交通運輸專業(yè)英語期末復習材料知識點

1、1、 英漢互譯10x22、 填空題10x13、 段落翻譯4x84、 問答題4x10目錄Chapter 1 Transportation SystemIntroduction 11.1 Transportation System 1交通工程學的三個方面：(P2)11 1基本術(shù)語： 1運輸?shù)亩x：(P4) 13 1運輸系統(tǒng)定義：(P4)13 1運輸系統(tǒng)組成：(P5)14 2運輸系統(tǒng)的五部分：(P6) 15 2Notes to the Text(P8)17 21.2 Modes of Transportation 3基本術(shù)語： 3運輸方式簡要描述：(P9) 18 3運輸方式：(p10-13)19-2

2、2 3運輸空缺如何填補：(P15) 24 3Notes to the Text (P16) 25 41.3 Transportation Planning 4運輸計劃是何行為：(P17)26 4運輸計劃包含什么：(P17)26 4交通規(guī)劃的演變：(P17-18)26-27 4交通規(guī)劃的步驟：(p18)27 5運輸規(guī)劃決策步驟：(p19)28 5運輸規(guī)劃作用：(p20)29 5運輸規(guī)劃追求的六標準：(p20)29 6Chapter 2 Road Transportation 72.1 7引擎的組成：(p26)35 7發(fā)動機四沖程：(p27)36 7引擎子系統(tǒng)：(p29)38 7配氣系統(tǒng)的組成和工

3、作：(p30)39 8底盤的組成：(p33)42 8轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)(transmission system)的主要部件與功能：(p34)438Notes to the Text(p38)47 9Chapter 3 Rail Transport System 93.1 Public Transporatation 9公共運輸?shù)亩x： 9公共運輸?shù)暮锰帲?p66-67)75-76 9Notes to the text(p69)78 9Chapter 4 Public Transit 104.1 10運輸在北美扮演的角色：(p144)153 10兩種基本服務類型：(p145)154 10統(tǒng)計(p146-1

4、47)155-156 10表格4.1(p147)156 10Notes to the Text( P150) 159 10Chapter 5 Logistics Engineering 115.1 11物流的定義：(p195)204 11物流 7R 原則： (p195)204 11物流兩大理論：(p196)205 11成本最高的物流活動：(p197)206 11Notes to the Text( P200) 209 11詞匯 125.2 125.3 122.1 123.1 134.1 135.1 1414Chapter 1 Transportation System Introduction

5、1.1 Transportation System交通工程學的三個方面：(P2)11The principles of transportation engineering have been evolving over many millennia.There are three major interacting components that are to be studied critically. 交通工程的原理已經(jīng)發(fā)展了數(shù)千年。有三個主要的相互作用的組成部分需要批判性地研究。First ， in providing the highway and street networkSec

6、ond,in providing vehicles for moving people and goods over this network (which comprises the dynamic part)Third,in enhancing the ability of drivers (or controllers) to operate the vehicles.第一，提供公路和街道網(wǎng)絡第二，為在這個網(wǎng)絡上運送人員和貨物提供車輛( 包括動態(tài)部分)第三，提高駕駛員( 或控制器) 操縱車輛的能力。路表高速公路系統(tǒng)行人內(nèi)燃機 柴油電力機車柴油發(fā)動機公共汽車商用飛機基本術(shù)語：pavemen

7、t surfacefreeway systempedestrianThe internal-combustion engineThe first diesel electric locomotiveThe first diesel engine buses commercial jet運輸?shù)亩x：(P4)13( What is the definition of transportation? )Transportation is typically systematic engineering. Transportation is also ordinarily defined as a m

8、eans of conveyance or travel from one place to another,or, it is a public conveyance of passengers or goods especially as a commercial enterprise.Transportation is everything involved in moving either the person or goods from the origin to the destination.運輸是典型的系統(tǒng)工程。運輸通常也被定義為從一個地方到另一個地方的運輸或旅行的工具， 或者

9、，它是一種乘客或貨物的公共運輸，特別是作為一種商業(yè)企業(yè)。運輸是將人或貨物從出發(fā)地運送到目的地所涉及的一切。運輸系統(tǒng)定義：(P4)13The transportation system is organize d around society s need to provide an adequate service and involves broad interaction with many other disciplines. The transportation system itself is one of the major or functional systems of soc

10、iety, and is an ess ential feature of people s lives, especia lly in wealthy societies. 交通系統(tǒng)是圍繞著社會提供充分服務的需要而組織起來的，它與許多其他學科有著廣泛的相互作用。交通系統(tǒng)本身是社會的主要或功能系統(tǒng)之一，裕社會。是人們生活的基本特征，特別是在富運輸系統(tǒng)組成：（P5）14Transport system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities and control system that permit people and goods （freig

11、ht） to overcome the friction of geographical space. 運輸系統(tǒng)由固定設施、流動實體和允許人和貨物（ 貨物 ） 克服地理空間摩擦的控制系統(tǒng)組成。1、 Fixed facilities:physical components of the system that are fixed in spaceand constitute the network of links.2、 Flow entities: units that traverse the fixed facilities （ include vehicles, container un

12、its,railroad cars, etc.）.3、 Control system: vehicular control and flow control.1、固定設施:系統(tǒng)在空間上固定，構(gòu)成網(wǎng)絡鏈接的物理組成部分。2、流動實體:貫穿固定設施的單元（包括車輛、集裝箱單元、有軌電車等）。3、控制系統(tǒng):車輛控制和流量控制。運輸系統(tǒng)的五部分：（P6）15If viewed in functional terms, the transportation system includes the following components:1、 Physical facilities ， includin

13、g streets, roads, highways, railroads, airports sea and ports, pipelines, and canals.實體設施2、 Fleets of vehicles ， vessels and aircraft . 車，船，飛機機隊3、 Operating bases and facilities ， including vehicle maintenance facilities and office space. 運營基地和設施4、 Organizations . 組織These may be classified roughly a

14、s facility-oriented organizations and operating organizations . 這些可以粗略地分類為面向設施的組織，而運營組織則主要參與規(guī)劃，設計，建造，維護和運營固定設施Facility-Oriented organizations are primarily involved in planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities.面向設施的組織主要參與規(guī)劃、設計、建造、維護和運營固定設施。Operating organizations

15、 , also known as carriers, are primarily concerned with operating fleets to provide transportation services.經(jīng)營組織，也稱為承運人，主要是經(jīng)營船隊提供運輸服務。5、 Operating strategies ， including vehicle routing, scheduling, and traffic control. 運營策略Notes to the Text（P8） 171、 、 Transportation engineering （ 交通工程）：The applicat

16、ion of scientificprinciples to the planning, design, operation, and management of transportation system.交通工程：將科學原理應用于交通系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃、設計、運行和管理2、 Transportation is typically systematic engineering. A system is a set of interrelated parts, called components that perform a number of functions in order to achiev

17、e common goals.運輸是典型的系統(tǒng)工程，該系統(tǒng)是由一組具有相關執(zhí)行功能的組件組合在一起，以實現(xiàn)共同目標。3、 The transportation system is a functional system in the context of societyas a whole ， because it provides a service the movement of goods and people from place to place that is essential to the functioning of the community as a whole.交通系統(tǒng)

18、是一個社會功能系統(tǒng)，因為它提供了一個商品，和人們從一個地方到另一個地方的運動服務，作為整個社會來說，這是一個至關重要的功能。1.2 Modes of Transportation基本術(shù)語：Modes of Transportation 運輸方式Transportation gaps 運輸空缺Wagon, coach, sailing shipEarly steamship早期的輪船Propeller plane螺旋槳飛機Jet plane 噴氣式飛機運輸方式簡要描述：（P9） 18Effectiveness is described in terms of the accessibility

19、of the mode, the level of mobility it provides, and its productivity.有效性是根據(jù)模式的可訪問性、它提供的機動性水平和生產(chǎn)力來描述的。Accessibility refers to the cost of getting to and from the mode in question, and depends primarily on geographical extensiveness.可達性指的是到達或離開所討論的模式的成本，主要取決于地理上的廣泛性。Mobility is described in terms of s

20、peed or travel time.機動性是用速度或旅行時間來描述的。Productivity refers to some measure of the total amount of transportation provided per unit time. 生產(chǎn)力是指單位時間內(nèi)提供的運輸總量。Costs are described in terms of capital costs and operating costs.成本按資本成本和經(jīng)營成本來描述。Markets are described in terms of the extent to which the modein

21、question carries passengers or freight. 市場是根據(jù)所討論的模式運載乘客或貨物的程度來描述的。運輸方式：（p10-13） 19-22Highway （高速公路）Urban transits （城市交通）Air （航空）Rail （鐵路）Water （水運）Pipelines （管道） 每種運輸方式的特點運輸空缺如何填補：（P15） 241、 Society s spatial organizat ion may have to be altered to fill these gaps.社會的空間組織可能不得不改變以填補這些空白。2、 There is a

22、lso the possibility of a model shifts from actual trip making throughconventional transport to artificial trips through telecommunication.還有一種可能性，即模型可以從通過傳統(tǒng)交通進行的實際旅行轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥ㄟ^電信進行的人工旅行Notes to the Text (P16) 251、 Door-to-door ( 門到門):The way to hand over cargoes, i. e. loads in thewarehouse of the consign

23、er and unloads in the warehouse of the consignee directly without such middle operations.門到門：貨物交接方式，即在發(fā)貨人的倉庫裝貨，在收貨人的倉庫卸貨，不需要中間操作。2、 Intermodal transportation ( 聯(lián)合運輸):The transportation integrating two ormore transport modes, such as land-water, air-land ect. which is not a new kind of transportation

24、 but a new transport management mode.聯(lián)合運輸：集陸、水、空、陸兩種或多種運輸方式于一體的運輸方式。這不是一種新的 運輸方式，而是一種新的運輸管理模式。1.3 Transportation Planning運輸計劃是何行為：(P17)26Transportation planning is an act of laying out a transportation system aiming to predict the needs/demands for a particular service.交通規(guī)劃是一種規(guī)劃交通系統(tǒng)的行為，旨在預測特定服務的需求。運

25、輸計劃包含什么：(P17)26Transportation planning may involve any transportation mode or combination of modes. Different modes tend to be important at different geographical levels.運輸規(guī)劃可以包括任何運輸方式或多種運輸方式的組合。在不同的地理層次上，不同的模式往往很重要。交通規(guī)劃的演變：(P17-18)26-27As a result, the transportation studies concentrated on the pre

26、diction of peak-period flows on major facilities.因此，交通運輸研究主要集中在主要設施的高峰期流量預測上。At the time, transportation development was viewed as being largely non-controversial, so that the planning process was viewed as a technical process to be carried out primarily by engineers and transportation planners. Out

27、 of these efforts was developed a concept of transportation planning as a rational intellectual process that moved from defined values, goals, and objectives to concrete decisions.在那個時候，交通運輸?shù)陌l(fā)展基本上是沒有爭議的，因此規(guī)劃過程被視為主要由工程師和交通規(guī)劃者執(zhí)行的技術(shù)過程。通過這些努力，人們形成了一個概念，即交通規(guī)劃作為一個理性的智力過程，從定義的價值、目標和目標到具體的決策。Taking the Unit

28、ed States as an example, by the 1960s, the urban transportation began to be involved in government s work. Also, beginning at about this time, there began to be negative public reactions to the building of urban freeways.以美國為例，到1960年代，城市交通開始參與政府的工作。同樣，大約從這個時候開 始，公眾對城市高速公路的建設產(chǎn)生了負面反應。The resulting pol

29、itical conflict, which reached its peak in late 1960s and early 1970s, represented a challenge to both the political and intellectual foundations of transportation planning.由此產(chǎn)生的政治沖突在 1960年代末和1970年代初達到頂峰，這對運輸規(guī)劃的政治和思 想基礎都構(gòu)成了挑戰(zhàn)。交通規(guī)劃的步驟：（p18）27Diagnosis and Date Management診斷和日期管理Information on the tran

30、sportation運輸信息；Information on the urban activity system有關城市活動系統(tǒng)的信息；Information on the polity, organization and fiscal environment有美政體，組織和財政環(huán)境的信息；Analysis and Valuation分析與評估Identify feasible policies, projects or strategies確定可行的政策，項目或策略；Analysis分析；Evaluation評估；Scheduling and Budgeting計劃和預算Scheduling

31、and budgeting計劃和預算；Project development and implementation項目開發(fā)與實施；Monitoring監(jiān)控Operations monitoring運營監(jiān)控；運輸規(guī)劃決策步驟：（p19）281、 Goal definition 目標定義2、 Identification of needs確定需求3、 Development of alternative solutions to address each need identified開發(fā)替代解決方案，以滿足所確定的每一種需求。4、Evaluation of alternative solutio

32、ns備選方案的評估5、A decision process決策過程運輸規(guī)劃作用：（p20）291、Transportation planning is the process of making decisions related to the future of the transportation system.運輸計劃是與運輸系統(tǒng)的未來有關的決策過程。2、Transportation planning may take place at any geographical level運輸計劃可以在任何地理級別上進行。3、Finally, some of the activities in

33、the course of large-scale land developmentcan be considered to be transportation planning. 最后，在大規(guī)模土地開發(fā)過程中的某些活動可以視為交通規(guī)劃。運輸規(guī)劃追求的六標準：(p20)29whichSix criteria listed below are presumed to be the popular ones toward transportation planning should strive：下面列出的六個標準被認為是交通規(guī)劃應該努力實現(xiàn)的最受歡迎的標準:(1) Greater speed ；

34、(2) Increased safety ；(3) Lower operating costs(4) Economy in new construction(5) Minimizing pollution;更高的速度； 增加安全性； 降低運營成本； 新建經(jīng)濟； 減少污染； 促進土地開發(fā)。(6) Promoting better land development.Chapter 2 Road Transportation2.1引擎的組成：（p26）35凸輪車閥燃燒室活塞活塞環(huán)連桿搖臂V4llv«cytender bead氣缸蓋plfllMlblock缸體cylmder氣缸曲軸飛輪Hyw

35、hcclFig. 2* 1 Kninc componentscombuition chamberpi woo nn辛tormccting rod發(fā)動機四沖程:(p27)36top dead center ( TDC) toPiston stroke is the distance the piston slides up and down from bottom dead center(BDC).活塞沖程是活塞從上止點（TDC ）到下止點（BDC ）上下滑動的距離。This takes one-half turn of the crankshaft. The crank rotates 180

36、 during one piston stroke.這需要半轉(zhuǎn)曲軸。在一個活塞行程中，曲柄旋轉(zhuǎn)180度。Four separate piston strokes are needed to produce one cycle, which is intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke and exhaust stroke.四個獨立的活塞沖程需要產(chǎn)生一個循環(huán)，這是進氣沖程，壓縮沖程，做功沖程和排氣沖程。引擎子系統(tǒng)：(p29)381、Oiling System燃油供給系統(tǒng)2、Engine Cooling 冷卻系統(tǒng) air-cooled/ li

37、quid-cooled 風冷/水冷3、Valve Trains 配氣系統(tǒng)4、 Engine Balance 平衡系統(tǒng)配氣系統(tǒng)的組成和工作：(p30)39The valve train consists of valves, rocker arms, pushrods, lifters, and camshaft ( s ).氣門機構(gòu)由氣門、搖臂、推桿、升降機和凸輪軸組成。Valve train opening/closing and duration, as well as the geometry of the valve trains, control the amount of air

38、and fuel entering the combustion chamber at any given point in time.氣門機構(gòu)的開啟/關閉和持續(xù)時間，以及氣門機構(gòu)的幾何形狀，控制在任何給定時間點 進入燃燒室的空氣和燃料的數(shù)量。Timing for open/close/duration is controlled by the camshaft that is synchronized to the crankshaft by a chain, belt or gear.開啟/關閉/持續(xù)的時間由凸輪軸控制，凸輪軸通過鏈條、皮帶或齒輪與曲軸同步。底盤的組成：(p33)42The

39、 chassis itself is divided into transmission system, steering system and brake system.底盤本身分為傳動系統(tǒng)，轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動系統(tǒng)。轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)(transmission system)的主要部件與功能：(p34)43 Clutch (離合器)The clutch is a device used to provide smooth engagement and disengagement of the engine and manual transmission.離合器是一種用于提供發(fā)動機和手動變速器平穩(wěn)接合和分離

40、的裝置。Impost cars equipped with a manual transmission use a single plate, dry clutch disc, a diaphragm type pressure plate and cover assembly, a clutch release bearing, and a clutch release fork.配備手動變速器的Impost汽車使用單板、干式離合器盤、膜片式壓力板和蓋總成、離 合器釋放軸承和離合器釋放叉。(2) Transmission (變速箱)A transmission is a speed and

41、power changing device installed at some point between the engine and driving wheels of the vehicle. It provides a means for changing the ratio between engine rpm (revolutions per minute) and driving wheels rpm to best meet each particular driving situation.變速器是安裝在發(fā)動機和驅(qū)動輪之間的速度和功率變化裝置。它提供了一種方法 來改變發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)

42、速(每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)數(shù))和驅(qū)動輪轉(zhuǎn)速之間的比率，以最好地滿足每種特殊的駕駛情況。(3) Steering System (轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng))The function of the steering system is to provide the driver with a means for controlling the direction of the vehicle as it moves. The steering system consists of steering wheel, steering shaft, worm, gear sector, pitman arm, drag link,

43、steering knuckle arm, king pin, steering arms, tie rode front axle and steering knuckle.轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的功能是為駕駛員提供一種控制車輛行駛方向的方法。轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)由方向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向軸、蝸桿、扇形齒輪、轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂、拉桿、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂、主銷、轉(zhuǎn) 向臂、拉桿前橋、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)組成。(4) Steering Gears (轉(zhuǎn)向器)The steering gear converts the rotary motion of the steering shed into straight-line motion. The rack-and-p

44、inion steering gear is used mostly on smaller cars. 轉(zhuǎn)向器將轉(zhuǎn)向的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn) 換為直線運動。齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向裝置主要用于小型汽車。Power rack-and-pinion steering assemblies are hydraulic mechanical unit with an integral piston and rack assembly.助力齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向總成是具有一體式活塞和齒條總成的液壓機械單元。一體式旋轉(zhuǎn)閥引導動力轉(zhuǎn)向液流并控制壓力以減少轉(zhuǎn)向力。齒條和小齒輪用于在動力轉(zhuǎn)向動力故障或發(fā)動機(驅(qū)動泵)失速的情況下操縱汽車(5

45、) Brake System (汽車制動系統(tǒng))Functionally, an automotive brake system can be divided into wheel brake mechanism and parking brake mechanism. 汽車制動系統(tǒng)在功能上可分為車輪制動機構(gòu)和駐車制動機構(gòu)。Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against

46、the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is raked. 基本上， 所有的汽車制動器都是摩擦式的。當駕駛員使用剎車時，控制裝置使制動蹄片 ( 或制動墊)向旋轉(zhuǎn)的制動鼓或制動盤施加壓力，從而使車輪減速或停止，從而使汽車傾斜。Notes to the Text(p38)471、 The transmission is designed for ch

47、anging the torque transmitted from the engine crankshaft to the propeller shaft, reversing the vehicle movement and disengaging the engine from the drive line for a long time at parking or coasting.變速器被設計用來改變發(fā)動機傳遞到傳動軸的轉(zhuǎn)矩，實現(xiàn)汽車的倒向行駛，在停車或滑行 時中斷發(fā)動機和傳動系之間的動力連接。2、 To release brakes, the driver release the

48、 pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes, thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.解除制動時，駕駛員松開制動踏板，回位彈簧拉回制動蹄片，這樣，車輪就可以自由轉(zhuǎn)動。Chapter 3 Rail Transport System3.1 Public Transporatation公共運輸?shù)亩x：Public transport, public transportation or public transit is a shared passenger transport service whic

49、h is available for use by the general public.(p66)75 或者是Public transit is a shared passenger transport service which is available for use by the general public, as distinct from modes such as taxi cab, car pooling or hired buses which are not shared by strangers without private arrangement. (p66)75公

50、共運輸?shù)暮锰帲?p66-67)75-761、 Energy conservation2、 The reducing of traffic congestion3、 public transportation helps people stay mobile4、 Public transportation offers mobility for residents of rural people, particularly people withoutcars.5、 Public transportation systems can play a vital role in creating a

51、 healthier nationNotes to the text(p69)781、 People living in households within one-quarter mile of rail and one-tenth of a mile from a bus stop drive 4 400 fewer miles annually than persons households with no access to public transit.居住在距離火車站1/4 英里和距離公共汽車站1/10 英里的居民比遠離公共交通的居民每年少駕駛4 400 英里。2、 New inf

52、ormation technologies alert passengers by e-mail or RSS feed when the next bus or train is coming.新信息技術(shù)通過電子郵件或者簡易訊息告知乘客下一班公共汽車或者火車的到來。Chapter 4 Public Transit4.1運輸在北美扮演的角色：(p144)153The first is to accommodate choice riders those riders who choose to use transit for their trip-making even though they

53、 have other means of travel, in particular, a motor vehicle. 第一個是 容納選擇性乘客，即那些選擇使用交通工具進行旅行的乘客，即使他們有其他的旅行方式， 特別是機動車輛。The other major transit role of transit is to provide basic mobility for those segments of the population too young, too old, or otherwise unable to drive due to physical, mental, or fi

54、nancial disadvantages. Such transit users have been called captive riders .交通的另一個主要作用是為那 些太年輕、太老或由于身體、精神或經(jīng)濟上的不利條件而不能開車的人群提供基本的流動性。這些乘客被稱為俘虜乘客。兩種基本服務類型：(p145)154Fixed-route service occurs where there is sufficient population or employment density to support higher transit volumes. 當有足夠的人口或就業(yè)密度來支持更高的過

55、境量時，就會發(fā)生固定路線服務。Demand-responsive service occurs where transit trips are served on demand or by reservation, typically in lower-density areas and/or to accommodate riders unable to use the fixed-route service. 需求響應服務發(fā)生在按需或通過預訂服務(通常在密度較低的地區(qū))和/或為無法使用固定路線服務的乘客提供服務的情況下。統(tǒng)計 (p146-147)155-156American Nation

56、al Transit Database( NTD) counts unlinked trips (非關聯(lián)旅行)Canadian The Canadian Urban Transit Association ( CUTA) reported as linked trips (關聯(lián)旅 行)表格 4.1(p147)1561、 A small number of systems carry nearly 90% of the total U. S. transit ridership.少數(shù)系統(tǒng)載有近90的美國乘客2、 Most U. S. transit agencies operate in areas with populations under 200 000.大多數(shù)美國運輸機構(gòu)在人口不足20 萬的地區(qū)開展業(yè)務。Notes to the Text( P150) 159Chapter 5 Logistics Engineering5.1物流的定義：(p195)204logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective fl