基礎(chǔ)提升考研真題閱讀每日一篇(35)(2013.4.10)

1、2005 Text 3Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unco

2、nscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while th

3、e brain is “off-line” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Cent

4、er. “If you don't like it , change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are

5、equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, Willia

6、m Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because

7、 our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soo

8、n as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably

9、little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from

10、 a therapist.For the rest of us; the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA. can be modified in their courses. B. are susceptible to emotional changes. C. reflect our

11、innermost desires and fears. D. are a random outcome of neural repairs.32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to showA. its function in our dreams. B. the mechanism of REM sleep. C. the relation of dreams to emotions. D. its difference from the prefrontal cortex.33. The negative f

12、eelings generated during the day tend toA. aggravate in our unconscious mind. B. develop into happy dreams. C. persist till the time we fall asleep. D. show up in dreams early at night.34.Cartwright seems to suggest thatA. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams. B. visualizing b

13、ad dreams helps bring them under control. C. dreams should be left to their natural progression. D. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? A. lead your life as usual. B. Seek professional help. C. Exercise con

14、scious control. D. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.31題A 難度0.333 區(qū)分度.0.287這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。題干問：“研究者觀念轉(zhuǎn)變了，認(rèn)為夢 ”。注意到題干的要求和含義,本題定位在第1段段末。歸納該部分可知研究者現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為夢是可以控制的。其實(shí)全文的第1句就已暗示了這一思想，第4、5自然段都談?wù)撊绾慰刂茐舻膯栴}。因此選項(xiàng)A“夢的進(jìn)程能夠加以改變” 正確，是原文話題信息的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。所以這道題重點(diǎn)是理解題目強(qiáng)調(diào)的是轉(zhuǎn)變后的觀念，而不是轉(zhuǎn)變前的。 B選項(xiàng)意為“易受感情變化的影響”。請看原文第一段的這句話：dreams are part of the mi

15、nd's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”。意思是說夢是大腦情感的自動調(diào)節(jié)器，當(dāng)大腦下線時(shí)調(diào)整情感。因此是夢去調(diào)節(jié)感情，而不是受感情變化影響。所有該選項(xiàng)意思與原文相反，不能入選。選項(xiàng)意為：“反映我們內(nèi)心深處的渴望與恐懼”。此句來自原文第一段；dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears?？梢钥闯?，這個(gè)是科學(xué)家以前的觀點(diǎn)，而不是轉(zhuǎn)變后的觀點(diǎn)，故排除。選項(xiàng)D意為：“是神經(jīng)修復(fù)的隨意產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果”

16、。這在原文的第一段中：the random byproducts of the neural-repair work。同樣，這也是過去的觀點(diǎn)，因此不能入選。32題C 難度0.530 區(qū)分度.0.184本題涉及原文的準(zhǔn)確理解和選項(xiàng)的仔細(xì)推敲。題干問：“談到大腦的邊緣系統(tǒng)，作者是想說明 ”。本題目考察考生的主次辨別能力以及論據(jù)與論點(diǎn)的關(guān)系。作者在第2自然段段末談到了大腦的邊緣系統(tǒng)，目的是為了說明上下文中出現(xiàn)的“夢與情感的關(guān)系問題”，注意“emotions”為整篇文章重要的話題重復(fù)概念。定位到原文第二段這一句：the limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is e

17、specially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet.可以看出，邊緣系統(tǒng)（情感部分）特別活躍，而理性部分則相對沉默。由此更可以看出作者講到邊緣系統(tǒng)是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)感性與夢的重要聯(lián)系。因此選項(xiàng)“夢與情感的聯(lián)系” 正確。選項(xiàng)A意為：“它在我們夢中的功能”。這里的“function”一詞不對，文章不是為了說limbic system在夢中的功能，只是提到了其在夢中非?；钴S。而相反的是，原文提到了夢會制約調(diào)節(jié)情感。因此這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是本末倒置，不能入選。選項(xiàng)

18、B意為“REM睡眠機(jī)制” 這不是作者的目的。原文在第二段第二句提到了REM，但是之后才提出了limibic system，兩者之間沒有明顯聯(lián)系。所以不能入選。選項(xiàng)D意為“它與前額皮層的不同” 。文章無意說兩者之間的區(qū)別，也就是說感性部分和理性部分的區(qū)別。只是提到了兩者的活躍程度不同，而這不是作者要強(qiáng)調(diào)的。作者只是想表明夢和感性部分的聯(lián)系，理性部分只是隨口帶過而已。33題D 難度0.515 區(qū)分度.0.337這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題，察句群的歸納能力。問題“白天產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面情感往往”將答案鎖定在地第三段第二句：Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in

19、 the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.由此看出，產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響大多是在上半夜的時(shí)候，而慢慢的在驚醒之前轉(zhuǎn)向快樂的。因此聯(lián)系選項(xiàng)D“上半夜時(shí)在夢中顯現(xiàn)出來”，入選。選項(xiàng)A意為“在我們的潛意識中惡化”，其中的“aggravate”與原文信息相反，參見上面的解釋，應(yīng)該是向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)化才對。選項(xiàng)B意為“發(fā)展成高興的夢”。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)干擾性比較強(qiáng)。參見上面的

20、翻譯可知，大多數(shù)人上半夜做惡夢，然后驚醒前轉(zhuǎn)化為好的。這里說的是惡夢向好的方向轉(zhuǎn)化。而題目問的是負(fù)面的情緒，如果選擇B的話就成了負(fù)面情緒發(fā)展成高興的夢。這個(gè)就屬于偷換概念了，因此不能入選。選項(xiàng)意為“持續(xù)到我們?nèi)胨?。這個(gè)錯誤比較明顯，因?yàn)橄麡O情感會在夢里出現(xiàn)，而不是睡覺前就沒了。34題D 難度0.434 區(qū)分度.0.239題干問：“卡特賴特似乎在說明 ”。 定位到原文第四段這句：Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams as soon as you awaken, ident

21、ify what is upsetting about the dream.由此可以看出卡特賴特相信一個(gè)人能練習(xí)有意識的對于做夢的控制。再聯(lián)系第四段第一句And this process need not be left to the unconscious.更可以看出，其的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是相信做夢并不是完全無意識的。選項(xiàng)D“做夢也許不完全屬于潛意識”正好符合，故為正確答案。選項(xiàng)A意為“及時(shí)醒過來對擺脫噩夢是很重要的”是原文信息的扭曲表述，定位到第四段這句try to wake up just enough to control its course.而原文強(qiáng)調(diào)的是努力使自己蘇醒，而沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)什么及時(shí)

22、蘇醒。因此屬于縮小范圍，排除。選項(xiàng)B意為“想象噩夢幫助我們控制噩夢”，這是原文片語信息的斷章取義。第四段的第三句的確提到了這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，但是要注意這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)：原文說的是要想象惡夢是如何結(jié)束的，然后努力醒來。而不只是想象惡夢。這種說法太模糊了，排除。選項(xiàng)意為“應(yīng)該聽任夢的自然發(fā)展”。這個(gè)說法應(yīng)該實(shí)在原文的最后一段的最后一句。而這個(gè)是研究者對偶爾做噩夢人的建議。換句話說不能確定是卡特賴特的意見。更何況，卡特賴特的意見是要對惡夢進(jìn)行有意識的控制，而不是任其自然發(fā)展。故排除。35題A 難度0.328 區(qū)分度.0.333這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題，問Cartwright認(rèn)為：“sometimes”做夢的人該怎么做？依據(jù)末

23、段首句“除非夢讓你睡不著，否則別在意它”，而且根據(jù)末段的末句也可看出，大腦有自己的方法去消除煩惱，所以只要做夢就行了。這話的意思換個(gè)說法就是A“有時(shí)做夢的人應(yīng)正常生活” ，故正確。選項(xiàng)B意為“尋求專業(yè)人士的幫助”。這個(gè)明顯是對那些經(jīng)常做惡夢的人的建議，故不能入選。選項(xiàng)意為“進(jìn)行有意識的控制”。這個(gè)比較有迷惑性，原文第四段說的就是這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。但是請注意，第四段只是陳述了這樣一種方法，但是文章沒有明確指出這種方法是適用于哪種類型的人的。因此沒有確鑿根據(jù)的就不能入選，這也是考研英語的選題原則。千萬不要主觀臆斷。選項(xiàng)D“在白天避免焦慮”是原文的斷章取義。更何況原文只提到在白天焦慮是做惡夢的原因，而沒有說

24、為了不做惡夢就要在白天避免焦慮。Cartwright只是說了要有意識的控制做夢或是任其自由發(fā)展，并未提到避免焦慮這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。故排除。全文翻譯：在高質(zhì)量睡眠的所有因素中，夢似乎是最無法控制的一個(gè)。在夢中，窗戶通向的世界里，邏輯暫時(shí)失去了效用，死人開口說話。一個(gè)世紀(jì)前，弗洛伊德闡述了革命性的理論，即夢是人們潛意識中欲望和恐懼經(jīng)偽裝后的預(yù)示；到了20世紀(jì)70年代末期，神經(jīng)病學(xué)家們轉(zhuǎn)而認(rèn)為夢是“精神噪音”，即睡眠時(shí)進(jìn)行的神經(jīng)修復(fù)活動的一種雜亂的副產(chǎn)品。目前，研究人員猜想夢是大腦情感自動調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的組成部分，當(dāng)大腦處于“掉線”狀態(tài)時(shí)對情緒進(jìn)行規(guī)整。一名主要的權(quán)威人士說，夢這種異常強(qiáng)烈的精神活動不僅能被駕馭，

25、事實(shí)上還可以有意識地加以控制，以幫助我們更好地睡眠和感覺。芝加哥醫(yī)療中心心里學(xué)系主任 Rosalind Cartwright說“夢是你自己的，如果你不喜歡，就改變它。”大腦造影的證據(jù)支持了以上觀點(diǎn)。匹茲堡大學(xué)的埃里克博士說，在出現(xiàn)清晰夢境的快速動眼睡眠中大腦和完全清醒時(shí)一樣活躍。但并非大腦的所有部分都一樣，腦邊緣系統(tǒng)（“情緒大腦”）異?；钴S，而前額皮層（思維和推理的中心地帶）則相對平靜大。斯坦福睡眠研究員William Dement博士說：“我們從夢中醒來，或者高興或者沮喪，這些情緒會伴隨我們一整天?！眽艉颓榫w之間的聯(lián)系在Cartwright的診所的病人身上顯露出來了。多數(shù)人似乎在晚上入睡的較

26、早階段做更多不好的夢，而在快睡醒前會逐漸做開心一些的夢，這說明人們在夢里漸漸克服了白天的不良情緒。因?yàn)榍逍褧r(shí)我們的頭腦被日?，嵤抡紦?jù)著，所以并不總是想到白天發(fā)生的事情對我們情緒的影響，直到我們開始做夢，這種影響才出現(xiàn)。這一過程不一定是無意識的。Cartwright認(rèn)為人們可以練習(xí)有意識地控制噩夢的重演。你一醒來就立刻確定夢中有什么在困擾你，設(shè)想一下你所希望的夢的結(jié)局，下次再做同樣的夢時(shí)，試圖醒來以控制它的進(jìn)程。通過多次練習(xí)，人們完全可以學(xué)會在夢中這樣做。Cartwright說，說到底，只要夢不使我們無法睡眠或“從夢中驚醒”，就沒有理由太在意所做的夢。恐怖主義、經(jīng)濟(jì)不確定及通常的不安全感都增加了

27、人們的焦慮。那些長期受到噩夢折磨的人應(yīng)該尋求專家?guī)椭鴮ζ渌藖碚f，大腦有自動消除不良情緒的方法。安心睡覺甚至做夢，早上醒來時(shí)你會感覺好多了。 難句解析：And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better,該句子的主干是間接引語，其賓語是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。賓語從句的主干是these

28、events can be not only harnessed but actually brought，其中not onlybut(also) 并列連詞結(jié)構(gòu)連接兩個(gè)過去分詞，表示“不僅被駕馭而且被有意識的加以控制”。不定式在賓語從句中做結(jié)果狀語。翻譯：一名主要的權(quán)威人士說，夢這種異常強(qiáng)烈的精神活動不僅能被駕馭，事實(shí)上還可以有意識地加以控制，以幫助我們更好地睡眠和感覺。The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awa

29、ke, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.該句子是一個(gè)倒裝句，句首是間接引語的賓語從句，其主謂結(jié)構(gòu)后置，即says Dr, Eric.賓語從句的主干是個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)The brain is as active during REM as it is when fully awake。兩個(gè)破折號之間是插入語，做定語從句，修飾REM sleep，即“出現(xiàn)清晰夢境的快速動眼睡眠”。翻譯：匹茲堡大學(xué)的埃里克博士說，在出現(xiàn)清晰夢境的快速動眼睡眠中大腦和完全清醒時(shí)一樣活躍。Most people seem to have more

30、bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.該句子的主句后跟有兩個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，第一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表伴隨，其動作和主句中的動作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。第二個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表結(jié)果，即“因此表明” 翻譯：大多數(shù)人似乎在晚上入睡的較早階段做更多不好的夢，而在快睡醒前會逐漸做開心一些的夢，這說明人們在夢力漸漸克服了白天的不良情緒。A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our