新課標(biāo)高考閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧

1、.新課標(biāo)高考閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧在高考閱讀理解中，主旨大意題的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意也是英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和考試說(shuō)明對(duì)考生的基本要求之一。只有通過(guò)閱讀掌握了文章的主題，才能正確理解文章，進(jìn)而根據(jù)文章的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)推測(cè)作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。主旨大意題主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)段或某一語(yǔ)篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。這類(lèi)題目考查的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方

2、式【設(shè)題類(lèi)型】1、概括文章大意；2、選出最佳題目（標(biāo)題）；3、概括人物特點(diǎn)?！驹O(shè)問(wèn)形式】1、標(biāo)題類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)題型題干：1) The best title / headline for this passage might be_.2) The text (passage) could be entitled _.3) What is the best title for the passage? 4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2、大意類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的主題型題干：1) This passage

3、 chiefly deals with _.2) Whats the topic of the article?3) What is the subject discussed in the text?4) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?【命題趨勢(shì)】考查考生對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、中心思想的理解程度及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。常見(jiàn)題型為最佳標(biāo)題（title）或中心思想（main idea）等。主題思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主題思想，是考生閱讀能力最主要的體現(xiàn)。高考中閱讀理解的測(cè)試，自然也以此作為檢驗(yàn)考生閱讀理解能力最重要

4、的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。要準(zhǔn)確地抓住文章的主題思想，就要十分留意文章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，從上下文連貫的意思來(lái)理解全文，看作者主要談的是什么，透過(guò)文字?jǐn)⑹龅倪^(guò)程來(lái)歸納主題，再?gòu)倪x擇項(xiàng)中找出最符合表達(dá)主題思想的選項(xiàng)。有些干擾項(xiàng)，從局部看也許不算錯(cuò)，但從全局看卻又片面。這類(lèi)干擾項(xiàng)與正確答案之差，其實(shí)是局部與全局之差。考生在做題時(shí)不要為局部現(xiàn)象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整體思想。二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧 做這類(lèi)題時(shí)常用略讀法?？焖匍喿x文章找出各個(gè)段落的主題句。把各個(gè)段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來(lái)著眼于全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標(biāo)題是中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式，選擇的標(biāo)題意義范圍要能涵

5、蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類(lèi)題時(shí)，常常利用生活常識(shí)編造干擾項(xiàng)，把文中的細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，利用局部信息編造干擾項(xiàng)，編制超出文章范圍的標(biāo)題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標(biāo)題來(lái)考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。下面結(jié)合高考試題，談?wù)剺?biāo)題類(lèi)和大意類(lèi)主旨大意題的解題技巧。1、標(biāo)題類(lèi)標(biāo)題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式。在閱讀中不僅要求考生能夠通過(guò)自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且還要對(duì)概括出的中心思想加以提煉，擬定出段落的標(biāo)題。在測(cè)試中能夠迅速而準(zhǔn)確地選擇標(biāo)題。 文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞，短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測(cè)出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章討論的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。它的特點(diǎn)

6、是：短小精悍，多為一短語(yǔ)；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太??；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。【考例】(2009全國(guó)卷I，A篇) 59. What can be the best title for the text?A. A Mothers Love B. A Brave ActC. A Deadly River D. A Matter of Life and Death【解析】A。整篇文章敘述的是小牛掉到河里，母牛采取一切措施來(lái)進(jìn)行保護(hù)小牛， 體現(xiàn)了濃濃的母愛(ài)。文章最后一段點(diǎn)題：While I was wondering what I co

7、uld do next, I heard the sound of a mothers love.(2009天津卷，D篇) 55. What would be the best title for the passage?A. Drinking for Better Social RelationshipsB. Experiments of Personality EvaluationC. Developing Better Drinking HabitsD. Physical Sensations and Emotions【解析】D。本文第一段中“The physical sensation

8、（感覺(jué)） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisionsthose are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.”就已點(diǎn)明本文的主題思想：身體對(duì)溫度的感覺(jué)與情緒有關(guān)。(2009湖北卷，C篇) 62. Which would be the best title for the passage? A.

9、Timex or Rolex? B. My Childhood Timex C. Watches? Not for Me! D. Watches a Valuable Collection【解析】C。文章通篇講述在現(xiàn)代許多移動(dòng)設(shè)備都能報(bào)時(shí)的前提下，還花費(fèi)很多錢(qián)購(gòu)買(mǎi)名表究竟是否合適，因此選擇C“手表？我不要！”為標(biāo)題較為形象生動(dòng)，也很貼切。A“天美時(shí)還是勞力士”，B“我的孩童時(shí)代的天美時(shí)”，D“手表昂貴的選擇”都不符合文章主題。 2、大意類(lèi)解答該題型最關(guān)鍵的是找出主題句，把握文章主旨。通常情況下主題句在文中的位置:說(shuō)明文議論文記敘文在開(kāi)頭(較常見(jiàn)) 在結(jié)尾(較少見(jiàn))在中間中心貫穿全文(較常見(jiàn))概

10、括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開(kāi)頭再看全文找主題句，若無(wú)明顯主題句，就通過(guò)關(guān)鍵詞句來(lái)概括(如議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句，記敘文尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的動(dòng)詞或反映人物特點(diǎn)的形容詞。) 。文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，務(wù)必牢記作者的觀點(diǎn)才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時(shí)，要注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。當(dāng)文章中表示相反的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，往往用到這些詞。答題時(shí)要弄清哪個(gè)是作者的觀點(diǎn)，排除迷惑性信息，準(zhǔn)確歸納主旨大意?！究祭?2009北京卷，D篇) 71. What is th

11、e main idea of the passage? A. Music education deserves more attention. B. Music should be of top education priority. C. Music is an effective communication tool. D. Music education makes students more imaginative.【解析】A。文章第一段引出話(huà)題：When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to thei

12、r importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority（優(yōu)先）. This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all s

13、tudents. 表明人們對(duì)音樂(lè)不重視，然后作者從不同方面來(lái)論證自己的觀點(diǎn)：音樂(lè)應(yīng)該得到人們更多的關(guān)注。 (2009湖北卷，E篇) 70. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Our life is governed by the law of time. B. How to organize time is not worth debating. C. New ways of using time change our society.D. Our time schedule is decided by social customs. 【解析】A

14、。文章通過(guò)論述現(xiàn)代社會(huì)人們對(duì)工作與休息時(shí)間的界限比較模糊，旨在說(shuō)明我們的生活受到時(shí)間法則的約束，法律約束著我們對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)、工作與休息時(shí)間的安排，因此選擇A“我們的生活由時(shí)間規(guī)律掌控”符合文章主題。B“怎樣安排時(shí)間不值得討論”，C“利用時(shí)間的新方法改變了我們社會(huì)”，D“我們的時(shí)間日程由社會(huì)習(xí)慣決定”都不合文章主題或表達(dá)不正確。 (2009山東卷，D篇) 75. Whats the main idea of the text?A. Universities have received more applications.B. Economics is attracting an increasing

15、number of studentsC. College students benefit a lot from economic uncertaintyD. Parents are concerned with childrens subject selection.【解析】B。通讀全文可知，由于全球金融危機(jī)的蔓延，不僅選擇經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生數(shù)量增加了，還有很多非經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生也參加經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面的講座，并且有多達(dá)三分之二的父母也要求學(xué)校教授學(xué)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面的知識(shí)。因此，整篇文章主要講的是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)生的吸引力。(2009四川卷，E篇) 60. What does the author mainly

16、 discuss in the text? A. Technology B. Sustainability C. Ethanol energy D. Environmental protection 【解析】B。文章從玉米制造乙醇的行為入手，說(shuō)這樣的“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”會(huì)引起其他方面的問(wèn)題，是不實(shí)際的。因此文章的話(huà)題是Sustainability“可持續(xù)性發(fā)展”。 鞏固練習(xí)：（1） When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get good scores in certain kinds of tests or ev

17、en the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or anxious situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much he knows what to do.For example, when in a new situation, an intelligent per

18、son thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him. He tries to find out all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries to do something about it. He probably isnt sure how it will all work out, but at least he tries. And, if he cant make things work out right, he doesn

19、t feel ashamed that he fails; he just tries to learn from his mistakes. An intelligent person, even if he is very young, has a special outlook(人生觀) on life, special feeling about life, and knows how he fits into it.If you look at children, youll see great difference between what we call “bright” chi

20、ldren and “not bright” children. They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amounts of intelligence. For example, the bright child really wants to find out more about life he tries to get in touch with everything around him. But the unintelligent child kee

21、ps more to himself and his own dreamworld; he seems to have a wall between him and life in general.1. According to this passage, intelligence is the ability . A. to behave immediately B. to do well in school C. to deal with life D. to know what to do2. In a new situation, an intelligent person . A.

22、knows more about what might happen to him B. is sure of the result he will get C. concentrates on the situation D. cares more about himself3. According to the passage the biggest difference between “bright” children and “not bright” children lies in . A. the amount of intelligence B. the different s

23、ituations they face C. the different attitudes to life D. the background of life4. Whats the main idea of the passage? A. Whats real meaning of intelligence? B. Whats the “bright” childrens behavior? C. Whats a special outlook on life? D. How to live and behave in a new situation?5. In the next part

24、 of the passage, the author might continue to talk about . A. how to determine what intelligence is B. how education should be changed C. how to judge whether a person is intelligent D. how an unintelligent person should be taught (2)A chemical important of brain development may play a role in expla

25、ining why some people are genetically (由基因決定地) likely to suffer from anxiety and could lead to new treatments, U.S. researchers said.They said highly anxious rats which were kept had very low levels of a brain chemical called fibroblast growth factor 2 or FGF2, compared with rats that were more rela

26、xed. But when they improved the anxious rats living conditions giving them new toys to explore and a bigger cage to live in levels of this brain chemical increased and they became less anxious.“The levels of this brain chemical increased in response to the experiences that the rats were exposed to.

27、It also decreased their anxiety”. Javier Perez of the University of Michigan said in a telephone interview. “It made them behave the same way as the rats that were relaxed”, he said.In a former study of people who were severely depressed before they died, the team found the gene that makes FGF2 was

28、producing very low levels of the growth factor, which is known primarily for organizing the brain during development and repairing it after injury.Perez thinks the brain chemical may be a marker for genetic vulnerability (脆弱性) to anxiety and depression. But it can also respond to changes in the envi

29、ronment in a positive way, possibly by preserving new brain cells.While both the calm and anxious rats produced the same number of new brain cells, these cells were less likely to survive in the high-anxiety rats, the team found. Giving the rats better living conditions or injecting them with FGF2 h

30、elped improve cell survival.“This discovery may pave the way for new, more specific treatments for anxiety that will not be based on sedation(藥物鎮(zhèn)靜), but will instead fight the real cause of the disease,” Dr. Pier Vincenzo Piazza from France said in a statement.6. We know from the passage that with t

31、he levels of FGF2 decreasing, the rats will . A. die of anxiety soon B. suffer from a headache C. become more relaxed D. become more anxious7. Whats the better way to increase the levels of FGF2? A. Introducing more companions to the anxious rats. B. Improving the living conditions of the anxious ra

32、ts. C. Injecting the anxious rats with some special medicine. D. Giving the anxious rats more time to relax.8. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 4 refers to . A. the team B. the gene C. the growth factor D. the brain9. Whats the main influence of the new discovery? A. Doctors wont use any medici

33、ne to cure anxiety. B. Doctors may treat anxiety more efficiently. C. Doctors will find the real cause of anxiety. D. Doctors may find new medicine for anxiety.10. Which of the following would be the most suitable title for the passage? A. Anxious rats and relaxed rats B. Anxiety a serious mental di

34、sease C. Scientific research into the brain is important D. Brain chemical may play key role in anxiety (3) The Earths axis(軸) is an imaginary line that runs through the middle of the Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. The axis of the earth is tilted (傾斜) about 23.5 degrees. This tilt of t

35、he earth results in our seasons. In June, the Northern Hemisphere (半球) is tilted toward the sun, so the people in the Northern Hemisphere have longer and warmer days. The days are shorter and colder in the Southern Hemisphere in June, because the Earth is tilted away from the sun. The days start get

36、ting shorter in the Northern Hemisphere and longer in the Southern Hemisphere after about June 21. This is the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the first day of winter in the southern hemisphere. Daytime lasts exactly as long as nighttime on the first day of autumn (about September

37、 21) and the first day of spring (about March 21). The first day of winter in the Northern Hemisphere, usually December 21, is the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and the longest day of the year in the Southern Hemisphere. The days are longer in summer and shorter in winter the f

38、urther you move from the equator. Its generally dark on a summer night in Florida by 8:30 p.m., but in Vermont, there will still be some light at 10:00 p.m. The situation is reversed(相反的) in winter, where the sun will go down in Vermont by 3:45 p.m. while there remains light in Florida until 5:15 p.

39、m. Northern Alaska is called the “Land of the Midnight Sun” because it never gets dark during the summer months. That part of the Earth is facing the sun all day and all night. Antarctica never sees daylight during those months. The situation is reversed in December and January when northern Alaska

40、never sees the sun while it continues to light the sky at night in Antarctica.11. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. The Earths axis does not exist in reality. B. The Earths axis is tilted about 23.5 degrees. C. The earths axis is eastwest. D. The tilt of the Earth causes seasons to t

41、ake place.12. According to the second paragraph, we can know that . A. the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun in June B. June 21 is the longest day of a year in the Southern Hemisphere C. December 21 is the coldest day of a year in the Northern Hemisphere D. there is only one day in a y

42、ear when daytime lasts exactly as long as nighttime13. According to the passage, we can infer that . A. in the Northern Hemisphere, the more northern, the longer daytime in summer B. in the Southern Hemisphere, the more northern, the shorter daytime in winter C. Florida is further to the equator tha

43、n Vermont D. In China, Changchuns daytime in winter is longer than that of Guangzhou14. Northern Alaska gets the name “Land of the Midnight Sun” because _. A. it is always daytime during the summer months B. it is located in the center of the Earth C. it is located on the equator of the Earth D. onl

44、y at midnight can people there see the sun15. If we want to make science research in Antarctica, we may choose the following months EXCEPT _. A. December B. January C. February D. June16. What might be the most suitable title for the text? A. Season and space B. The change of daytime C. Land of the

45、Midnight Sun D. Northern and Southern Hemisphere答案與解析：(1)1. C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。A項(xiàng)中的immediately與原文的意思有出入；根據(jù)文章第一段第一句When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get good scores in certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school.可知，聰明并非意味著在某些考試中得高分或者在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)好，由此排除B項(xiàng)；由第一段最后一句可知D項(xiàng)不正確；

46、由文章第一段第二句By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or anxious situation.可知C項(xiàng)正確：聰明指的是處理生活中實(shí)際事物的能力。2. C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句For example, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him.可知C項(xiàng)正確，且可以排除A、D兩項(xiàng)；根據(jù)文章第二段第三句He probably isnt sure how it w