphere. 2.Position of topic se

13、ntence The first sentence of the paragraph deduction In the middle of the paragraph induction The last sentence of the paragraph sandwich-style How to write supporting sentence Inner cities can be made more inhabitableOne way is to omit automobiles and encourage walkingWith no cars，people are forced

14、 to walk and interact，and interacting is pleasantAnother way is to eliminate pubic housing projectsMore than half the poor are often in public housing Warehousing the poor is destructive to the neighborhood and occupants Milk is one of the most important sources of nutrition for human beings and ani

15、malsIt is the first food provided for newborn babies because milk contains a large variety of nutritional constituents，and at the same time it is easily digestibleMilk is about 1 3solids，and the solids contain 33 protein，5carbohydrates，4fat，and many vitamins and mineralsMoreover，milk protein contain

16、s all of the essential amino acids like casein and lactobacillusLactose is the principal carbohydrate of milk，and milk is the only source of lactose in natureMilk also contains all of the known vitamins：A，B，D，E，and K. for all of these reasons, milk consumption is the keystone of human beings and animals. how to write a good concluding sentence結(jié)尾句有三個(gè)方面的作用：結(jié)尾句有三個(gè)方面的作用：表示一個(gè)段落的結(jié)束。寫(xiě)作時(shí)表示一