分析探討工程造價管理五階段

1、 分析探討工程造價管理五階段摘要：改革開放以來，隨著建筑業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展。對工程造價控制管理水平要求也越來越高。做好建筑工程造價的實質(zhì)是運用先進的科技手段與經(jīng)營管理辦法，來解決工程建設(shè)實際中出現(xiàn)的技術(shù)、經(jīng)營管理、經(jīng)濟等問題。近些年來，我國對工程造價控制策略的研究越來越重視。在實際工程中，仍然有許多問題亟待解決。本文通過對建設(shè)工程造價的各個階段進行分析，并提出了一些工程項目管理造價的控制策略，以供廣大讀者參考。Pick to: since the reform and opening, with the vigorous development of the construction industr

2、y. To control the engineering cost management level requirement also more and more high. Well the essence of the construction cost of the project is to use advanced technology and management methods, to solve practical technical engineering construction, operation and management, economic, and other

3、 issues. In recent years, the study of project cost control strategies in our country pay more and more attention to. In actual engineering, there are still many problems to be solved. This article through to construction at various stages of construction cost analysis, and put forward some project

4、management cost control strategies, for the readers reference. 關(guān)鍵詞：工程造價；建筑工程；水平提升Key words: engineering cost; Construction project; Level of ascension 一、前言O(shè)ne, foreword 建筑工程造價控管與投資主體以及承包商的經(jīng)濟利益是緊緊綁在一起的。進一步說，在一定程度上關(guān)系著國家的利益。為了趕上建筑業(yè)的快速發(fā)展形式，必須提高我國目前的建筑工程管理水平，開發(fā)出有效的控制策略。在目前的工程造價管理體系中，存在著諸多制約工程造價管理水平的深層次問題

5、。因為它涉及的面比較廣，包括決策、設(shè)計、施工、竣工等多個階段。因此，相關(guān)改革成為了當前建筑業(yè)所關(guān)注的核心問題之一。為了適應(yīng)社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展需要，以及與國際逐步接軌的趨勢。如何行之有效地選擇并控制工程投資，是項目建設(shè)的重點問題之一。Construction project cost control and investment main body and the economic interests of the contractor are closely tied together. Further, to a certain extent relations with nationa

6、l interests. In order to catch up with the rapid development of the construction form, must improve the level of China's current construction project management, to develop effective control strategy. In the present construction cost management system, there are many restricting the deep-seated

7、problems of engineering cost management level. Because it involves surface is wide, including decision-making, design, construction, completion, etc. Multiple stages. Therefore, related reforms become the current construction industry one of the core issues of concern. In order to meet the needs of

8、the development of socialist market economy, as well as the trend step by step with international standards. How to choose the effective and control the project investment, is one of the key problems of the construction of the project. 二、關(guān)于工程造價管理各個階段的分析探討Second, about the engineering cost management

9、 at various stages of analysis （一）工程造價管理的決策階段(a) decision making stages of engineering cost management 一般來說，工程項目在開始之前都要進行一個綜合決策分析。決策分析報告里包括應(yīng)該包括項目建設(shè)的必要性，投資額度等等。決策分析評估報告的直接作用就是將項目工程造價實際費用控制在計劃的額度內(nèi)。In general, the project before you start to carry out a comprehensive decision analysis. Decision analysi

10、s included in the report should include the necessity of project construction, investment and so on. Direct effect of decision analysis evaluation report is the project construction cost effective cost control within the quota plan. 但是實際上，一部分建設(shè)單位沒有預先做好相關(guān)評估準備就開工建設(shè)。因此在投資額度、設(shè)計深度以及建筑標準等方面都缺乏合理的措施，結(jié)果是在施工

11、的過程中不斷變更設(shè)計，變更造價。最終可能造成許多不必要的損失。針對這種隨意變更的行為也沒有一個完善的監(jiān)督管理制度，這使得造成損失的更改行為也沒有相應(yīng)責任制度進行約束。But in fact, part of the construction unit construction without assessment related to prepare in advance. Therefore in the investment, design depth and lack of reasonable measures in such aspects as construction stand

12、ards, the results are in the process of construction design changes unceasingly, the change cost. Could eventually cause a lot of unnecessary loss. In view of the behaviors of the optional change don't have a perfect supervision and management system, which makes the losses change behavior also

13、have no corresponding responsibility system constraints. 要對工程造價實行有效控制，需要將工程策劃與設(shè)計階段的造價控制作為重點。項目決策是否正確，意味著能不能應(yīng)用相關(guān)的項目投資預測以及對策對項目建設(shè)做出科學的判斷，制度出最優(yōu)投資方案，讓資源得到有效合理的配置，這樣才能對工程造價進行合理的計算、評估。To implement effective control of engineering cost, you need to project planning and design phase of cost control as a pri

14、ority. Project decision-making is correct, can mean prediction and application related to the project investment measures make scientific judgment on construction projects, the system gives the optimal investment scheme, make resources get reasonable effective configuration, in this way can an reaso

15、nable calculation and evaluation of the project cost. （二）工程造價管理的設(shè)計階段(2) the design phase of engineering cost management 工程造價控制的關(guān)鍵在于施工前的投資決策和設(shè)計階段，在對項目做出投資決策后，控制工程造價的關(guān)鍵在于設(shè)計。明確概算控制指標，將技術(shù)指標與經(jīng)濟指標有機地結(jié)合起來，將經(jīng)濟指標的權(quán)重適度提高，改變過去只重技術(shù)指標，而忽視經(jīng)濟指標的評標辦法。Before the project cost control is the key to the construction of

16、 investment decision-making and design stage, the project to make investment decisions, control the project cost is the key to design. Clear budget control indexes, the technical index and economic index organically, will be the weight of indicators moderate increase, change the past only technical

17、indicators, and ignore the economic indicators of evaluation method. 還要通過優(yōu)化設(shè)計方案，從而有效控制工程造價。通過優(yōu)化設(shè)計方案來控制投資是一個綜合性問題，進行投資控制并非一味地減少投資，而是要依據(jù)項目的具體情況進行平衡和調(diào)節(jié)，既要鼓勵采用先進的工藝和技術(shù)，又要防止投資擴大和超出。最好的方案不一定是造價最低的方案，不能片面強調(diào)節(jié)約投資，好的設(shè)計方案不僅應(yīng)該技術(shù)先進、功能優(yōu)越，而且其投資要有最優(yōu)的性能價格比。Through the optimized design scheme, so as to effectively co

18、ntrol the project cost. By optimizing the design scheme to control the investment is a comprehensive, investment control, not blindly reduce investment, but to balance and adjust according to the specific conditions of projects, both to encourage the use of advanced techniques and technologies, and

19、to prevent the investment to expand and beyond. The best solution is not necessarily the lowest cost solution, not the one-sided emphasis on saving investment, good design should not only advanced technology, superior functionality, and its investment to have optimal price performance ratio. 還需盡可能地減

20、少設(shè)計變更。首先，應(yīng)嚴禁通過設(shè)計變更擅自擴大建設(shè)規(guī)模、提高設(shè)計標準、增加建設(shè)內(nèi)容，一般情況下不允許設(shè)計變更，除非不變更會影響項目功能的正常發(fā)揮；其次，認真對待必須發(fā)生的設(shè)計變更，及時核算有關(guān)設(shè)計變更的造價，對于有問題或者費用偏高的項目要慎重考慮，進行多方案比較，不能為了追求速度而忽視了質(zhì)量。Still need to reduce the design change as much as possible. First of all, should be forbidden by design changes without authorization, expand the scale of

21、 construction and improve the design standard, increasing the construction content, under normal circumstances do not allow the design change, unless you don't change will affect the normal of the project; Second, the design change must occur, seriously timely accounting cost relating to the des

22、ign change, for there is a problem or project to reconsider cost on the high side, comparing many schemes, not the pursuit of speed and ignore the quality. 在設(shè)計時推行限額設(shè)計，即按照批準的設(shè)計任務(wù)書投資估算控制初步設(shè)計，按照批準的初步設(shè)計總概算控制施工圖設(shè)計，把經(jīng)批準的初步設(shè)計總概算作為擬建項目工程造價的最高限額。這是工程建設(shè)領(lǐng)域控制投資支出、有效使用建設(shè)資金的有力措施。它可以處理好技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟對立的關(guān)系，提高設(shè)計質(zhì)量，扭轉(zhuǎn)投資失控的現(xiàn)象。

23、在設(shè)計過程中運用價值工程原理，在保證建筑產(chǎn)品功能不變的前提下，不斷優(yōu)化設(shè)計方案，設(shè)計出更加符合要求的產(chǎn)品。價值工程還可以運用在方案選擇、工程建材、結(jié)構(gòu)選型、設(shè)備選型、施工組織設(shè)計以及工程造價審查等方面，這些方面的優(yōu)化能明顯提高經(jīng)濟效益。Implementation of quota design when the design, that is, according to the approved design plan descriptions of the investment estimation control the preliminary design, preliminary d

24、esign according to the approved general estimate control construction drawing design, the approved preliminary design general estimate as the proposed project cost limit. This is engineering construction field control investment spending, and a strong measure for the effective use of construction fu

25、nd. It can handle good antagonistic relationship between technology and economy, improve the quality of design, reverse investment out of control phenomenon. In the design process using the principle of value engineering, in guarantee under the premise of building products function unchanged, optimi

26、zing the design scheme, design more in line with the requirements of the product. Value engineering can also be used in the scheme selection, engineering construction materials, structural type selection, equipment selection, construction organization design and project cost review and so on, these

27、aspects of the optimization can significantly improve the economic benefit. （三）工程造價管理的招投標階段(3) the bidding phase of engineering cost management 要嚴格遵守中華人民共和國招標投標法以及其它相關(guān)法律。按照公平、公正、公開、擇優(yōu)的原則進行公開招標，加強對招投標的監(jiān)督；二是不斷提高標底的編制質(zhì)量和評標人員的業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)；切實防止壓標或低價搶標；三是嚴格禁止招標人員利用施工企業(yè)找活心切的特點，人為地要求施工企業(yè)壓價讓利和提出墊資施工等條件。四是標底的確定原則上應(yīng)使得

28、招投標雙方都有利可圖，最終實現(xiàn)雙贏的目的。We will strictly comply with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws. According to the principle of fairness, justice, public and merit of public bidding, to strengthen the supervision of bidding; 2 it is to constantly improve the pre-tender

29、 estimate of staffing and quality of evaluation personnel's service quality; To prevent the pressure or low bid; 3 it is strictly prohibited bidding personnel advantage of the characteristics of construction enterprise to find live eager, artificially requires construction enterprises demand a p

30、rice concession and mat endowment construction conditions is put forward. Four is the determination of pre-tender estimate are in principle should make bidding both profitable and ultimately achieve a win-win purpose. （四）工程造價管理的施工階段(4) the project cost management of construction phase 在工程開工以前，應(yīng)由設(shè)計、業(yè)

31、主、施工三方進行深入的圖紙會審，把工作做到細致。將建筑與結(jié)構(gòu)不符、施工技術(shù)不可行、各專業(yè)之間矛盾等問題解決在施工之前，將損失降到最低。盡量減少設(shè)計變更，慎重現(xiàn)場簽證。建筑材料、設(shè)備費用可占工程造價的，而材料價差在工程價款調(diào)整中占有較大比重。因此，在對材料進行認價時，業(yè)主相關(guān)人員一定要貨比三家，進行廣泛的市場調(diào)研后再確定價格。Before the project starts, by design, the owner, the construction should be in-depth, the blue prints.the design to do the work carefully

32、. The building do not tally with the structure, construction technology is not feasible, the contradiction between the professional problems to solve before construction, will loss to a minimum. To minimize the design change and on-site visa carefully. Construction materials, equipment costs can acc

33、ount for the project cost, the materials price occupies large proportion in the construction price adjustment. When to recognize material price, therefore, the owner personnel must shop around, after extensive market research to determine the price. （五）工程造價管理的竣工階段(5) the completion phase of the proj

34、ect cost management 工程完工后的結(jié)算的造價控制在建筑工程的造價中，普遍存在工程竣工后發(fā)現(xiàn)造價超出施工預算的現(xiàn)象，這也是當前我國工程造價中一大突出的問題。結(jié)算是工程竣工后一個非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)，通常通過結(jié)算提高造價控制要從以下幾個方面入手：看簽證單的內(nèi)容是否符合設(shè)計圖紙，核對各項開支是否合法合理，審查簽證的內(nèi)容是否屬實；有沒有把普通裝飾工程當作專業(yè)裝飾工程來施工，嚴格審核簽訂的合同，妥善處理結(jié)算糾紛。After project completion settlement of cost control in construction project's cost, uni

35、versal existence found after the completion of the engineering cost beyond the phenomenon of construction budget, this is also the current project cost a big problem in our country. Settlement is the project after the completion of a very important link, usually by settlement to improve cost control to obtain from the following several aspects: see visa single content is in line with the design drawings, check whether all the spending