新版牛津英語(yǔ)八年級(jí)上U2 More Practice

1、 人類最早用來(lái)計(jì)數(shù)的工具是手指和腳趾，人類最早用來(lái)計(jì)數(shù)的工具是手指和腳趾，但它們只能表示但它們只能表示2020以內(nèi)的數(shù)字。當(dāng)數(shù)目很多時(shí)，以內(nèi)的數(shù)字。當(dāng)數(shù)目很多時(shí)，大多數(shù)的原始人就用小石子和豆粒來(lái)記數(shù)。漸大多數(shù)的原始人就用小石子和豆粒來(lái)記數(shù)。漸漸地人們不滿足粒為單位的記數(shù)，又發(fā)明了打漸地人們不滿足粒為單位的記數(shù)，又發(fā)明了打繩結(jié)、刻畫(huà)記數(shù)的方法，在獸皮、獸骨、樹(shù)木、繩結(jié)、刻畫(huà)記數(shù)的方法，在獸皮、獸骨、樹(shù)木、石頭上刻畫(huà)記數(shù)。中國(guó)古代是用木、竹或骨頭石頭上刻畫(huà)記數(shù)。中國(guó)古代是用木、竹或骨頭制成的小棍來(lái)記數(shù)，稱為算籌。這些記數(shù)方法制成的小棍來(lái)記數(shù)，稱為算籌。這些記數(shù)方法和記數(shù)符號(hào)慢慢轉(zhuǎn)變成了最早的數(shù)字符

2、號(hào)（數(shù)和記數(shù)符號(hào)慢慢轉(zhuǎn)變成了最早的數(shù)字符號(hào)（數(shù)碼）。如今，世界各國(guó)都使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字為標(biāo)碼）。如今，世界各國(guó)都使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)字。準(zhǔn)數(shù)字。 數(shù)字并不是阿拉伯人發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的，而是發(fā)數(shù)字并不是阿拉伯人發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的，而是發(fā)源于古印度。數(shù)字后來(lái)被阿拉伯人用于經(jīng)商而源于古印度。數(shù)字后來(lái)被阿拉伯人用于經(jīng)商而掌握，經(jīng)改進(jìn)，并傳到了西方。西方人由于首掌握，經(jīng)改進(jìn)，并傳到了西方。西方人由于首先接觸到阿拉伯人使用過(guò)這些數(shù)字，便誤以為先接觸到阿拉伯人使用過(guò)這些數(shù)字，便誤以為是他們發(fā)明的，所以便將這些數(shù)字稱為阿拉伯是他們發(fā)明的，所以便將這些數(shù)字稱為阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，造成了這一歷史的誤會(huì)。后來(lái)，隨著在數(shù)字，造成了這一歷史的誤

3、會(huì)。后來(lái)，隨著在世界各地的普遍傳播，大家都認(rèn)同了世界各地的普遍傳播，大家都認(rèn)同了“阿拉伯阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字?jǐn)?shù)字”這個(gè)說(shuō)法，使世界上很多地方的人都誤這個(gè)說(shuō)法，使世界上很多地方的人都誤認(rèn)為是阿拉伯人發(fā)明的數(shù)字，實(shí)際上是阿拉伯認(rèn)為是阿拉伯人發(fā)明的數(shù)字，實(shí)際上是阿拉伯人最早開(kāi)始廣泛使用數(shù)字，盡管后來(lái)人們知道人最早開(kāi)始廣泛使用數(shù)字，盡管后來(lái)人們知道了事情的真相，但由于習(xí)慣了，就一直沒(méi)有改了事情的真相，但由于習(xí)慣了，就一直沒(méi)有改正過(guò)來(lái)。正過(guò)來(lái)。數(shù)字是一種用來(lái)表示數(shù)的書(shū)寫(xiě)符號(hào)。數(shù)字是一種用來(lái)表示數(shù)的書(shū)寫(xiě)符號(hào)。不同的記數(shù)系統(tǒng)可以使用相同的數(shù)字，比如，不同的記數(shù)系統(tǒng)可以使用相同的數(shù)字，比如，十進(jìn)制和二進(jìn)制都會(huì)用到數(shù)字十

4、進(jìn)制和二進(jìn)制都會(huì)用到數(shù)字“0”0”和和“1”1”。同一個(gè)數(shù)在不同的記數(shù)系統(tǒng)中有不同的表示，同一個(gè)數(shù)在不同的記數(shù)系統(tǒng)中有不同的表示，比如，數(shù)比如，數(shù)3737（阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字十進(jìn)制）可以有多種（阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字十進(jìn)制）可以有多種寫(xiě)法：寫(xiě)法：中文數(shù)字寫(xiě)作三十七中文數(shù)字寫(xiě)作三十七羅馬數(shù)字寫(xiě)作羅馬數(shù)字寫(xiě)作XXXVIIXXXVII阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字二進(jìn)制寫(xiě)作阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字二進(jìn)制寫(xiě)作100101100101Before the invention of written numbers, people used many different ways to count things.At first, people used th

5、eir fingers, and even their toes. However, they could only count small numbers in this way.After that, they began to make small marks on sticks and bones. This helped them count bigger numbers. They used them to count things like the days of the month, the amount of food and the numberof animals the

6、y had.Then people began to use tokens made from clay or small stones. This helped them count even bigger numbers. They often put the tokens on pieces of string so that they could carry them around easily. This developed into tools like the abacus. Finally, people began to develop systems of written

7、marks to show different numbers, and this led to the Hindu-Arabic system(0-9). We are still using this system today.Finally, they began to develop(4)_This led to (5)_used their fingers, and even their toes.used their fingers, and even their toes.small marks on sticks and small marks on sticks and bo

8、nes.bones.A Read the online article and then complete the flow chart about the development of counting methods.First, people used(1)_After that, they made(2)_Then they used(3)_tokens made from clay or small stones. tokens made from clay or small stones. systems of written markssystems of written mar

9、ks. .the Hindu-Arabic system(0-9)the Hindu-Arabic system(0-9). .B Are there any other ways of counting? Discuss this with your classmates.Language pointsThey used them to count things like the days of the month, the amount of food and the number of animals they had. 人們利用它們來(lái)數(shù)數(shù)，像每個(gè)月的天數(shù)，食物的數(shù)量還有他們所擁有的牲畜

10、的數(shù)目。amount 用作名詞，意為“數(shù)量；總額”，通常用于a (great / large) amount of 短語(yǔ)中，表示“大量；許多”，其后通常接不可數(shù)名詞。例如：他賺了很多錢(qián)。He made a large amount of money.注意the amount of 和the number of 的區(qū)別：這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)都表示“的數(shù)量”，其區(qū)別在于:前者與不可數(shù)名詞連用，而后者與可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式連用。例如:降雨量影響農(nóng)作物的生長(zhǎng)。The amount of rain affects the growth of crops. 在過(guò)去的五十年里，老虎的數(shù)目銳減。The number of

11、 tigers has reduced sharply in the last fifty years. 而a (great / large) amount of 和a (great /large) number of 都表示“大量；許多”，其區(qū)別在于前者與不可數(shù)名詞連用，而后者與可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式連用。例如：一大筆錢(qián)花在了購(gòu)買圖書(shū)上。A large amount of money was spent on books.很多人造衛(wèi)星現(xiàn)在正環(huán)繞地球飛行。A number of satellites are now circling the Earth. 選擇最佳答案填空。( )1. Genera

12、lly, there are _ television programmes for children on Saturdays. A. little B. much C. a large number ofD. a large amount of( )2. Eggs have _of fat content ( 脂肪含量). A. large number B. a large number C. a high amount D. the high amount判斷句子正誤，如有錯(cuò)誤請(qǐng)改正。3. She has spent a large number of money on her clo

13、thes. ( )_4. The large number of settlers from France reached Canada in 1534. ( )_C 把number改為amountC把The改為A. and this led to the Hindu-Arabic system (0-9).然后這最終形成了阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字系統(tǒng)。lead to 可表示：(1) (道路)等通往。例如：條條道路通羅馬。All roads lead to Rome. (2) 引起(結(jié)果等)；導(dǎo)致。常見(jiàn)搭配：lead to + n. / v.-ing。那場(chǎng)大雨引起水災(zāi)。The heavy rain led

14、to a flood.懶惰導(dǎo)致考試的失敗。Laziness leads to failing the exam.注意以下搭配：lead sb to some place 把某人帶到某地lead sb to do sth 帶領(lǐng)某人做某事根據(jù)中文意思完成句子。1. 過(guò)量的工作和過(guò)少的休息會(huì)引起疾病。 Too much work and too little rest often _ _ illness.2. 我認(rèn)為這事不會(huì)有什么好結(jié)果。 I _ _ it _ _ _ a good result.3. 這條街能直通動(dòng)物園嗎? _ this street _ right _the zoo?4. 旅館服

15、務(wù)生把我們帶到了我們的房間。 The bell boy _ _ _ our rooms. lead todont think will lead toDoes lead toled us to選擇最佳答案填空。( )1. We will only have a _ examination this time. A. write B. wrote C. writing D. written( )2. Peter can use some different ways _ out the problems. A. work B. to work C. working D. worked( )3.

16、I think I can study English well _. A. in this way B. on the way C. by the way D. on my way( )4. He studies English _ better than me. A. very B. soC. quite D. evenDBADAbout lucky numbers The lucky number has become increasingly (逐漸地) popular in the daily life of our modern society. For example, the

17、number “eight”means earning big money which people like most, whilethe number“four”means death. Some people believe lucky numbers so deeply that they will afford a telephone with numbers without four and others, which is bad in their mind. They argue that the lucky number really canbring good luck,

18、and, at least, no evidence (證據(jù)) testifies (證實(shí)) they can not. Yet other people dont think so. They argue that numbers are nothing but a kind of symbol used for counting. Numbers have nothing to do with luck. It is superstitious toconnect ones life with the numbers. So, they laugh at those who think n

19、umbers can bring good luck. I am in favor of (贊同) the latter opinion. We shouldnt depend on numbers to fulfill (實(shí)現(xiàn)) our wishes. Whether we can live a rich life largely depends on ourselves. Ourlife is in our own hands. So we should work hard instead of depending on lucky numbers to bring us a happy life.根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇最佳答案。( )1. According to the article, which number means earning big money which people like mos